Sr-Chem QB 23-24 - Ujc

SR.
INTER CHEMISTRY SAQ’S

URBANE JUNIOR COLLEGE
HYDERABAD
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
TOPIC - 3: ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
1. What are galvanic cells? Explain the working of a galvanic cell with a neat sketch taking Daniel
cell as example.
Ans: The device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy by spontaneous redox reaction is
known as galvanic cell as voltaic cell.
Ex. Daniell cell.
Construction:
It consists of two half cells.
Anode half cell and Cathode half cell
Anode half cell consists of zinc rod dipped in ZnSO 4 solution.
Cathode half cell consists of copper rod dipped in CuSO4 solution.
Both half cells are connected by salt bridge.
The two electrodes are connected by external battery.
Cell reaction:
2  2
At anode (oxidation) : Zn  Zn  2e At cathode (reduction) : Cu  2e  Cu
 2
Cell representation: Zn / Zn aq  || Cu aq  / Cu
salt bridge
Zn rod Cu rod
2. Give the construction and working of a standard hydrogen electrode with a neat diagram.
Ans: Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is a reference electrode and its reduction potential is zero volts.
By using SHE we can measure the potential of single electrodes.
H 2 gas adsorbed on platinum surface at 1atm pressure placed in contact with 1M HCl solution is
treated as SHE.

Hydrogen electrode is represented as pt , H 2 g  1atm / H  (C  1) 
3. State and explain Nernst equation with the help of a metallic electrode and non metallic
electrode.
Ans: The mathematical equation which helps to find electrode potential of an electrode at a given
temperature is known as Nernst equation
For metal electrode:
M  n  ne   M
0.059
E  E0  log C 
n
For nonmetal electrode:
A  ne   A n
0.059
E  E0  log C 
n
Urbane Junior College – Hyderabad Page 1

SR. INTER CHEMISTRY SAQ’S
4. What are primary and secondary batteries? Give examples.

Ans: Primary battery: The battery that converts chemical energy to electrical energy and which cannot be
recharged is called primary battery. Ex: Dry cell, mercury cell etc.
Secondary battery: The battery which converts chemical energy to electrical energy & electrical
energy to chemical energy is known as secondary battery.
Ex: Lead storage battery, Edison battery.
5. What is Metallic corrosion? Explain it with respect to Iron corrosion.
Ans: The spontaneous destruction of a metal due to its interaction with environment is called metallic
corrosion.
Corrosion of iron is known as rusting. At a particular spot of iron, oxidation takes place and the spot
behaves as anode.
The released electrons move to another spot of the iron and reduce oxygen in presence of H  ions
and this spot behaves as cathode.
2 
For anode: 2 Fe  2 Fe  4e For cathode: 2 Fe  O2  4 H   2 Fe2  2H 2O
Fe2 ions are further oxidized to Fe 3 ions by oxygen which comes out as rust in the form of hydrated
ferric oxide  Fe2O3.xH 2O 
6. What is electrolysis? State Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
Ans: Electrolysis: The process of decomposition of an electrolyte either in molten state or aqueous state
into its ions by passing electricity is known as electrolysis.
Faraday’s first law:
The amount of substance liberated at electrode during electrolysis of an electrolyte is directly
proportional to the amount of electricity passed through it.
mq
m  ct  q  ct 
m  ect
E  E 
m  ct  e  
96500  96500 
At.wt ct  At.wt 
m  E  
valency 96500  valency 
Faraday’s second law:
If same amount of electricity is passed through different electrolytes which are connected in series, the
amount of substance liberated is directly proportional to their chemical equivalents.
m1 : m2 : m3  E1 : E2 : E3
7. State and explain Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions and give its applications?
Ans: The equivalent conductance of an electrolyte at infinite dilution is equal to the sum of equivalent
conductances of cation and anion at infinite dilution is known as kohlrausch’s law
0electrolyte  0  0
Applications:
1. It is used in the calculation of the molar conductivity of weak electrolyte at infinite dilution.
2. It is used to find degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte.
3. It is used to find the dissociation constant of weak electrolytes.
NUMERICALS:
8. (A) A solution of CuSO 4 is electrolysed for 10 minutes with a current of 1.5 amperes. What is the
mass of copper deposited at the cathode?
Ans: M  At.wt  c  t 
63.5 1.5  10  60  0.2969  0.3gm

valency 96500 2 96500
(B) A solution of CuSO 4 is electrolysed for 10 minutes with a current of 2 amperes. What is the
mass of copper deposited at the cathode?
At.wt ct 63.5 2  10  60
Ans: M      0.39gm
valency 96500 2 96500

9.  0m for NaCl,HCl&CH3COONa are 126.4, 425.9 and 91.0 Scm2 mol1 respectively. Calculate  0m for
s CH 3COOH .
Ans: CH COOH  CH COONa   HCl   NaCl  91  425.9  126.4  390.5 Scm
3
0
3
0 0 0 2
mole1
TOPIC - 4: CHEMICAL KINETICS
10. Define and explain the order and molecularity of a reaction.
Ans:
S.No ORDER MOLECULARITY
The no. of atoms (or) ions (a) molecules taking part
The sum of powers of concentration terms
1 in elementary step of the reaction is called
in rate equation is known as order
molecularity.
2 Order can be –ve, +ve, O and fractional Molecularity is always a positive value
3 Order is calculated experimentally. Molecularity determined by reaction mechanism
NH 4 NO2  N 2  2H 2O NH 4 NO2  N 2  2H 2O
Order = 1 Molecularity = 1
2HI  H 2  I 2 2HI  H 2  I 2
Ex:
2 NO  O2  2 NO2 2 NO  O2  2 NO2
11. Derive the integrated rate equation for a first order reaction.
Ans: Consider a first order reaction
R  P
d  R  d  R
Rate   k  R   kdt
dt  R
Integrating on both sides
d  R
  R    kdt ln  R   kt  I
If  R    R0 , t  0  ln  R 0  I
on substituting in above equation
ln  R   kt  ln  R 0
ln  R   ln  R 0  kt
ln  R  ln  R 0
 kt  kt
ln  R0 ln  R 
1  R 0
k  ln
t  R
2.303  R0
k log
t  R

12.  
What is half - life t1 2 of a reaction? Derive the equations for the half – life value of zero and
first order reactions.
Ans: Half life t 1   : The time required for a substance to become half of its initial concentration is known as
2
half life.
Half life for zero order:
 R 0   R 
k
t
 R 0
At  R   &t  t1
2 2
1
 R 0  2  R 0
k
t1
2
 R 0
k
2t 1
2
 R0
t1 
2 2k
Half life for first order:
2.303  R0
k log
t  R
 R 0
if  R   &t  t1
2 2
2.303  R0
k log
t1  R0
2
2
2.303 2.303  0.3010
k log 2 k
t1 t1
2 2
0.693 0.693
k t1 
t1 2 k
2
13. Give a detailed account of the collision theory of reaction rates of bimolecular gaseous
reactions.
Ans: Molecular collision theory was proposed by Arrhenius
For a reaction to occur, the reacting molecules should colloid with each other.
All collisions do not lead to the formation of products
The minimum energy that the reactant molecules should posses to give products is called threshold
energy.
The molecules possessing the threshold energy are called activated molecules.
Collisions occurring between activated molecules are called activated collisions.
Activated collisions alone lead to the formation of products
A  A  A*  A
A*  A*  products
A = normal molecule A  activated molecule.
*
The fraction of the activated collisions among the total collisions is very much less.

14. What is rate of reaction? Explain the effect of temperature and effect of catalyst on rate of
reaction?
Ans: Rate of reaction:
Increase in concentration of products or decrease in concentration of reactants per unit time is known
as rate of reaction.
Effect of temperature:
Temperature is directly proportional to rate of reaction.
By increasing temperature number of collisions increases thus rate of reaction increases.
For every 10º raise of temperature rate of reaction is doubled or tripled.
k 0  100 C
t C
2  or  3 .
k0
t C
Ea
According to Arrhenius theory log k  log A 
2.303RT
Effect of catalyst
Catalyst is a substance which speeds up the reaction without involving in the reaction.
A positive catalyst increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy
TOPIC - 7: p – BLOCK ELEMENTS

15th Group elements
15. How is ammonia manufactured by Haber’s process? Explain the reactions of ammonia with
(i) ZnSO4 aq  (ii) CuSO4aq  (iii) AgCl aq 
Ans: N2( g )  3H2( g ) 2NH3( g ) H  46.1kJmole1
This reaction says
 Reversible reaction
 Exothermic
 Volume decreases
Optimum to conditions:
Concentration : Increase in concentration ofN2 or H2 or both
Temperature : 723 – 773 K
Pressure: 200 atm
Catalyst: Fe (old), Fe2O3 (new)
Promoter : Mo (old), K2O + Al2O3 (new)
Reactions of Ammonia:
1. Ammonia solution reacts with Zinc sulphate to give White ppt of Zinc hydroxide
ZnSO4  2 NH 4OH 
 Zn(OH )2  ( NH 4 )2 SO4
white ppt
2. Ammonia reacts with Copper sulphate to give deep blue Tetraamminecopper(II)sulphate

CuSO4  4 NH 3 
 [Cu ( NH 3 )4 ]SO4
Tetraam min ecopper ( II ) sulphate
3. Ammonia reacts with silver chloride to form diammine silver(I)chloride

AgCl  2 NH 3 
 [ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl
Diam min e silver ( I ) chloride
16. How is nitric acid manufactured by Ostwald’s process? How does it react with the following?
(i) Cu (ii) Zn (iii) S8 (iv) P4
Ans: Ostwald’s process:
Ammonia on catalytic reduction by atmospheric oxygen gives Nitric oxide
4 NH 3  5O2 
Pt / Rh ,500 K ,9 bar
 4 NO  6 H 2O
Nitric oxide thus formed readily combines with oxygen to form Nitrogen dioxide
2 NO  O2 
 2 NO2
Nitrogen dioxide thus formed dissolves in water to form Nitric acid
3NO2  H 2O 
 2 HNO3  NO

Concentration:
HNO3 is concentrated by
a) Distillation – 68.5 HNO3 is formed.
b) Dehydration with conc. H2SO4 - 98% HNO3 is formed.
Reactions of Nitric acid:
1. Copper reacts with Conc. and dil. Nitric acid to give Nitrogen dioxide and Nitric oxide respectively.
Cu  Conc.4 HNO3 
 Cu ( NO3 )2  2 NO2  2 H 2O
Nitrogen dioxide
3Cu  dil.8HNO3 
 3Cu ( NO3 ) 2  2 NO  4 H 2O
Nitric oxide
2. Zinc reacts with Conc. and dil. Nitric acid to give Nitrogen dioxide and Nitrous oxide respectively.
Zn  Conc.4 HNO3 
 Zn( NO3 )2  2 NO2  2 H 2O
Nitrogen dioxide
4Zn  dil.10 HNO3 

 4Zn( NO3 ) 2  N 2O  5H 2O
nitrous acid
3. Sulphur reacts with Concentrated Nitric acid to give Nitrogen dioxide.

S8  48HNO3 
 8H 2 SO4  48 NO2  16 H 2O
sulphuric acid
4. Phosphorous reacts with Concentrated Nitric acid to give Nitrogen dioxide.

P4  20 HNO3 
 4 H 3 PO4  20 NO2  4 H 2O
phosphoric acid
17. How does PCl5 react with the following?

(a) water (b) C2 H5OH (c) CH3COOH (d) Ag
Ans: a) PCl5 reacts with water to give phosphoric acid
PCl5  4H 2O(Cold ) 
 H 3 PO4  5HCl
phosphoric acid
b) PCl5 reacts with ethyl alcohol to give ethyl chloride

PCl5  C2 H 5OH 
 C2 H 5Cl  POCl3  HCl
Ethyl chloride
c) PCl5 reacts with acetic acid to give acetyl chloride

PCl5  CH 3COOH 
 CH 3COCl  POCl3  HCl
Acetyl chloride
d) PCl5 reacts with silver to give silver chloride

PCl5  2 Ag 
 2 AgCl  PCl3
silver chloride
th
16 Group elements
18. How is Ozone prepared from Oxygen? Explain its reaction with
(a) C2 H 4 (b) KI (c) Hg (d) Ag (e) PbS (f) C2 H 2
Ans: Pure, Cold and dry O2 is subjected to silent electric discharge in an ozoniser to give ozone.
2O3 H  284.5kJ / mole
silent electric
3O2 disch arg e
a) Ozone reacts with ethylene to form ethylene ozonide which on further hydrolysis gives
formaldehyde
CH 2  CH 2  O3 
 C2 H 4O3 
Zn / H 2O
2HCHO H 2O2
Ethylene Ethylene ozonide Formaldehyde
b) Ozone oxidises moist Potassium iodide to Iodine

2 KI  H 2O  O3 
 2 KOH  I 2  O2
c) Ozone oxidises Mercury to Mercurous oxide
2Hg  O3 
 Hg 2O  O2
d) Ozone oxidises silver to silver oxide
2Ag  O3 
 Ag 2O  O2

e) Ozone oxidises Black Lead sulphide to white Lead sulphate
PbS  4O3 
 PbSO4  4O2
f) Ozone reacts with acetylene to form acetylene ozonide which on further hydrolysis gives glyoxal
CH  CH  O3 
 C2 H 2O3 
Zn / H 2O
OHC  CHO H 2O2
Acetylene Acetylene ozonide Glyoxal
19. Explain in detail the manufacture of Sulphuric Acid by contact process.

Ans: Sulphuric acid is manufactured by contact process.
This process involves the following steps.
Step 1: Formation of SO2.
Sulphur burning in air forms sulphur dioxide (SO 2)
S  O2 
 SO2
Step 2: Formation of SO3.
Sulphur dioxide on oxidation with oxygen gives sulphur trioxide
2SO2  O2 
V2O5
 2SO3
Step 3: Absorption of SO3 in H2SO4
SO3  H 2 SO4 
 H 2 S2O7
Oleum
Step 4: Dilution of Oleum:
Oleum on dilution with water gives Sulphuric acid of desired concentration
H 2 S2O7  H 2O 
 2 H 2 SO4
17th Group elements
20. How is chlorine prepared by electrolytic method? Explain its reaction with
(a) NaOH (b) NH 3 at different conditions.
Ans: Electrolytic method: Nelson cell
Electrolyte: Brine solution (10% NaCl)
Cathode: Perforated ‘U’ shaped steel rod
Anode: Graphite rod
Cell reaction: 2 NaCl   2 Na   2Cl 
 2 H   2OH 
2 H 2O 
Cathode: 2 H   2e  
 H2 Anode: 2Cl   2e   Cl2
a) With NH3
Excess of NH3: Excess of ammonia reacts with chlorine to give ammonium chloride
8 NH 3  3Cl2 
 6 NH 4Cl  N 2
Ammonium chloride
Excess of Cl2: Excess of chlorine reacts with ammonia to give Nitrogen tri chloride
NH 3  3Cl2 
 NCl3  3HCl
b) With NaOH
Cold &dil. NaOH: Chlorine reacts with cold and dilute NaOH to give sodium hypochlorite
Cl2  2 NaOH 
 NaCl  NaOCl  H 2O
Sodiumhypochlorite
Hot &Conc. NaOH: Chlorine reacts with hot and conc NaOH to give sodium chlorate
3Cl2  6 NaOH 
 5 NaCl  NaClO3  2H 2O
Sodiumchlorate
21. How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory? How does it react with the following?
(a) Fe (b) Acidified FeSO4 (c) I 2 (d) H 2 S (e) Na2 S 2O3
Ans: 1) Oxidation of HCl with MnO2
4 HCl  MnO2 
 MnCl2  2 H 2O  Cl2 
2) Oxidation of HCl with KMnO4
16 HCl  2 KMnO4 
 2MnCl2  8H 2O  2 KCl  5Cl2
3) Oxidation of HCl with oxygen (Deacon’s process)
4 HCl  O2 
CuCl2
 2Cl2  2 H 2O

Reactions:
a) Chlorine reacts with Iron to give Ferric chloride
2 Fe  3Cl2 
 2 FeCl3
b) Chlorine reacts with acidified Ferrous sulphate to give Ferric sulphate

2 FeSO4  Cl2  H 2 SO4 
 Fe2 ( SO4 )3  2 HCl
c) Chlorine reacts with moist Iodine to give Iodic acid
I 2  6 H 2O  5Cl2 
 2HIO3  10HCl
Iodic acid
d) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen sulphide to give sulphur

H 2 S  Cl2 
 2 HCl  S
e) Chlorine reacts with Sodium thiosulphate to give Sodium sulphate
Na2 S2O3  Cl2  H 2O 
 Na2 SO4  S  2 HCl
22. What are inter halogen compounds? Give some examples to illustrate the definition how are
they classified?
Ans: Halogens react with each other forming binary compounds known as inter halogen compounds.
Ex: ClF , ClF3 , ClF5 , IF7 etc
Interhalogen compounds are of four types
Monohalides Trihalides
General formula- AX General formula – AX3
Ex: ClF, BrF Ex: ClF3 , BrF3
Hybridisation: No Hybridisation: sp 3d
Shape- linear Shape – T shape
Pentahalides Heptahalides
General formula – AX5 General formula – AX7
Ex: ClF5, BrF5 Ex: IF7
Hybridisation - sp 3d 2 Hybridisation - sp 3d 3
Shape – Square pyramidal Shape – Pentagonal bipyramidal
23. Write the names and formulae of the oxo acids of Chlorine. Explain their structures and relative
acidic nature
Ans: Hypochlorous acid HOCl sp3 3 Linear
Chlorous acid HClO2 sp3 2 Angular
3
Chloric acid HClO3 sp 1 Pyramidal
Perchloric acid HClO4 sp3 0 Tetrahedral
O
O H O O H O O H
O H O O O
Relative acidic nature: HClO4  HClO3  HClO2  HClO

NAME REACTIONS:
(1) Wurtz reaction (2) Fittig reaction (3) Wurtz – fittig reaction
(4) Swarts reaction (5) Finkelstein reaction (6) Freidel craft’s Alkylation
(7) Freidel craft’s Acylation (8) Sandmeyer’s reaction (9) Gattermann reaction
(10) Kolbe’s reaction (11) HVZ reaction (12) Williamson’s Synthesis
(13) Reimer – Tiemann Reaction (14) Cannizaro reaction
(15) Crossed aldol condensation (16) Decarboxylation (17) carbylamine reaction
(18) Aldol condensation (19) Clemmenson’s reduction
(20) Wolf – Kishner reduction (21) Esterification (22) Gattermann-Koch reaction
(23) Diazotisation
1. Wurtz reaction:
Alkyl halide reacts with sodium metal in presence of dry ether to give alkane
2C2 H 5Cl  2 Na  
dry ether
 C4 H10  2 NaCl
Ethylchloride Bu tan e
2. Fittig reaction:
Chlorobenzene reacts with sodium in presence of dry ether to give biphenyl.
2C6 H 5Cl  2 Na  
dry ether
 C6 H 5  C6 H 5  2 NaCl
Chlorobenzene Biphenyl
3. Wurtz-Fittig reaction:
Alkyl halide and aryl halide reacts with sodium in presence of dry ether to give alkyl benzene.
C H Cl  2 Na  CH 3Cl 
6 5 
dry ether
 C6 H 5  CH 3  2 NaCl
Chlorobenzene Methylbenzene Methylbenzene
4. Swarts reaction:
Alkyl halide reacts with silver fluoride to give alkyl fluoride
CH 3  Br  AgF 
 CH 3  F  AgBr
5. Finkelstein reaction:
Alkyl halide reacts with sodium iodide in presence of dry acetone to give alkyl iodide.
CH 3  Br  NaI 
dry acetone
 CH 3  I  NaBr
6. Freidel Craft’s alkylation:
Benzene reacts with alkyl halide in presence of anhydrous AlCl3 to give alkyl benzene
C6 H 6  C2 H 5Cl 
AlCl3
 C6 H 5  C2 H 5  HCl
Benzene Ethylchloride Ethyl benzene
7. Freidel Craft’s acylation:
Benzene reacts with acetyl chloride in presence of anhydrous AlCl3 to give acetophenone.
C6 H 6  CH 3COCl 
AlCl3
 C6 H 5  COCH 3  HCl
Benzene Acetyl chloride Acetophenone
8. Sandmeyer’s reaction:
Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with HCl in presence of Cu2Cl2 to give chlorobenzene
C6 H 5 N 2Cl   HCl 
Cu2Cl2
 C6 H 5  Cl  N 2
Benzenediazoniumchloride Chloro benzene
9. Gattermann reaction:
Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with HCl in presence of copper to give chlorobenzene
C6 H 5 N 2Cl   HCl 
Cu
 C6 H 5  Cl  N 2
Benzene diazoniumchloride Chloro benzene
10. Kolbe’s reaction:

Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide & carbon dioxide in acidic medium to give 2-hydroxy benzoic acid
or salicylic acid.

C6 H 5OH  2 NaOH  CO2 
H
 C6 H 4 (OH )COOH
Salicylic acid
11. HVZ reaction:( Hell – Volhard – Zelensky reaction):

Acetic acid reacts with chlorine in presence of red phosphorus to give trichloro acetic acid.
CH3COOH 
Cl2 /Re dP
 CH 2ClCOOH 
Cl2
 CHCl2COOH 
Cl2
 CCl3COOH
Re dP Re dP

12. Williamson’s synthesis:
Alkyl halide reacts with sodium alkoxide to give ether.
C2 H 5Cl  NaOC2 H 5 
 C2 H 5  O  C2 H 5  NaCl
Diethyl ether
13. Reimer – Teimann reaction:

Phenol reacts with chloroform in presence of strong alkali to give 2-hydroxy Benzaldehyde or
salicylaldehyde.
C6 H 5OH  CHCl3  3NaOH 
 C6 H 4 (OH )CHO
Salicylaldehyde
14. Cannizaro reaction:
Aldehydes which do not contain  hydrogen undergoes self-oxidation & reduction with concentrated
alkali.In this reaction one aldehyde converts into alcohol & other aldehyde converts into carboxylic
acid.
2HCHO 
NaOH
 CH3OH  HCOONa
Methanol Sodium formate
15. Crossed aldol condensation:

Aldol condensation taking place in between two different aldehydes is known as crossed aldol
condensation.
CH 3CHO  CH 3CH 2CHO 
NaOH
 CH 2  CH  CH  CHO  CH 3CH 2CH  C  CHO  CH 3  CH  C  CHO  CH 3CH 2OH  CH  CHO
but  2enal   Pent  2enal
CH 3 CH 3
2 methylpent  2enal 2 methylbut  2enal
16. Decarboxylation:
When sodium salt of carboxylic acid is heated with soda lime (NaOH+CaO), decarboxylation takes
place (removal of CO2).
CH 3COONa  NaOH 
CaO
 CH 4  Na2CO3
17. Carbylamine reaction: Aniline reacts with chloroform in presence of base to give Phenyl isocyanide.
(foul smelling gas).
C6 H 5 NH 2  CHCl3  3KOH 
 C6 H 5 NC  3KCl  3H 2O
18. Aldol condensation:
Aldehydes & ketones containing  hydrogen undergo aldol or ketol condensation in presence of
strong bases like NaOH, KOH etc.
CH3  CHO  CH3  CHO 
NaOH
 CH3  CH  CH  CHO
But  2enal
19. Clemmenson’s reduction:
Aldehyde or ketone undergoes reduction in presence of Zinc amalgam & HCl to give respective
alkanes.
Zn  Hg / HCl
CH 3CHO  4[ H ]  C2 H 6  H 2 O
20. Wolf-kishner reduction:
Aldehydes or ketones undergo reduction in presence of hydrazine and KOH to give their respective
NH 2  NH 2 / KOH
alkanes. CH 3CHO  4[ H ]  C2 H 6  H 2O
21. Esterification Reaction:
Alcohols reacts with carboxylic acids in the presence of Concentrated H 2SO4 to form esters. This
reaction is called Esterification.

C2 H5OH  CH 3COOH 
H
 CH 3COOC2 H 5  H 2O
22. Gattermann Koch reaction:
When benzene is treated with Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen chloride in presence of anhydrous
AlCl3 or Cu2Cl2 gives benzaldehyde
CO  HCl , anhydrous AlCl3
C6 H 6   C6 H 5CHO
23. Diazotisation reaction:
Aniline reacts with nitrous acid at 0 – 50C to form benzene diazonium chloride.
0 5 C
C6 H 5 NH 2  NaNO2  HCl   C6 H 5 N 2Cl   NaCl  2H 2O
0

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
TOPIC - 1: SOLID STATE
24. Derive Bragg’s equation.
Ans: 1st ray has striked at point A & diffracted.
2nd ray has striked at point B & diffracted.
2nd ray has travelled extra distance than 1st ray.
The extra distance travelled by 2 nd ray is CB+BD which is equal to integral multiple of wavelength
CB  BD  n
CB CB
From ABC , sin   
AB d
CB  d sin
BD BD
From ABD, sin   
AB d
BD  d sin
CB  BD  d sin  d sin
 2d sin
We know CB  BD  n
There fore 2d sin   n
Where n = order of diffraction
d = interplanar distance
 = wave length
 = angle of reflection
25. What are Frenkel and Schottky defects? Give examples.
Ans: Frenkel defect: If a cation is missing from its lattice site and occupies the interstitial site is called
frenkel defect. This defect arises in solids containing low co-ordination number. Due to this defect
density of solid remains unchanged.
Ex: AgBr, AgCl, AgI, ZnS
Schottky defect: The defect which arises due to missing of equal number of cation and anion from
their lattice site is called schottky defect. This defect arises in solids containing high co-ordination
number. Due to this defect density of solid alters.
Ex: AgBr, NaCl, KCl, CsCl
26. What is a void? Explain about Tetrahedral and Octahedral void?

Ans: Void: The empty space between there dimensional spheres is known as Void.
Tetrahedral Void: The void formed between three spheres of one layer and one sphere of another
layer is called tetrahedral void.
Octahedral Void: The void formed between three spheres of one layer and three sphere of another
layer is called octahedral void.

27. Describe the two main types of semiconductors and contrast their conduction mechanism.
Ans: Semiconductor: Substances whose conductivity lies in between conductor and insulators are known as
semiconductors.
These are of two types.
Intrinsic semiconductor:
Pure semiconductors are known as intrinsic semiconductors.
Extrinsic semiconductor:
Impure semiconductors are known as extrinsic semiconductors.
These are of two types.
n-type semiconductor:-
pure semiconductors like Si & Ge doped with VA group elements like N, P etc. results in n type
semiconductors.
p-type semiconductors:-
pure semiconductors like Si & Ge doped with IIIA group like B, Indium etc results in p type
semiconductors.
28. Classify each of the following as either a p-type or a n-type semiconductor.
A) Ge doped with In B) Si doped with B
Ans: p-type semiconductors:-
pure semiconductors like Si & Ge doped with IIIA group like B, Indium etc results in p type
semiconductors.
As Germanium is doped with IIIA group element Indium it is p type semiconductor.
As Silicon is doped with IIIA group element Boron it is p type semiconductor
29. A cubic solid is made up of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners of the cube
and P at the body centre. What is the formula of the compound? What are the co-ordination
numbers of P and Q?
Ans: At corners (Q) = 8  1  1
8
Centre (P) = 1 1 1
1
 the formula is PQ
Co-ordination numbers of P &Q is 8
30. In terms of band theory, what is the difference between conductor, insulator& semiconductor?
Ans: Conductors:
In conductor the energy gap between the valence band &conduction band is very low. So electrons
can jump to conduction band and acts as conductor.
Insulators:
In insulator the energy gap between the valence band &conduction band is very high. So electrons
cannot jump to conduction band and acts as insulator.
Semiconductor:
In a semiconductor the energy gap between valence band & conduction band is small so electrons can
jump to conduction band & conducts electricity
CB
CB
CB
VB
VB VB
CONDUCTOR
SEMI CONDUCTOR INSULATOR
31. Explain similarities and differences between metallic and ionic crystals?
Ans: Similarities:
Both metallic & ionic crystal bonds are non-directional.
Both metallic & ionic crystals have electrostatic forces of attraction.
Differences:
Ionic bonds are strong whereas metallic bonds may be strong or weak.
Ionic solids are brittle whereas metallic solids are malleable and ductile.

TOPIC - 2: SOLUTIONS
32. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of  mix H related to
positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
What is meant by negative deviations from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of  mix H related to
negative deviation from Raoult’s law?
Ans: POSITIVE DEVIATION NEGATIVE DEVIATION
1. When the vapour pressure of a solution 1. When the vapour pressure of a solution is low
is higher than the predicted value by Raoult’s than the predicted value by Raoult’s law is called
law is called Positive deviation. Negative deviation
2. The intermolecular interactions between 2. The intermolecular interactions between solute
solute & solvent in the solution are weak. & solvent in the solution are strong
3. PA  PA0 . X A 3. PA  PA0 . X A
PB  PB0 . X B PB  PB0 . X B
 H mix  0  H mix  0
Vmix  0 Vmix  0
Ex: C2 H 5OH  H 2O Ex: HNO3  H 2O
V.P
V.P
X1=1 M.F X1=1 M.F X1=0

X1=0
X2=0 X2=6 X2=0
X2=1
33. What is relative lowering of vapour pressure? How is it related to determine the molar mass of
solute?
Ans: Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure (RLVP):-
The ratio of lowering of vapour pressure to the vapour pressure of pure solvent is known as Relative
Lowering of Vapour Pressure
P0  PS
RLVP =
P0
According to Raoult’s law, the Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure (RLVP) of dilute solution
containing nonvolatile solute is equal to mole fraction of solute.
P0  PS ns

P0 n0  ns
ns = no. of moles of solute
n0 = no. of moles of solvent
For dilute solution ns  n0
P0  Ps ns
 
p0 n0
a
P0  Ps M P0  Ps a W
  
p0 b p0 M b
W
p0 .aW
.
therefore M 
 p0  ps  .b
Where p0  Vapour pressure of pure solvent ; ps  Vapour pressure of pure solution.
a = weight of solute ; b = weight of solvent
M = molecular weight of solute ; W= molecular weight of solvent

34. Define the following:
A) Molarity: The number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution is known as Molarity.
wt 1000
M 
mol.wt V  ml 
B) Molality: The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kg of solvent is known as Molality.
wt 1000
m 
mol.wt Wt of solvent  gm 
C) Normality: The number of moles of gram equivalents of solute dissolved in one litre of solution is
known as Normality.
wt 1000
N 
eq.wt V  ml 
D) Mole fraction: The ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all
the components is called mole fraction.
nsolute
MFsolute 
nsolute  nsolvent
E) Raoult’s law: At a given temperature the relative lowering of vapour pressure of dilute solution
containing nonvolatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of solute.
P0  Ps nsolute

P0 nsolute  nsolvent
F) Henry’s law: At a given temperature the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution.
p  KH x
G) Colligative Properties: The properties which depend on number of solute particles but not upon
their nature are known as Colligative Properties.
Ex: i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure
ii) Osmotic pressure
H) Osmosis: The process of flow of pure solvent through semi permeable membrane is known as
Osmosis.
I) Osmotic Pressure: The pressure required to stop the flow of solvent is called Osmotic pressure
of the solution.
  CRT
J) Reverse Osmosis: The process of flow of pure solvent out of the solution through semi
permeable membrane is known as Reverse Osmosis.
K) Solution: The homogeneous mixture of two or more components is called solution.
L) ppm: (Parts per million)
No. of parts of the component
ppm  106
Total no. of parts of all components of the soluton
M) Mass Percentage:
mass of the component in the solution
Mass percentage of a component  100
Total mass of the soluton
N) Volume Percentage:
Volume of the component
Volume percentage of a component  100
Total volume of the soluton
O) Ebullioscopic constant(Kb): The elevation in boiling point of the one molal solution containing a
non-volatile solute is called ebullioscopic constant.
P) Cryoscopic constant (Kf): The depression in freezing point of the one molal solution containing
a non-volatile solute is called cryoscopic constant.
Q) Isotonic solutions: The solutions having same osmotic pressure at agiven temperature are
called isotonic solutions.
Ex: Blood is isotonic with saline
R) Ideal solutions: The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration
are known as ideal solutions.
Ex: 1) n-hexane & n-heptane 2) Benzene & Toluene

NUMERICALS:
35. (A) Calculate the mole fraction of Ethylene glycol in a solution containing 20% of Ethylene
glycol by mass.
Ans: Ethylene glycol   CH OH   or C H O
2 2 2 6 2
Wt. of C2 H 6O2  62 gm ; H 2O  18gm

wt 20
nC2 H 6O2    0.322
mol.wt 62
wt 80
nH 2O    4.444
mol.wt 18
Total no. of moles (n)  0.322  4.444  4.766mol
nC2 H 4O2 0.322
MFC2H6O2  
n 4.766
M .FC2 H 6O2  0.068
(B) Calculate the mole fraction of H 2 SO4 in a solution containing 98 % H 2 SO4 by mass?
Ans: 98% mass mean 98gm H 2 SO4 & 2 gm H 2O
98 2
n
H 2 SO4   1 ; nH 2O   0.1
98 18
n  1  0.1  1.1
nH 2 SO4 1
Mole fraction of H 2 SO4   =  0.9
n 1.1
(C) A solution of sucrose in water labelled as 20% w/w. What would be the molefraction of each
component in the solution?
Ans: 20% means 20g sucrose, 80gm H 2O
20 80
nC12 H 22O11   0.05 nH 2O   4.45 n  0.05  4.45  4.5
342 18
nC12 H 22O11 0.05 nH 2O 4.45
M .Fsucrose    0.01 M .FH 2O    0.99
n 4.5 n 4.5
36. (A) Calculate the Molarity of a solution containing 5g of NaOH in 450 ml solution.
wt 1000 5 1000
Ans: M      0.278M
mol.wt Vol of sol  ml  40 450
(B) Calculate the Molarity of a solution containing 5g of NaOH in 500 ml solution.
wt 1000 5 1000
Ans: M      0.25M
(C) Calculate the Molarity of a solution containing 10g of NaOH in 500 ml solution.
wt 1000 10 1000
Ans: M      0.5M
(D) A solution of glucose in water labelled as 10% w/w. What would be the molarity of the
solution?
Ans: 10% mean, 10g glucose and 90gm water.
wt 1000 10 1000
Molarity =     0.617M
mol.wt v  ml  180 90
37. Calculate the Molality of 2.5g of Ethanoic acid in 75g of Benzene.
wt 1000 2.5 1000
Ans: m      0.556m
mol.wt wt.solvent  gm  60 75

38. (A) The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850bar. A nonvolatile,
Non electrolyte solid weighing 0.5g when added to 39.0g of benzene. Vapour pressure of the
solution then, is 0.845bar. What is the molar mass of the solid substance?
P0  PS a W
Ans:  
P0 M b
0.850  0.845 0.5 78
 
0.850 M 39
0.005 0.5
 2
0.850 M
0.850  0.5  2
Therefore M  =170
0.005
(B) Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of the
solution at 293 K when 25 gms of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
P0  PS a W 17.535  Ps 25 18
Ans:   ;   ; Ps  17.44mm Hg
P0 M b 17.535 180 450
(C) Calculate the mass of non – volatile solute (molar mass 40g mol 1 ) which should be
dissolved in 114 gms Octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
P0  PS a W 100  80 a 114
Ans:   ;  
P0 M b 100 40 14
20 a 40  20
 therefore a   8g
100 40 100
39. If the Osmotic pressure of glucose solution is 1.52 bar at 300K. What would be its
concentration if R = 0.083L bar/mole K.
Ans:   CRT
 1.52
C  C  0.061M
RT 0.0832  300
TOPIC - 5: SURFACE CHEMISTRY
40. How are colloids classified on the basis of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion
medium?
Ans: Colloids are of two types.
Lyophilic colloids: The colloidal solution in which there is great affinity between dispersed phase and
dispersion medium are known as lyophilic colloids.
Ex: Starch solution.
Lyophobic colloids: The colloidal solution in which there is less affinity between dispersed phase and
dispersion medium are known as lyophobic colloids.
Ex: Gold sol.
41. What are micelles? Discuss the mechanism of micelle formation and cleansing action of soap.
Ans: Micelle: The colloidal sized particle formed by the aggregation of simple molecules which contain a
hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end is known as micelle.
Cleaning action of soap:
Soap is sodium stereate  C17 H35COONa 

  
Soap on dissolving in water gives sodium ion Na and stereate ion C17 H 35COO  . 
The stereate ion contains a hydrophobic end  C17 H35  and a hydrophilic end  COO  .

The hydrophobic end forms micelle with dirt or grease and washed away by absorbing water with
hydrophilic end.

42. Name the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in the following colloidal systems
(i) fog (ii) smoke (iii) milk (iv) cloud (v) blood (vi) gold sol.
Ans:
Colloid Dispersed Phase Dispersion Medium Type of Colloid
Fog Water droplets Air Aerosol
Smoke Carbon particles Air Aerosol
Milk Liquid fat Water Emulsion
Cloud Water droplets Air Aerosol
Blood Albuminoid substances Water Aqua sol
Gold Sol Gold particles Water Aqua sol
43. What is an emulsion? Explain the classification of emulsions with examples?
Ans: The colloidal solution in which both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are liquids is
known as emulsion.
Emulsion are of two types:
1. Oil in water type:
Dispersed Phase – Oil Dispersion Medium – Water Ex: Milk
2. Water in oil type :
Dispersed Phase – Water Dispersion Medium – Oil Ex: Cold cream
44. What are differences types of adsorption? Give any four differences between characteristics
of the different types.
Ans: Physical adsorption Chemical adsorption
1. It involves weak vander walls forces 1. It involves strong chemical forces
2. Enthalpy of formation is low 2. Enthalpy of formation is high
3. It occurred at low temp 3. It occurs at high temp
4. It is reversible 4. It is irreversible
5. It is not specific 5. It is specific
6. It is multilayered 6. It is unilayered
45. What is catalysis? How is catalysis classified? Give two examples for each.
Ans: Catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of reaction without involving in the reaction and this
process is known as catalysis.
Catalysis is of two types:
Homogenous catalysis:
Catalyst and reactants are in same phase
NO g 
Ex: 2CO g   O2 g    2CO2 g 
NO g 
2SO2 g   O2 g    2SO3 g 
Heterogeneous catalysis:
Catalyst and reactants are in different phase
Fe s 
Ex: N 2 g   3H 2 g    2 NH 3 g 
 
2SO2 g   O2 g    2SO3 g 
Pt s
TOPIC - 6: METALLURGY
46. Give examples to differentiate roasting and calcination.
Ans: Roasting:
Heating an ore in presence of air is known as roasting.

Ex: ZnS  2O2   ZnSO4
Calcination:
Heating an ore in absence of air is known as calcination.

Ex: CaCO3   CaO  CO2
47. Outline the principles of refining of metals by the following methods.
(a) Zone refining (b) Electrolytic refining
(c) Poling (d) Vapour phase refining
Ans: a) Zone refining: This method is based on the principle that the impurities are more soluble in the
molten state than in the solid state of the metal. On zone refining at one end impurities get
concentrated and purities get separated.

b) Electrolytic refining: This process is used for less reactive metals like Ag , Au , Al etc.
In this process anode is made by impure metal and their pure metal acts as cathode.
On electrolysis metal dissolves at anode and pure metal deposits at cathode.
n  n 
At anode : M  M  ne At cathode: M  ne  M
c) Poling: This method is used when metals have same metal oxides as impurities
The impure metal is melted covered by carbon and then stirred with green wood poles, carbon
reduces metal oxide to metal. ZnO  C  Zn  CO
d) Vapour phase refining: In this method the metal is converted into its volatile compound, collected
and then decomposed to give pure metal.
Conditions: Metal to be refined should form a volatile compound while impurities do not.
Volatile compound should be easily decomposable so that pure metal can be recovered easily
48. Explain the purification of sulphide ore by froth flotation method.
Ans: This process is mainly used to concentrate low grade Sulphide ores.
Ex: Copper pyrites, iron pyrites, zinc blend etc.
Ore is crushed into powder and suspended into water tank.
Pine oil or olive oil is added. Frothing agent like sodium ethyl xanthate is added.
It is agitated through air, ore particles adhere to froth and gangue particles settle down at the bottom of
the tank.
Froth is stablilised by adding collectors like lime, sodium carbonate etc which help the froth to float.
Finally froth is allowed to collapse and dried to recover ore particles.
49. Explain the extraction of Zinc from Zinc Blende.

Ans: Crushing: The ore is crushed to a fine powder in ball mills.
Concentration of the ore: The crushed ore is concentrated by froth flotation process.
Roasting: The concentrated ore is roasted in presence of air at about 1200K to form zinc oxide.
2 ZnS  3O2 
1200 K
 2ZnO  2SO2
Reduction: Zinc oxide is reduced with coke powder at 1673K in a fire clay retort to zinc metal.
ZnO  C 1673k
 Zn  CO
Electrolytic refining: Anode is made with impure Zinc. ZnSO4 solution acidified with dil. H 2 SO4 on
passing electric current, pure zinc deposits at cathode.
At anode: Zn   Zn2  2e At cathode: Zn 2  2e  
 Zn
50. Explain briefly the extraction of aluminium from bauxite.
Ans: Purification of Bauxite:
In Bauxite ore, Silica (SiO2 – White Bauxite) and Iron oxide (Fe 2O3 – Red Bauxite) are the impurities.
The powdered bauxite ore is heated with the concentrated solution of NaOH at 473K – 523K at 35 –
36 bar pressure to form Sodium meta aluminate.
473523 K , 35 36 bar
Al2O3  2 NaOH  3H 2O    2 Na  Al  OH 4 
Sodium meta alu min ate
This precipitation is treated with CO2 to give Al2O3 .xH 2O

2 Na  Al  OH 4   CO2 
 Al2O3 .xH 2O  2 NaHCO3
Sodium meta alu min ate
The precipitate is filtered, dried and heated to get back pure alumina.
Al2O3 .xH 2O 
1470 K
 Al2O3  xH 2O
Pure

Extraction of Aluminium from Al2O3: (Hall-Heroult’s Process)
Electrolyte : Al2O3  Na3 AlF6  CaF2
Cathode : Steel vessel lined inside with carbon
Anode : Graphite rod
Cell Reaction : Al2O3   2 Al 3  3O 2
Cathode Reaction : 2 Al 3  6e   2 Al
2
Anode Reaction : C  O   CO  2e  C  2O 2 
 CO2  4e 
Net Reaction : 2 Al2O3  3C  4 Al  3CO2
51. How is copper extracted from copper pyrites?
Ans: Concentration: Ore is concentrated by froth flotation process.
Roasting: Ore is roasted with coke and sand in blast furnace.
2CuFeS2  O2 
 Cu2 S  2 FeS  SO2 
2CuS  3O2 
 2Cu2O  2SO2 
2 FeS  3O2 
 2 FeO  2SO2 
Smelting: Ore is smelted with coke and sand in blast furnace.
2 FeS  3O2 
 2 FeO  2SO2
FeO  SiO2 
 FeSiO3( slag )
Bessemerisation: Cu2 S & FeS mixture known as copper matte is transferred to Bessemer converter.
2Cu2 S  3O2 
 2Cu2O  2SO2 
Cu2 S  2Cu2O 
 6Cu  SO2 
Blister copper
In this way blister appears on the surface containing 98% copper & 2% mixture of Ag, Au etc
Electrolytic refining:
Electrolyte: Aqueous solution of CuSO4
Anode: Blister Cu
Cathode: Pure Cu
At Cathode: Cu 2  2e   Cu
At Anode: Cu  2
 Cu  2e
18th Group elements
52. Explain the structure of a) XeF2 b) XeF6 c) XeF4 d) XeOF4
Ans: XeF2 XeF6
3
Hybridisation - sp d Hybridisation - sp 3d 3
Lone Pair – 3 Lone Pair – 1
Shape – Linear Shape – Distorted octahedral
F F F
F
Xe Xe
F F
F
F F
XeF4 XeOF4
Hybridisation - sp 3d 2 Hybridisation - sp 3d 2
Lone Pair – 2 Lone Pair – 1
Shape – Square Planar Shape – Square Pyramidal
O
F F
F F
Xe
Xe
F F F F

53. How are (a) XeF2 (b) XeF4 (c) XeF6 prepared?
Ans: XeF2: Xenon reacts with fluorine at 673K and 1 bar to give Xenon di fluoride
Xe  F2 
673 K
 XeF2
1bar
XeF4: Xenon reacts with fluorine at 873K and 7 bar to give Xenon tetra fluoride
Xe  2F2 
873 K
 XeF4
7 bar
XeF6: Xenon reacts with fluorine at 573K and 60-70 bar to give Xenon hexa fluoride
600800 K
Xe  3F2   XeF6
6070bar
TOPIC - 8:d& f BLOCK
54. Write the characteristic properties of transition elements.
Ans: Due to small size, high nuclear charge & vacant d orbitals, transition elements shows some
characteristic properties.
1.They show variable oxidation states.
Ex: Fe : Fe
2
 Ferrous  & Fe3  Ferric 
Cu : Cu 1 Cuprous  & Cu 2 Cupric 
2.They act as catalyst.
Ex: a. Fe acts as catalyst in preparation of ammonia by haber’s process.
b. Ni acts as catalyst in hydrogenation of oils
3. They form complexes
Ex: K4 [ Fe (CN )6 ],[Co( NH 3 )6 ]Cl3
4) They form coloured ions.
Ex: Cu 2  Blue, Mn2  Pink
5) They form alloys
Ex: Brass, Bronze, German silver
55. What is Lanthanoid contraction? What are its consequences?
Ans: The elements in which the differentiating electron enters into 4f orbital are called Lanthanoids.
Due to peculiar shape and poor screening effect of 4f orbital, the atomic radii of lanthanoids gradually
decreases. This is known as lanthanoid contraction.
Consequences:
1. Due to lanthanoid contraction, separation of elements from their mixture becomes difficult.
2. Due to lanthanoid contraction the atomic radii of 4d & 5d series is almost same.
3. Due to lanthanoid contraction the basic nature of oxides & hydroxides of lanthanoids decreases.
56. Why do the transition metal ions exhibit characteristic colours in aqueous solutions explain
giving examples?
Ans: Due to presence of unpaired electron, d-d transition takes place due to which transition elements
exhibit colour.
eg
d-d
t2 g
Ex.
1. Cu absorbs red colours & emits blue
2. Ti absorbs green & emits violet

TOPIC - 9:CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
57. Explain Werner’s theory of co-ordination compounds with suitable examples.
Ans:
Primary Valency Secondary Valency
1. It gives oxidation state of central metal atom 1. It gives co-ordination number of central
or ion. metal atom or ion.
2. It is ionisable so known as ionisable valency. 2. It is non ionisable so known as non ionisable
3. It is satisfied by anions. valency.
4. It is non directional and denoted by dotted 3. It is satisfied by anions & neutral molecules
lines. 4. It is directional and denoted by thick lines.
Ex: CoCl3 .6 NH 3 Ex: CoCl3 .3NH 3
NH3
NH3 NH3
NH3
NH3 NH3
- -
Cl CO Cl
CO
NH3
NH3
NH3 Cl-
Cl- Cl-
Cl-
58. Explain different types of isomerism exhibited by co-ordination compounds, giving suitable
examples.
Ans: Isomerism
Structural isomerism Stereo isomerism
Ionisation isomerism Geometrical isomerism
Hydrate isomerism Optical isomerism
Linkage isomerism
Co-ordinate isomerism
Structural isomerism:
Isomers which differ in the structural arrangement are known as structural isomers & the process is
known as structural isomerism
Structural isomerism is of 4 types:
Ionization Isomerism:
Isomers which differ in the formation of ions on dissolution are known as ionization isomers and the
process is known as Ionization isomerism.
[Co( NH ) Br ]SO &[Co( NH ) SO ]Br
Ex: 3 5 4 3 5 4
Hydrate isomerism:
Isomers which differ in the number of water molecules attached to the central metal atom or ion are
known as hydrate isomers and the process is known as hydrated isomerism
Ex: [Co( H 2O)6 ]Cl3 ,[Co( H 2O)5 Cl ]Cl2 .H 2O
Linkage isomerism:
Isomers which contain ambidentate ligand which can attach to the metal through more than one donor
atom are known as linkage isomers.
Ex: [Co( NO2 )( NH 3 )5 ]Cl2 &[Co(ONO)( NH 3 )5 ]Cl2
Co-ordinate isomerism:
Isomers which exchange their ligands between two central atoms are known as co-ordination isomers
and phenomenon is known as co-ordination isomerism.
Ex: [Co( NH 3 )6 ][Cr (CN )6 ]&[Co(CN )6 ][Cr ( NH 3 )6 ]

Stereo isomerism:
Isomers which differ in the spatial arrangement of ligands around central metal atom or ion are known
as stereo isomers and the process is known as stereo isomerism.
Stereo isomerism is of two types:
Geometrical isomerism:
When two identical groups occupy adjacent positions, the isomers are called cis isomers.
When two identical groups occupy opposite positions, the isomers are called trans isomers.
Square planar complexes like MA2X2, MABX2 etc and octahedral complexes like MA 4X2 and MA3X3etc
exhibit geometrical isomerism
Ex: [ Pt ( NH 3 )2 Cl2 ]
Optical isomerism:
Isomers which are non-super imposable and mirror images to each other are known as optical isomers
and the phenomenon is known as optical isomerism
Ex: [CoCl2 (en) 2 ] ,[Co(en)3 ]3
59. Using IUPAC write the formulae for the following:
(i) Tetrahydroxozincate(II)ion (ii) Hexaamminecobalt(III)sulphate
(iii) Potassiumtetrachloropalladate(II) (iv) Potassiumtrioxalatochromate(III)
(v) Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II) (vi) Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(III)
(vii) Hexaaminecobalt(III)chloride
(viii) Diamminechloromethylamineplatinum(II)chloride
(ix) Hexaaquatitanium(iii)ion (x) Tetrachloronickelate(II)ion
(xi) Iron(III)hexacyanoferrate(II) (xii) Tetracarbonylnickel(0)
Ans: (i)  Zn(OH ) 4 
2

(ii) Co( NH3 )62  SO4 3
(iii) K2  PdCl4  (iv) K3 Cr (C2O4 )3 
(v) K 4  Fe  CN 6  (vi) K3  Fe(CN )6 
(vii) Co( NH3 )6  Cl3 (viii)  Pt ( NH 3 ) 2  CH 3Cl  NH 2  Cl
(x)  NiCl4 
3
(ix) Ti  H 2O 6 
2

(xi) Fe4 Fe(CN )6 3 
(xii) Ni(CO)4 
TOPIC - 10: POLYMERS
60. Write the names and structures of the monomers of the following polymers
1) Buna – S 2) Buna – N 3) Dacron (or) Terylene 4) Neoprene 5) Bakelite
6) Polystyrene 7) Teflon 8) Polyvinyl chloride 9) Nylon-6,6 10) Glyptal
Ans:
1. Buna-S 1, 3 – Butadiene Styrene

CH 2  CH  CH  CH 2 C6 H 5  CH  CH 2
2. Buna-N 1, 3 – Butadiene Vinyl cyanide (or) acrylonitrile
CH 2  CH  CH  CH 2 CH 2  CH  CN
3. Dacron (or) Ethylene glycol Terepthalic acid
Terylene CH 2  OH
COOH
|
CH 2  OH
COOH
4. Neoprene Isoprene 2-chloro-1,3-Butadiene
Cl
5. Bakelite Phenol Formaldehyde
C6 H 5  OH HCHO
6. Polystyrene Styrene

C6 H 5  CH  CH 2
7. Teflon CF2  CF2 Tetra flouro ethylene
8. PVC Vinyl chloride
CH 2  CH  Cl
9. Nylon – 6, 6 Hexamethylenediamine Adipic acid
HOOC  (CH 2 )4  COOH
H 2 N  (CH 2 )6  N H 2
10. Glyptal Ethylene glycol Pthalic acid
CH 2  OH COOH
|
CH 2  OH
COOH
61. Mention the type of polymerization involved in the formation of following polymers
a) Bakelite b) PVC c) Polythene d) Teflon
Ans: a) Bakelite – Condensation polymerization
b) PVC – Addition polymerization
c) Polythene – Addition polymerization
d) Teflon – Addition polymerization
TOPIC - 11:BIOMOLECULES
62. What happens when D – glucose is treated with the following reagents?
(i) HI (ii) Nitric acid (iii) Bromine water
Ans: 1) i) HI :- D-Glucose on treatment with HI gives n-Hexane
CH2OH -(CHOH)4 -CHO 
HI
 CH3 -(CH2 )4 -CH3
n hexane
ii) Bromine water :- D-Glucose is oxidised to Gluconic Acid on treatment with Bromine water.
iii) HNO3 :- D-Glucose is oxidised to saccharic acid on treatment with Nitric acid (HNO 3)
63. What are essential and non-essential amino acids? Give two examples of each type.
Ans: Essential amino acids:
The amino acids which are not synthesized in the human body and are supplied through diet are
known as essential amino acids.
EX: leucine, Isoleucine
Nonessential amino acids:
The amino acids which are synthesized in the human body are known as nonessential amino acids.
Ex: Guanine, Alanine.
64. Define the following as related to proteins:
(i) Peptide linkage (ii) primary structure (iii) Denaturation
Ans: 1. Peptide Linkage: The linkage which unites various amino acid units in peptide molecule is called
peptide linkage.
 
 O 
 
 
 C  N  
 | 
 
 H 
 
2. Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule is called the primary structure
of protein.

3. Denaturation: The process of losing biological activity and helical structure by disturbing hydrogen
bonds by vary in temperature or change in pH is called denaturation.
65. Two strands in DNA are not identical, but are complimentary. Explain.
Ans: 1) DNA is a double helix in which the two strands of DNA are held by the hydrogen bonds between the
bases on the two strands.
2) Thymine pairs with adenine through two hydrogen bonds. (T=A)
3) Cytosine pairs with guanine through three hydrogen bonds. (C  G ) .
4) So opposite to each adenine there is always thymine and opposite to guanine there is always
cytosine. This means that the two strands of DNA are complementary to each other but not identical.
66. Write the important structural and functional difference DNA & RNA.
Ans: Structural difference:
DNA RNA
1. In DNA, sugar is deoxyribose 1. In RNA, sugar is ribose
2. Thymine is present in DNA 2. Uracil is present in RNA
3. DNA exist as double strand helix 3. RNA exist as single strand.
Functional difference between DNA & RNA
DNA controls the transmission of hereditary RNA controls the synthesis of proteins
characters.
67. Give the sources of the following vitamins and name the diseases caused by their deficiency.
(a) A (b) D (c) E and (d) K
Ans:
VITAMIN SOURCE DEFICIENCY
A Fish, Liver, Carrots, butter, milk. Night blindness, Xeropthalmia.
D Fish, egg yolk, exposure to sunlight. Rickets in children & osteomalacia in
adults.
E Vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, egg Sterility, Neurosis of heart muscles.
yolks.
K Green leafy vegetables, cow milk, cabbage Increases blood clotting time.
68. Write note on the functions of different hormones in the body.
Ans: 1) Thyroxine regulates metabolism
2) Insulin decreases blood glucose level.
3) Testosterone controls normal functioning of male sex organs.
4) Progesterone prepares uterus for pregnancy.
69. What are hormones? Give one example for each.
(a) Steroid hormones (b) Polypeptide Hormones and (c) Amino acid derivatives.
Ans: Hormones: Organic compounds synthesized by ductless glands and carried by blood to target of the
body are called hormones
 Steroid hormones: Testosterone, Progesterone
 Polypeptide hormones: Insulin, glycogen
 Amino acid derivatives: Thyroxine, epinephrine.
TOPIC - 12: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
70. What are Analgesics? How are they classified? Give examples.
Ans: The drugs which reduce pain without causing disturbance of nervous system are called analgesics.
Ex: Morphine, heroine, codeine, aspirin, Paracetamol etc.
Analgesics are of two types:
1. Narcotic drugs:
The drugs which relieve pain and induces sleep are called narcotic drugs. They have addictive
properties. Ex: Morphine, heroine, codeine.
2. Non-narcotic drugs:
The drugs which relieve pain without inducing sleep are known as non-narcotic drugs.
Ex: Aspirin, Paracetamol.
TOPIC - 13: HALO ALKANES & HALO ARENES
71. Define the following: (a) Racemic mixture (b) Retention of configuration (c) Enantiomers
Ans: Racemic mixture:
It is an equimolar mixture of dextro and leavo forms of an optically active compound.
Retention of configuration:
The preservation of the spatial arrangement of bonds to a symmetric centre during a chemical
reaction is known as retention of configuration.

Enantiomers:
The isomers which are non-super imposable & mirror images to each other are known as enantiomers.
72. Explain the mechanism of Nucleophilic unimolecular substitution SN 1 reaction with one
example and Nucleophilic bimolecular substitution SN 2 reaction with one example.
Ans:
SN 1 SN 2
1. Rate  [alkyl halide] 1. Rate  [alkyl halide] [nucleophile]
2. 1st order kinetics 2. 2nd order kinetics
3. 30  20  10  CH 3 X 3. CH 3 X  10  20  30
4. Mechanism : 4. Mechanism:
Formation of carbo cation:
Attack of nucleophile: Transition state
Inverse of configuration
TOPIC - 14: ALCOHOL – PHENOLS – ETHERS

73. Ethanol with H 2 SO4 at 443K forms ethane while at 413K it forms ethoxy ethane. Explain the
mechanism.
Ans: Ethanol with H 2 SO4 at 443K:
CH3CH 2OH 
Conc. H 2SO4
C2 H 4  H 2O
443k
Mechanism
1. Protonation: CH 3CH 2OH  H  
 CH 3CH 2OH 2

2. Formation of carbocation: CH 3CH 2OH 2 
H O
 CH 3CH 2  H 2O 2
 
3. Deprotonation: CH3CH 2  H 2O 
C2 H 4  H3O
Ethanol with H 2 SO4 at 413K:
2C2 H5OH 
Conc. H 2 SO4
C2 H5  O  C2 H5  H 2O
413k
Mechanism
1. Protonation: CH 3CH 2OH  H  
 CH 3CH 2OH 2
2. Attack of alcohol: CH CH OH   CH CH OH   CH 3CH 2  O  CH 2CH 3
3 2 2 3 2 H O  2
H
3. Deprotonation:

 CH 3  CH 2  O  CH 2  CH 3  H 3O 
CH 3  CH 2  O  CH 2  CH 3  H 2O 

H
74. Write any two methods of preparation of phenol.
Ans: From Chlorobenzene:
Chloro benzene on reaction with NaOH at 623K and 320 atm pressure gives sodium phenoxide which
on acidification with HCl gives phenol.
C6 H 5Cl  NaOH 
623 K ,320 atm
 C6 H 5ONa  
HCl
 C6 H 5OH  NaCl
Chlorobenzene Sodium phenoxide Phenol
From Aniline:
Aniline on diazotization gives benzene diazonium chloride which on further hydrolysis gives phenol.
NaNO2  HCl ,05 C
 C6 H 5 N2Cl 
0
C6 H5 NH 2  
H 2O , warm
 C6 H 5OH
Aniline Benzenediazoniumchloride Phenol

75. Explain the acidic nature of phenols and compare with that of alcohol.
 C2 H 5O   H 
C2 H 5OH 
Alkoxide
Ans:
 C6 H 5O   H 
C6 H 6OH 
Phenoxide
Phenols are acidic in nature because of their affinity to produce proton and phenoxide ion (conjugate
base which is stabilised by resonance)
More the stability of conjugate base, more is the acidic nature of corresponding acid.
O O O O
O
Since alkoxide cannot show resonance, alcohols are weaker acids than phenols.
76. Write the products formed by the reduction and oxidation of phenol.
Ans: Reduction:
Phenol undergoes reduction with zinc dust to give benzene.
C6 H5OH  Zn 
 C6 H 6  ZnO
Phenol Benzene
Oxidation:
Phenol undergoes oxidation in presence of sodium dichromate &Sulphuric acid to form benzoquinone.
OH O
Benzoquinone
O
77. Give the equation of reaction for the preparation of phenol from cumene?
Ans:
acetone
Cumene Cumene hydro peroxide phenol
78. Write the products of the following reaction?
+HBr
Ans. 1)
2) CH3  CH 2  CH 2  O  CH3  HBr 
 CH3CH 2CH 2OH  CH3Br
3) NO2
CH3 CH3
4) CH3 CH3

TOPIC - 15: ALDEHYDES – KETONES – CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
79. Write the oxidation products of: a) Acetaldehyde b) Acetone c) Acetophenone
Ans: 1. Acetaldehyde is oxidized with both mild & strong oxidizing agents to give acetic acid.

CH 3CHO  [O] 
KMnO4 / H
 CH 3COOH
2. Acetone is oxidised with both mild & strong oxidizing agents to give acetic acid

CH3COCH3  4[O] 
KMnO4 / H
 CH 3COOH  CO2  H 2O
3. Acetophenone reacts with both strong & mild oxidizing agents to give Benzoic acid.

C6 H 5COCH 3  4[O] 
KMnO4 / H
 C6 H 5COOH  CO2  H 2O
benzoicacid
80. Explain the role of electron withdrawing and electron releasing groups on the acidity of
carboxylic acids.
Ans: EWG: Electron withdrawing group:
When electron withdrawing group is present in carboxylic acid, they increase the acidity of carboxylic
acid by stabilizing the conjugate base.
EWG stabilizes the carboxylate anion.
EDG: Electron donating group:
When electron donating groups are present in carboxylic acids, they decrease the acidity of carboxylic
acids by destabilizing the conjugate base.
Electron donating group destabilizes the carboxylate.
81. A) Write the equations of any aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent.
B) What is Tollen’s reagent? Explain its reaction with aldehydes.
Ans: Fehling reagent
 It is a mixture of two solution – Fehling solution A, Fehling solution B
 Fehling solution A is aqeous copper sulphate
 Fehling solution B is sodium potassium tartarate (rochelle salt)
 On heating an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent, a reddish brown precipitate is obtained.
R  CHO  2Cu 2  5OH  
 R  COO   Cu2O   3H 2O
reddishbrownppt
Tollen’s reagent
 Ammonical silver nitrate solution is called tollen’s reagent.
 On warming an aldehyde with tollen’s reagent a bright silver mirror is produced due to the
formation of silver metal.
R  CHO  2[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]  3OH  
 RCOO   2 Ag  2 H 2O  4 NH 3
TOPIC - 16:ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
82. Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
CH2NC NH2
(a) CH 3CH 2 NHCH 2CH 2CH 3 (b) phCH 2CN (c) Br (d) Br
Ans: (a) CH 3CH 2 NHCH 2CH 2CH 3 

 n  ethyl propanamine.
(b) phCH 2CN 
 2-Phenylethanenitrile
CH2NC
(c) Br 
 3 – Bromobenzylisonitrile
NH2
(d) Br   3 - Bromo aniline

83. Account for the following:
(a) pK b of aniline is more than that of methylamine.
(b) Reduction of alkyl cyanide forms primary amine whereas alkyl isocyanide forms secondary
amine.
Ans: (a) pK b of aniline is more than that of methylamine:
In aniline, the lone pair of nitrogen atom is involved in conjugation with ring and is less available for
protonation. So PKb value of aniline is more than that of methyl amine.

(b) Reduction of alkyl cyanide forms primary amine whereas alkyl isocyanide forms secondary
amine.
When alkyl cyanides are reduced with Lithium aluminium hydride gives primary amines.
CH 3  CN  4[ H ] 
LiAlH 4
 CH 3CH 2 NH 2
When alkyl iso cyanides are reduced with Lithium aluminium hydride gives secondary amines.
CH 3  NC  4[ H ] 
LiAlH 4
 CH 3 NHCH 3
84. How do you prepare the following?
(a) N,N Dimethyl propanamine from Ammonia
(b) Propanamine from Chloro ethane
Ans: a) NH  C H Cl   C3 H 7 NH 2 
CH Cl
 C3 H 7  NH  CH 3 
3CH Cl
 C3 H 7  N  CH 3 3
3 3 7  HCl  HCl  HCl 
CH 3
N, N diethyl propanamine
b) CH3CH 2Cl 
Alc. NaCN
 NaCl
 CH 3CH 2CN 
Re duction
CH 3CH 2CH 2 NH 2
Propanamine
85. How do you carry out the following conversions?
(a) N- Ethylamine to N,N Diethyl propanamine
(b) Aniline to Benzene Sulphonamide.
Ans: a) C3 H 7  NH  C2 H 5   C3H 7  N  C2 H 5
C2 H5Cl
 HCl 
C2H5
N-ethyl propanamine N, N diethyl propanamine

NH2 SO2Cl
O
+ N-C-
H O
b) Benzene sulphonyl chloride Benzene Sulphonamine

86. How do you prepare ethyl cyanide and ethyl isocyanide from a common alkyl halide?
Ans: Alkyl halide reacts with alcoholic KCN to form alkyl cyanide as major product.
CH 3CN  Alc.KCN 
 C2 H 5CN  C2 H 5 NC
( major ) (min or )
Alkyl cyanide reacts with Alcoholic AgCN to form alkyl isocyanide as major product.
CH 3CN  Alc. AgCN 
 C2 H 5 NC  C2 H 5 NC
( major ) (min or )
87. Explain with suitable example how Benzene sulphonyl chloride can distinguish primary,
secondary and tertiary amines.
Ans: Benzene sulphonyl chloride is also known as Hinsberg reagent.
a) Primary amine:
Benzene sulphonyl chloride reacts with primary amine to give n-alkyl benzene sulphonamide
which is soluble in alkali.
O O
R
S Cl +H-N-R S N
-HCl H
O H O
N-alkyl benzenesulphonamide
b) Secondary amine:
Benzene sulphonyl chloride reacts with secondary amine to give N, N – dialkyl benzene
sulphonamide which is insoluble in alkali.
O O
R
S Cl +H-N-R S N
-HCl R
O R O
N1N-dialkyl benzenesulphonamide
Tertiary amine: No Reaction

88. Write the equation involved in the reaction of Nitrous acid with Ethylamine(Aliphatic primary
amine) and Aniline(Aromatic amine).
Ans: Aromatic primary amine reacts with nitrous acid at low temp to form diazonium salts
C6 H5 NH2  NaNO2  2HCl 
05o C
C6 H5 N Cl   NaCl  H2O
Aliphatic primary amine reacts with HNO 2 to form an unstable aliphatic diazonium salt which produces
nitrogen& alcohol after decomposition.
NaNO2  HCl
CH 3 NH 2   CH 3 N 2Cl  
H 2O
 CH 3OH  N 2  HCl
89. Explain why amines are less acidic than alcohols of comparable molecular masses.
Ans: Amines are less acidic than alcohols of comparable molecular masses because N—H bond is less
polar than OH bond hence amines release H + ion with more difficulty compared to alcohol.
Loss of proton form amines gives an imide ion while loss of proton from alcohol gives an alkoxide ion.
 R  NH   H 
R  NH 2 
R  OH   R  O  H 
R  O  is more stable than R  NH  thus alcohols are more acidic than amines.
90. Explain why the order of basicity for methylamine, N,N-dimethyl amine and N,N,N-tri methyl
amine changes in gaseous and aqueous medium.
Ans: The basic nature of aliphatic amines increases with increase in no. of alkyl groups.
NH3  CH 3 NH 2  (CH 3 )2 NH  (CH 3 )3 N
This trend is followed only in gaseous phase.
But in aqueous solution this order is not followed. As no. of hydrogen atoms on nitrogen increases,
ability to form hydrogen bond with water increases.
NH 3  10  20  30
As the bulkiness of alkyl group on nitrogen atom increases basic strength decreases. Therefore by the
combination of amines in aqueous solution is
20  10  30  NH 3
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ( 2Q)

TOPIC : SOLUTIONS : Please refer SAQ Section
TOPIC : ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
1. What is Galvanic cell or Voltaic cell? Give an example.
Ans: The electrochemical cell which converts Chemical Energy into Electrical Energy is called
galvanic cell.
Ex.:- Zn( s ) / Zn(aq
2
)
|| Cu(aq
2
)
/ Cu( s )
2. What is Nernst equation? Write the equation for an electrolyte with electrode reaction
M aqn   ne M s
Ans: An equation used to calculate the potential of metal (or) a non-metal single electrode, at
any concentration measured with respect to standard hydrogen electrode is called Nernst
equation.
0.059
i.e., E  E 0  log C (for metal electrode)
n
M S 
 
log 
2.303RT
E n  E 0 n 
M /M M /M nF  M naq
 
  
3. What is cell constant of a conductivity cell?
Ans: Ratio of the distance separating the two electrodes  l  to the area of the cross section of
an electrode (A) is cell constant
l
cell constant = G *  (or) G*  Conductivity (K) Resistance (R)
A

4. How is Gibbs energy (G) related to the cell emf (E) mathematically?
Ans: G 0  nFEcell
0
5. Define molar conductivity  m and how is it related to conductivity (K)?

Ans: Molar conductivity is conducting power of all the ions produced by dissolving one mole of
an electrolyte in the given solution. Its units are S cm 2mole 1 (or) S m2 .mole1
K  1000 K  1000
Molar conductivity =  m  or
Molarity M
6. What is a fuel cell? How is it different from conventional galvanic cell?
Ans: Fuel cell is a galvanic cell in which the chemical energy of fuel oxidant system (combustion
of fuel) is converted directly into electrical energy.
In fuel cells, chemical energy can be converted into electrical energy with an efficiency of
100 %
7. Give the electrode reactions occurring at the anode and at cathode in H 2  O2 fuel cell?
Ans: The electrodes reactions are
4 e
At Cathode : O2 ( g )  2H 2O(l )   4OH 
2  H 2 ( g )  2OH  (aq)   2 H 2O(aq) 

2 e
At Anode :
 
-----------------------------------------------------------
Over all reaction : 2H2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2H 2O(l )
8. What is metallic corrosion? Give one example.
Ans: The natural tendency of conversion of a metal into its mineral compound on interaction
with the environment is known as corrosion.
Ex : i) Iron converts itself into its oxide. It is called rusting
ii) Silver converts itself into its sulphide. It is called tarnishing.
9. Write the cell reaction taking place in the cell Cus / Cuaq2  Agaq  / Ags
Ans:
Cu  Cu 2  2e 
2 Ag   2e   2 Ag
Cu  2 Ag   Cu 2  2 Ag
10. How is E 0cell related mathematically to the equilibrium constant K C of the cell reaction?
0.059
Ans: Ecell 
0
log K c
n
11. Give one example for a secondary battery. Give the cell reaction.
Ans: The complete cell reaction can be represented as follows (LHS + RHS)

 2 PbSO4  2 H 2O for two faradays
Pb  PbO2  2H 2 SO4 

discharge
charge
12. Define conductivity of a material Give its SI nits.
Ans: The conductivity is the conductance of the solution enclosed between two parallel
electrodes of unit area of cross section separated by a unit distance.
The units of conductivity : ohm1m1
CHEMICAL KINETICS:
13. Define the speed or rate of a reaction?
Ans: The speed or rate of reaction can be defined as the change in concentration of reactants or
products in a unit time
 dC dx
Rate = or
dt dt
14. What are the units of rate of reaction?
1 1 1
Ans: mole litre sec

15. What is rate law? Illustrate with an example.
Ans: The equation that describes mathematically the dependence of the rate of a reaction on the
concentration terms of the reactants is known as the rate equation or rate law.
Example : 2 NO( g )  O2( g )  2 NO2( g ) rate = K [ NO ]2 [O2 ]
16. What are elementary reactions?
Ans: The reactions taking place in one step are called elementary reactions.
17. What are complex reactions? Give one example.
Ans: The reactions taking palce in more than one step are called complex reactions.
 2H 2O  O2  two steps 

Ex: 2 H 2O2  I
alkalinemedium
18. Give the units of rate constants for zero, first order, and second order reactions?
Ans: Units of rate constant for zero order reaction mollit 1 sec 1
Units of rate constant for first order reaction sec 1
Units of rate constant for second order reaction litmol 1 sec1
19. Give two examples for Zero order reactions?
Ans: 1) 2 NH3( g ) Pt
1130 K
 N2( g )  3H 2( g ) (Decomposition)
2) 2HI ( g ) 
Au
 H 2( g )  I 2( g ) (Decomposition)
20. Give two examples for gaseous first order reactions?
1
Ans: 1) NH 4 NO2 g   N 2 g   2H 2O g  2) N 2 O5( g )  N 2O4 ( g )  O2 ( g )
2
21. What are pseudo first order reactions? Give one example?
Ans: The reactions in which molecularity is two but the order is one are called pseudo first order
reactions (or) pseudo unimolecular reactions.
H
Ex: CH 3COOC2 H 5  H 2O  CH 3COOH  C2 H 5OH
22. Write the equation which relates the rate constants k1 and k2 at temperatures T1 and T2 of a
reaction?
K2 Ea  T2  T1  K2 Ea  1 1 
  
K1 2.303R  T1T2  K1 2.303R  T1 T2 
Ans: log (or) log Where Ea =activation energy
23. What is rate determining step in a complex reaction?

Ans: The overall rate of the reaction is controlled by the slowest step in a complex reaction called the
rate determining step.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (4Q)
METALLURGY:
1. What is the role of depressant in froth floatation?
Ans: The depressants are used in the separation of two sulphide ores, by selective prevention of
froth formation .
Ex : For the mixture of PbS (Galena) and ZnS (Zinc blende), NaCN is used as
depressant. It prevents ZnS from coming to the froth but allows PbS to come with the froth.
2. What is the difference between a mineral and an ore?
Ans: Mineral: The compounds of metals which are naturally available in the earth’s crust and
can be obtained by mining are called minerals
Ore: The mineral from which a metal can be extracted economically and easily is called
Ore.
3. Give the composition of the following alloys. (a) Brass (b) Bronze (c) German Silver
Ans: Brass : Cu-60%,Zn-40%
Bronze : Cu-75-90%, Sn-10-25%
German Silver : Cu-25-40%, Ni-40-50%,Zn-25-35%

4. Explain the terms gangue and slag.
Ans: Gangue : The earthen or undesired chemical substances present in the ore are called
gangue or matrix.
Slag : The fusible product formed when gangue combines with the flux is called slag.
FeO  SiO2  FeSiO3
Gangue Flux Ferrous silicate slag 
5. Write any two ores with formulae of the following metals: (a) Aluminium (b) Zinc (c) Iron (d)
Copper
Ans:
Metal Name of the ore Formulae
Bauxite Al2O3 .2 H 2O
Aluminium
Gibbisite Al2O3 .3H 2O
Zinc Blende PbS
Zinc
Calamine CaCO3
Haematite Fe2O3
Iron
Magnetite Fe3O4
Copper pyrites CuFeS2
Copper
Copper glance Cu2 S
6. Write any two uses of the following metals: (a) Aluminium (b) Zinc (c) Iron (d) Copper
Ans: (a) Zinc: i) It is used for galvanizing iron.
ii) It is used in batteries and in alloys like brass, bronze
(b) Copper: i) It is used for making electrical wires, water and steam pipes.
ii) It is used in making several alloys
(c) Iron: i) Cast iron is used for casting stoves and railway sleepers
ii) Wrought iron is used for making anchors, bolts and chains.
(d) Aluminium : i) Aluminium is used as wrappers for chocolates
ii) The fine dust of aluminium is used in paints and lacqers
7. What is matte? Give its composition.
Ans: The molten mixture of cuprous sulphide and small quantity of ferrous sulphide is called
matte. Composition : Cu2 S  little FeS
8. What is blister copper? Why is it so called?
Ans: 97 – 98% Copper (or) the impure copper metal obtained by bessemerisation of copper
matte is called blister copper. During the solidification process, the dissolved SO2 escapes
leaving blisters on the surface of copper metal.
9. What is flux? Give an example.
Ans: The external substance added to the ore for the removal of gangue is called flux.
It lowers the melting point. Eg:- Acidic flux : SiO2 & P4O10 ; Basic flux : CaO & MgO
10. Describe a method for the refining of nickel.
Ans: Nickel is purified by Mond’s process. The impure nickel is heated with CO to form volatile
Nickel tetracarbonyl leaving the impurities.
330350 K
Ni  4CO   Ni CO 4
This carbonyl on subjecting to high temperatures decomposes to give the pure metal.
Ni CO 4 
450470 K
 Ni  4CO
11. State the role of silica in the metallurgy of copper
Ans: Silica is used as acidic flux to remove iron oxide impurity.
Ex : FeS is present in the form of impurity with copper sulphide ore. Silica reacts with these
impurities and form Ferrous silicate slag.
2 FeS  3O2  2 FeO  2SO2 ; FeO  SiO2  FeSiO3
Ferrous silicate slag 
12. What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of aluminium?

Ans: The role of cryolite in the metallurgy of aluminium is to make alumina a good conductor of
electricity and to lower the melting point of the mixture

.P – BLOCK ELEMENTS:
15th Group Elements:
13. Nitrogen molecule is highly stable – why?
Ans: In nitrogen molecule a triple bond is present (one sigma and two pi) due to which its bond
dissociation energy is high. So it is stable due to stable octet configuration.
14. Why does the reactivity of nitrogen differ from phosphorous?
Ans: In dinitrogen triple bond is present in between two nitrogen atoms. The single N-N bond is
weaker than the single P-P bond because of high inter electronic repulsions of the non-
bonding electrons, due to the small bond length. So catenation property weaker in
nitrogen than in phosphorus.
15. NH 3 forms hydrogen bonds but PH 3 does not – why?
Ans: The N-H bond in ammonia is quite polar as nitrogen is highly electronegative in nature.
On the other hand, P-H bond is non-polar as both P and H have same electronegativity.
Hence in phosphine no hydrogen bonding present
16. NO is paramagnetic in gaseous state but diamagnetic in liquid and solid states why?
Ans: NO has odd number of electrons (11 valence electrons) and hence is paramagnetic in
Gaseous state. But in liquid and solid states, it exist as a symmetrical dimer and hence is
diamagnetic in these states.
17. Give an example of (a) acidic oxide of phosphorous (b) neutral oxide of nitrogen?
Ans: (a) Acidic oxide of phosphorus:-P4O6
(b) Neutral oxides of nitrogen :- NO,N2O
18. Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and phosphorous as tetra atomic. Why?
Ans: Nitrogen atom is small in atomic size forms multiple bonds with another nitrogen atom to
form N2 molecules but phosphorus is large in size forms only single bonds with other
phosphorus atoms.
19. Why are the compounds of bismuth more stable than +3 oxidation state?
Ans: Bismuth is more stable in +3 oxidation state due to inert pair effect
20. What is inert pair effect?
Ans: Reluctance of ‘ns’ electrons to participate in the bond formation is called inert pair effect
21. A mixture of Ca 3P2 & CaC2 is used in making Holmes’s signal – explain?
Ans: Containers containing a mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 packed and thrown into sea. In contact
with water, a mixture of phosphine and acetylene gases is produced. PH 3 contains traces of
highly inflammable P2H4 (Diphosphine). It catches fire and ignites acetylene which burns
with luminous flame and then serves as a Holmes signal to the approaching ship.
22. Which chemical compound is formed in the brown ring test of nitrate ions?
2
Ans:  Fe  H 2O 5  NO   complex is responsible for the colour in the brown -ring test for nitrates
23. Iron becomes passive in conc. HNO3 - why?
Ans: Iron do not dissolve in conc. HNO3 due to the formation of oxide film over the surface of
the metal it becomes passive
24. Give the uses of (a) Nitric acid (b) Ammonia
Ans: Uses of HNO3:-1) Used in the manufacture of NH4NO3 for feritilizer.
2) Used in the preparation of nitroglycerine, TNTetc.,
Uses of NH3:- 1) Used to produce various nitrogenous fertilizers
2) Liquid ammonia is used as refrigerant
25. Give the disproportionation reaction of H 3 PO3 ?
Ans: 4 H 3PO3  3H PO 3 4  PH 3
ortho phosphoricacid phosphine
Oxidation State of ‘P’ in H3PO3 is +3, it is increases to +5 in orthophosphoric acid and

decreases to -3 in phosphine. So, both oxidation and reduction takes place in the reaction.
So, this is disproportionation reaction.
26. What happens when white phosphorous is heated with conc. NaOH solution in an inert
atmosphere of CO2

Ans: When white phosphorus is heated with conc. NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere of CO 2
forms phosphine and sodium hypophosphite

P4  3NaOH  3H 2O   PH 3  3NaH 2 PO2
27. PH3 has lower boiling point than NH3. Why?
Ans: Due to absence of Hydrogen bonding in PH3, it has lower boiling point.
28. Ammonia is a good complexing agent. Explain with an example
Ans: Due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on nitrogen, NH 3 acts as complexing agent
as a result, it combines with transition metal cations to form complexes
Example:- AgCl  2 NH 3   Ag  NH 3  2  Cl Diammine silver (I) chloride
29. Write the names and formulae of any two oxyacids of sulphur. Indicate the oxidation state of
sulphur in them.
Ans: 1) Sulphurous acid H2SO3 Oxidation state of sulphur is +4.
2) Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Oxidation state of sulphur is +6.
30. Sulphurdioxide can be used as antichlor. Explain.
Ans: SO2 removes chlorine from fabrics after bleaching. Hence SO 2 is used as an anti-chlor.
SO2  Cl2 
 SO2Cl2
31. Out of O2 & O3 , which is paramagnetic?
Ans: O2 is paramagnetic due to presence of 2 unpaired electrons (MO theory)
O3 is diamagnetic due to presence of paired electrons.
32. Write any two uses each for O3 & H 2SO4 .
Ans: O3 uses:- 1) Used as a germicide, disinfectant 2) In sterilization of water
H2SO4 uses:- 1) H2SO4 used in the manufacture of fertilizers
2) It is used the manufacture of hundreds of other compounds
33. Why are group-16 elements called chalcogens?
Ans: Metal ores normally occur in the form of oxides, sulphides etc. so first four elements of 16 th
group are called chalcogens (means ore forming)
34. H 2 O is neutral while H 2S is acidic – explain?
Ans: Increase in acidic strength of hydrides can be easily explained on the basis of increase in
the size of central atom from O to Te.
35. Give two examples for each Amphoteric oxides and neutral oxides
Ans: Amphoteric Oxides: metalloid. Ex:-Al2O3, H2O, BeO.
Neutral Oxides: . Ex:- CO, NO and N2O
36. Why is H 2O a liquid while H 2 S is a gas.
Ans: Water is a liquid due to presence of inter molecular hydrogen bonds, while H 2S is a gas
because it does not have such type of bonds
37. Give the hybridisation of sulphur in the following. a) SO2 b) SO3 c) SF4 d) SF6
Ans: a) SO2  sp 2 b) SO3  sp c) SF4  sp 3 d d) SF6  sp d
2 3 2
38. Give one example each for a) neutral oxide b) peroxide c) super oxide
Ans: a) a neutral oxide = NO b) A peroxide = H2O2 c) A super oxide = KO2
39. What is tailing of mercury? How is it removed?
Ans: When ozone gas is passed through liquid mercury, the mercury loses its meniscus and
sticks to the glass surface due to formation of Hg2O .
2Hg  O3  Hg2O  O2
How ever the meniscus can be regained by shaking it with water which dissolves Hg2O

40. Write the reactions of F2 & Cl2 with water.
Ans: Fluorine oxidises water to oxygen, whereas chlorine form corresponding hydrochloric acid
And hypochlorous acids.
2F2 g   2H 2Ol   4HF aq  O2 g 
Cl2 g   H 2Ol   HClaq  HOClaq
41. Electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less than that of chlorine – Explain?
Ans: It is due to small size of fluorine atom and strong inter electronic repulsions in fluorine
atom.
42. Bond dissociation enthalpy of “ F2 ” is less than that of “ Cl2 ” – Explain?
Ans: Fluorine atoms are small and hence bond distance (F-F) is also small (1.48A0). Due to this
large lone pair - lone pair electronic repulsions in the fluorine molecule are possible that
means bond energy is less.
43. Why are halogens coloured?
Ans: Due to absorption of radiations in visible region which results in the excitation of outer
electrons to higher energy level by absorbing different quanta of radiation.
Example: “F2” has yellow , “Cl2” greenish yellow.
44. What is aqua regia? Write it’s reaction with gold and platinum?
Ans: A mixture of 3 parts of conc. HCl and one part of conc. HNO3 is known as aquaregia. It is
used for dissolving noble metals
Example: Gold and platinum
Au  4 H   NO3  4Cl   AuCl4  NO  2 H 2O
3Pt  16 H   4 NO3  18Cl   3PtCl62  4 NO  8H 2O
45. How is chlorine manufactured by Deacon’s method?
Ans: Deacon’s process: By oxidation of hydrogen chloride gas by atmospheric oxygen in the
presence of CuCl2(Catalyst) at 723 k.
4 HCl  O2 
CuCl2
 2Cl2  2 H 2O .
46. Chlorine acts as a bleaching agent only in presence of moisture. Explain?
Ans: Chlorine is a powerful bleaching agent, it is due to oxidation
Cl2  H 2O  2HCl  O 
coloured substance +(O)  colourless substance
It bleaches vegetable (or) organic matter in the presence of moisture
47. List out the uses of Neon?
Ans: 1) Neon is used in discharge tubes and fluorescent bulbs for advertisement display
purposes.
2) Neon bulbs are used in botanical gardens and in green houses.
48. Why do noble gases have comparatively large atomic sizes?
Ans: In noble gases all the electrons in their atoms are paired. The repulsive forces become
stronger than the attractive forces between the nucleus and the electrons. Hence the
noble gases have comparatively large atomic sizes.
49. In modern diving apparatus, a mixture of He & O2 is used – Why?
Ans: He is used as a diluent for oxygen in modern diving apparatus because of it’s very low
solubility in the blood.
50. Explain the shape of XeF4 on basis of VSEPR theory?
Ans: In XeF4 ,Xe atom undergoes sp3d2 hybridization. In XeF4 molecule Xe has six electron
pairs. Out of these six pairs, two are lone pairs and four are bond pairs. Hence the shape
of the molecule is square planar and bond angle is 900.

51. How is XeOF4 prepared? Describe its molecular shape?

Ans: Preparation of XeOF4: XeOF4 is obtained by partial hydrolysis of XeF 6
XeF6  H 2O  XeOF4  2 HF
Structure of XeOF4: In XeOF4 , Xe atom undergoes sp3d2 hybridization.
Shape of the molecule is square pyramidal
52. Noble gases are inert – Explain?
Ans: Due to stable ns2np6 electronic configuration in their outermost shell they are chemically
inert and hence known as inert gases.
53. Write the name & formula of the first noble gas compound prepared by Bartlett?
Ans: Xenon Hexa fluoro Platinate(IV), Xe[PtF6] was the first noble gas compound prepared by Bertlett.
54. Why do noble gases form compounds with fluorine and oxygen only?
Ans: Because Fluorine and Oxygen are highly electronegative elements.
d & f – Block Elements:
55. Write the electronic configuration of Chromium (Cr) and Copper (Cu).
Ans: Cr(Z=24) : [Ar] 4s13d5
Cu(Z=29) : [Ar] 4s1 3d10
56. Why transition elements do exhibits characteristic properties.
Ans: Due to small atomic size, high nuclear charge and unpaired electrons in d-orbital, transition
elements exhibits characteristic properties.
57. Why do the transition metals readily from alloys?
Ans: Because of similar radii and other characteristics of transition metals alloys are readily
formed by these metals
58. What is an alloy? Give an example.
Ans: An alloy is a mixture of metals prepared by mixing the component metals. Alloys may be
homogeneous solid solutions in which the atoms of one of the metal are distributed
randomly among the atoms of other. Ex : Brass ( Copper - Zinc), Bronze ( copper - tin)
59. Why do transition elements exhibit more than one oxidation state (variable oxidation states)
Ans: The variable oxidation state of a transition metal is due to less energy difference between
ns and (n-1)d sub shells both the electrons of ns and (n-1)d involve in bond formation.
60. How do transition metals exhibit catalytic activity?
Ans: The catalytic activity of transition metal is due to their ability to adopt multiple
oxidation states and to form complexes
61. Why Zn 2 is diamagnetic whereas Mn 2 is paramagnetic?
Ans: Mn2+ contain unpaired electrons hence is paramagnetic whereas Zn2+ does not contain
any unpaired electrons hence it is diamagnetic
62. Aqueous Cu 2 ions are blue in colour whereas aqueous Zn 2 ions are colourless. Why?
Ans: Cu aq  E.C :  Ar  4s 3d Zn(2aq ) E.C :  Ar  4 s 0 3d 10
2 0 9
aq. Cu2+ contain unpaired electron . It absorbs red colour of visible region and it transmits
blue colour. where as aq Zn2+ contain d10 configuration there is no d- d transition
possible Hence aq. Zn2+ is colour less

63. Give two reactions in which transition metals (or) their compounds acts as catalysts.
Ans: i) V2O5 acts as catalyst in contact process
2SO2 g   O2 g  
V2O5
 2SO3 g 
ii) Finely divided Fe acts as catalyst in Haber’s process
N 2 g   3H 2 g  
Fe
 2 NH 3 g 
iii) Ni acts as catalyst in catalytic hydrogenation
C2 H 4 g   H 2 g  
Ni
 C2 H 6 g 
64. What is lanthanide contraction.
Ans: Due to poor screening effect and peculiar shape of ‘f’ orbital, the atomic radii gradually decreases.
This is known as lanthanoid contraction.
65. What is mischmetal? Give its composition and uses
Ans: It is well known alloy of lanthanoids. It consists Lanthanoid metal  nearly 95% iron
 nearly 5% and traces of S, C, Ca and Al.
Use : In Mg based alloy to produce bullets, shell and lighter flint
66. Scandium is a transition element but not Zinc. Why?
Ans: Scandium has incompletely filled 3d orbital in its atomic state (3d1). It is regarded as a
transition element. On the other hand, zinc atom has completely filled d orbital’s (3d 10) in its
ground state as well as in its oxidized state. hence it is not regarded as a transition
element.
Co-ordination Compounds:
67. What are co-ordination compounds? Give two examples.
Ans: The addition compounds in which some of the constituent ions (or) molecules lose
their identity and when dissolved in water they do not break up completely into individual
ions, are called coordination compounds
Ex: Cu  NH 3  4  SO4 , K 4  Fe  CN  6 
68. What are complex compounds? Give examples.
Ans: Complex compounds are those in which the metal ions bind number of anions (or) neutral
molecules giving complex species with characteristic properties
3 4
Ex :  Fe  CN 6  ,  Fe  CN 6  ,  Pt Cl4 
2
69. What is a ligand?

Ans: The neutral molecule, anion (or) cation which is directly linked with the central metal atom
(or) ion in a complex compound is called ligand.
70. What is the difference between a double salt and a complex compound?
Ans: Double salts dissociate into simple ions completely when dissolved in water while complex
compounds dissociate to give complex ion and counter ion.
In double salts all cations and anions retain their identity in solution state.
But in a complex salt some cations and anions may lose their identity.
71. What is an ambidentate ligand? Give example.
Ans: Ligands which have two or more donor atoms but in forming complexes only one donor
atom is attached to the metal ion, such ligands are called ambidentate ligands.
Eg (i) : M  NO2 , M   ONO
nitro nitrito
72. What is chelate ligand? Give example.
Ans: A bidentate (or) a poly dentate ligand is known as chelating ligand on coordination it
results in the formation of a closed (or) cyclic structure.
Ex: ethylene diamine (en)

73. Give one example each for ionic and neutral ligands
Ans: Anionic ligands F  , Cl  , Br  , CN  , NO2 etc.
Cationic ligands NO  , NO2 , NH 2 NH 3 etc.
Neutral ligands H 2O, NH3 , C2 H5 N , C6 H5 3 P etc.
2 2
74.  Fe  CN 4  and  Fe  H 2O 6  are of different colours in dilute solutions. Why?
Ans: In both complexes, Fe2+ is in +2 oxidation state i.e 3d 6 configuration. Since CN  is strong
4
ligand, unpaired electrons are paired up in  Fe CN 6  complex. But H 2O is weak
ligand, unpaired electrons are not paired up. Because of the difference in the number of
unpaired electrons, both the complexes have different colours.
2
75. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Fe aq  ion.
Ans: E.C = [ Ar] 4s0 3d6

No.of unpaired electrons in Fe2+ (n) = 4
  n  n  2  B.M ; n = Number of unpaired electrons
Magnetic moment of Fe2+ ion  4  4  2  B.M = 4.9 B.M

76. CuSO4 .5H2O is blue in colour where as anhydrous CuSO4 is colourless. Why ?
Ans: CuSO4 .5H2O is a coordination compounds having H 2O molecules as ligands which cause
crystal field splitting and d - d transition. So CuSO4 .5H2O is blue coloured and anhydrous
CuSO4 is colourless as it does not possess H 2O molecules as ligands.
3 2
77. Cr  NH 3 6  is paramagnetic while  Ni  CN 4  is diamagnetic. Why ?
3
Ans: In Cr  NH 3 6  , d 2 sp 3 hybridisation occurs and an inner orbital complex is formed. Here
Cr 3 has 3 unpaired electrons. So it is paramagnetic.
2
Where in  Ni  CN 4  , hybridisation occurs and as CN  is strong ligand. Unpaired
electrons are paired up. So no unpaired electrons are left, it is diamagnetic.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY(4Q)
1. Give an example of an addition polymer.
Ans: Polythene in an addition polymer
nCH 2  CH 2   CH 2  CH 2 n 
ethylene polythene
2. Define an elastomer.
Ans: The polymers that have Elastic character like rubber are called elastomers. Ex: Buna-S, Buna-N.
3. What are fibers? Give example.
Ans: Polymers which have strong intermolecular forces between chains are called fibers.
Ex: Nylon-6,6 and Terylene.
4. What are thermoplastic polymers? Give example.
Ans: The polymers which are soft on heating and become rigid on cooling are called thermoplastic
polymers.Ex: Polythene, PVC, Teflon.
5. What are thermosetting polymers? Give example.
Ans: The polymers which undergo permanent change on heating, they become hard and infusible on
heating are called thermo setting polymers.
Ex: Bakelite, Urea-Formaldehyde etc.
6. What is Zeigler – Natta catalyst.
Ans: The mixture of Triethyl aluminium and Titanium tetrachloride is known as Zeigler-Natta catalyst
 
used in the polymerization of ethene (or) ethylene TiCl4  Al  C2 H 5 3

7. What are the monomer repeating units of Nylon-6 and Nylon-6,6

Ans: Repeating unit of Nylon – 6 is amino caproic acid or caprolactum, while in Nylon-6, 6 the repeating
units are hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid.
8. What is the difference between Buna – N and Buna – S?
Ans: Buna-N are 1,3-butadiene and acrylonitrile and Buna-S are 1,3-butadiene and styrene.
9. Name the different types of molecular masses of polymers.
Ans: (i) Number average molecular mass
i
N M i i
Mn  n 1
i
N n 1
i
(ii) Weight average molecular mass

i
N M
2
i i
Mw  n 1
i
N M
n 1
i i
10. What do you mean by Poly dispersity index?

Ans: The ratio of the weight average M w and number average M n molecular weights of a polymer is
MW
called poly dispersity index ( PDI). PDI 
Mn
11. What is vulcanization? What is cross linking agent used in vulcanization.
Ans: The process of improving properties of rubber by the addition of sulphur to hot rubber at 373-415 K
is called vulcanization. Sulphur is cross linking agent used in vulcanization.
12. What is Biodegradable polymer? Give two examples.
Ans: A polymer that can be decomposed by bacteria is called a biodegradable polymer. Ex: PHBV, PGA
13. Give two examples for semi synthetic polymers?
Ans: Natural polymers: Polymers which are found in nature i.e., in plant and animal, are called natural
polymers. Eg: Cotton, Wool, Silk, Jute, Glucose, Starch etc.
Synthetic polymers: Polymers which are made artificially by human being are known synthetic
polymers. Eg: PVC, Teflon, Nylon, Terylene etc.
14. What are the monomers present in Nylon-2-Nylon-6? Give its structure.
Ans: Glycine and 6-amino caproic acid (or) Caprolactum
O
nH 2 N  CH 2  C  OH  nH 2 N   CH 2 5  COOH 
Glycine Caprolactum
  NH  CH 2  CO  NH   CH 2 5  CO     2n  1 H 2O
Nylon-2 Nylon 6 n
15. What is PHBV? How is it useful to man?

Ans: Poly-   hydroxy butyrate co-   hydroxy valerate is known as PHBV.
Uses :It is used in speciality packaging, orthopedic devices and in making outer covering of
capsules.
16. What is polymerization? Give an example of a polymerization reaction.
Ans: Polymerization is a process of formation of high molecular mass polymer from one or more types
` of monomers by linking together a large number of structural units through covalent bonds.
 CH 2  CH 2 n
n CH 2  CH 2 
17. What is an addition polymer? Give an example of addition polymer?
Ans: Polythene in an addition polymer
nCH 2  CH 2   CH 2  CH 2 n 
ethylene polythene

18. What are co polymers? Give example.

Ans: Polymers having two (or) more types of monomeric units are called co-polymers.
Ex: Nylon – 6 , 6, Buna-N, Buna-S etc…
19. What are homopolymers? Give example.
Ans: Polymers having only one type of monomer units are called homopolymers.
Ex: Polythene, PVC, Nylon - 6 etc.,
20. What are monomers? Give example.
Ans: The smallest unit that repeatedly combines to form a polymer is called a monomer.
Ex: Vinyl chloride is the monomer of PVC
BIOMOLECULES:
21. Define carbohydrates?
Ans: Optically active Polyhydroxy Aldehydes (or) Polyhydroxy Ketones are called as
Carbohydrates
22. What are Anomers?
Ans: Carbohydrates which differ in configuration at the glycosidic carbon (C 1 in aldoses and C2 in
ketoses) are called anomers.
Example:   D  glucose &   D  glucose
23. Why are sugars classified as reducing and non reducing sugars?
Ans: The saccharides (sugars) which can reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollen’s reagent are
called reducing sugars Example: All monosaccharides, Lactose, Maltose etc
The saccharides which can’t reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollen’s reagent are called
non-reducing sugars. example: Sucrose.
24. What is the difference between nucleoside and nucleotide?
Ans: Nucleoside Nucleotide
1) It is having Base + sugar 1) It is having Base + Sugar + Phosphate
25. Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body?

Ans: Vitamin ‘C’ cannot be stored in our body because it is soluble in water and gets excreted in urine.
26. Name the vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood.
Ans: Vitamin K is responsible for coagulation of blood.
27. What is Zwitter ion? Give an example.
Ans: Zwitter ion: The ion which carries positive charge at one end and negative charge on the
other end is called Zwitter ion.
NH 2  C H  COOH NH 3  C H  COO 
| |
R R
28. What are amino acids? Give two examples

Ans: The compounds having both -NH2 & -COOH functional groups on the same compound are
called Amino Acids. Ex : Glycine, Alanine.
29. What are proteins? Give examples
Ans: Proteins: A polypeptide with more than hundred amino acid residues, having molecular
mass higher than 10000 U is called a protein
Ex: Hair, silk, insulin, albumin etc.
30. What are fibrous proteins? Give examples
Ans: The proteins having parallel polypeptide chains held by hydrogen and disulphide bonds are
called fibrous proteins.
Ex : Keratin, Myosin etc
31. What are globular proteins? Give examples
Ans: The proteins having spherical shape are called globular proteins.
Ex: Insulin, Albumins etc.

32. Write the biological functions of Nucleic acids.

Ans: Biological functions of Nucleic Acids:
1) Nucleic acids are responsible for the transfer of characters from one generation to
another generation
2) Nucleic acids are responsible for the protein synthesis
3) DNA fingerprinting is used for identification of criminals.
4) To determine paternity of an individual.
33. Write any one method of preparation of glucose. Write the equation.
Ans: Glucose can be prepared by boiling sucrose with dil HCl (or) dil H2SO4 in alcoholic
solution.
H
C12 H 22O11  H 2O 
Alcohol
C6 H12O6  C6 H12O6
Glu cos e Fructose
CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE:
34. What are antacids? Give example.
Ans: Chemical compounds which neutralize the excess acid in stomach and maintain pH to
normal level are called antacids.
Ex: Sodium hydrogen carbonate, Mixture of Al  OH 3 & Mg  OH 2 .
35. What are antihistamines? Give example.
Ans: The drugs which prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in stomach
walls are called antihistamines. Ex: Dimetapp, Seldane
36. What are tranquilizers? Give example.
Ans: The drugs which are used for the treatment of stress and mental diseases are called
tranquilizers. Ex: Barbituric acid, Luminal and Valium.
37. What are antimicrobials?
Ans: Drugs used to cure diseases caused by microorganisms or microbes, such as
bacteria,viruses, fungi etc. are called antimicrobials. Eg. Lysozyme, Lactic acid
38. What are antibiotics? Give example.
Ans: The chemical substances produced by micro-organisms which inhibit the growth or destroy
other microorganisms are called antibiotics. Eg. Penicillin, Chloram phenicol
39. What are antiseptics? Give example.
Ans: The chemical substances which are used to kill or inhibit the growth of micro-organism and
are applied to living tissues like wound or cuts etc. Eg. Dettol, Bithional
40. What are disinfectants? Give example.
Ans: The chemical substances which are used to kill or inhibit the growth of micro-organism and
are applied to inanimate things like floor or drainage system.
Ex: 1% phenol, Formalin
41. What are the main constituents of Dettol?
Ans: The main constituents of dettol are chloroxylenol and terpineol.
42. What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?
Ans: 2 - 3% Iodine in alcoholic aqueous solution is known as tincture of iodine.
It is applied on wounds.
43. What are antifertility drugs? Give example.
Ans: The drugs which are used to control the pregnancy are called antifertility drugs.
Ex: Norethindrone, Novestrol.
44. What are artificial sweetening agents? Give example.
Ans: The chemical substance which produce sweetness instead of natural sweetners like
Sucrose are called artificial sweetening agents. Ex: Aspartame, Sucrolose, Alitame
45. What are Food preservatives? Give example.
Ans: The chemical substances which prevent the spoilage of food due to microbial growth
are called Food preservatives. Ex. Sodium benzoate, Salts of propionic acid
46. Name two most familiar Antioxidants used as food additives?
Ans: Butylated hydroxy toluene(BHT) and Butylated hydroxy an isole(BHA) are the
two most familiar antioxidants.

47. What is the difference between a Soap and a Synthetic detergent?

Ans: Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acid, whereas synthetic
detergents are Sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or may be
quarternary ammonium salts of amine.
Soaps cannot give foam with hard water whereas synthetic detergents give foam
with hard water.
HALO ALKANES & HALO ARENES:
1. What are the ambident nucleophiles?
Ans: The species which possess two nucleophilic centers are called ambident nucleophiles.
 
Ex: cyanides : C  N : and nitrites   : O  N  O :

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INTER CHEMISTRY SAQ’S

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4. What are primary and secondary batteries? Give examples.

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TOPIC - 7: p – BLOCK ELEMENTS

2. Ammonia reacts with Copper sulphate to give deep blue Tetraamminecopper(II)sulphate

3. Ammonia reacts with silver chloride to form diammine silver(I)chloride

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4Zn  dil.10 HNO3 

3. Sulphur reacts with Concentrated Nitric acid to give Nitrogen dioxide.

4. Phosphorous reacts with Concentrated Nitric acid to give Nitrogen dioxide.

17. How does PCl5 react with the following?

b) PCl5 reacts with ethyl alcohol to give ethyl chloride

c) PCl5 reacts with acetic acid to give acetyl chloride

d) PCl5 reacts with silver to give silver chloride

b) Ozone oxidises moist Potassium iodide to Iodine

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19. Explain in detail the manufacture of Sulphuric Acid by contact process.

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b) Chlorine reacts with acidified Ferrous sulphate to give Ferric sulphate

d) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen sulphide to give sulphur

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10. Kolbe’s reaction:

11. HVZ reaction:( Hell – Volhard – Zelensky reaction):

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13. Reimer – Teimann reaction:

15. Crossed aldol condensation:

2 methylpent  2enal 2 methylbut  2enal

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26. What is a void? Explain about Tetrahedral and Octahedral void?

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X1=1 M.F X1=1 M.F X1=0

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Wt. of C2 H 6O2  62 gm ; H 2O  18gm

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49. Explain the extraction of Zinc from Zinc Blende.

This precipitation is treated with CO2 to give Al2O3 .xH 2O

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Structural isomerism Stereo isomerism

Ionisation isomerism Geometrical isomerism

Hydrate isomerism Optical isomerism

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(v) K 4  Fe  CN 6  (vi) K3  Fe(CN )6 

(vii) Co( NH3 )6  Cl3 (viii)  Pt ( NH 3 ) 2  CH 3Cl  NH 2  Cl

1. Buna-S 1, 3 – Butadiene Styrene

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Attack of nucleophile: Transition state

TOPIC - 14: ALCOHOL – PHENOLS – ETHERS

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78. Write the products of the following reaction?

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Ans: (a) CH 3CH 2 NHCH 2CH 2CH 3 