Manual - Millenium

ZYZATECH WATER SYSTEMS, INC.
MILLENIUM™ REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT
Operation
and Maintenance Manual
SUPERCEDES P/N 14693 REV. B

MILLENIUM REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT
Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INFORMATION 1-1
Section 1.1 The Manual 1-3

1.2 Safety Summary 1-3
1.3 Applications 1-4
1.4 Contraindications 1-4
1.5 Environmental Considerations 1-5
1.6 Theory of Operation 1-6
1.7 Fluid Components 1-7
1.8 Monitors and Controls 1-9
1.9 Optional Equipment 1-11
1.10 Specifications 1-12
1.10.1 Inlet Water Requirements
1.10.2 Flow Rates
1.10.3 Electrical Requirements
1.10.4 Dimensions
1.10.5 Membrane Performance Characteristics
1.10.6 Environmental Requirements
1.11 Disposal 1-13
1.12 Electromagnetic Interference 1-14
1.13 Service Assistance 1-14
1.14 Return Goods Authorization (RGA) 1-15
1.15 Symbols and Abbreviations 1-16
CHAPTER TWO: INSTALLATION GUIDELINES AND INITIAL 2-1

SYSTEM START UP
Section 2.1 Installation Considerations 2-3

2.2 Installation Procedure 2-3
2.3 Product Water Analysis Procedure 2-6
CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM OPERATION 3-1
Section 3.1 Daily Start-up Procedure 3-3

3.2 Shut Down Procedure 3-3
14693c A 29 March 2002

CHAPTER FOUR: ROUTINE MAINTENANCE 4-1
Section 4.1 Routine Maintenance of Millenium™ RO System 4-3

4.1.1 Daily / Per Treatment Maintenance 4-3
4.1.2 Weekly Maintenance 4-4
4.1.3 Monthly Maintenance 4-4
4.1.4 Quarterly Maintenance 4-4
4.1.5 Semi-Annual Maintenance 4-5
4.1.6 Annual Maintenance 4-5
4.2 Specific Maintenance Procedures and Instructions 4-6
4.2.1 Motor Lubricant Procedure 4-6
4.2.2 Leak Repair 4-6
4.3 Millenium™ Cleaning Indications 4-9
4.3.1 Pre Cleaning Preparation 4-10
4.3.1.1 Pre Cleaning Procedure 4-10
4.3.1.2 Cleaner Recirculation and Dwell Time 4-11
4.3.1.3 Post Cleaning Rinse Procedure 4-12
4.3.2 BIOSAN™ Pre Cleaning Preparation 4-14
4.3.2.1 BIOSAN™ Cleaning Procedure 4-14
4.3.2.2 BIOSAN™ Recirculation and Dwell Time 4-15
4.3.2.3 BIOSAN™ Post Cleaning Rinse Procedure 4-16
4.4 Millenium™ Disinfection Indications 4-17
4.4.1 Formaldehyde Disinfection Preparation 4-17
4.4.1.1 Formaldehyde Pre Disinfection Procedure 4-18
4.4.1.2 Formaldehyde Disinfection and Dwell Time 4-18
4.4.1.3 Formaldehyde Post Disinfection Rinse Procedure 4-19
4.4.2 “RENALIN®” Disinfection Procedure 4-21
(Peracetic Acid and Peroxide-Based Compounds
such as Renalin®, Minncare™, & Peracidin™)
4.4.2.1 “RENALIN®” Pre Disinfection Preparation 4-22
4.4.2.2 “RENALIN®” Disinfection and Dwell Time 4-23
4.4.2.3 “RENALIN®” Post Disinfection Rinse Procedure 4-23
4.5 Product Water Culture 4-25
4.5.1 Product Water Culture Procedure 4-26
4.6 System Storage 4-27
4.6.1 Formaldehyde Storage Procedure 4-27
4.6.2 BIOSAN™ Storage Procedure 4-28
14693c B 29 March 2002

CHAPTER FIVE: TROUBLESHOOTING 5-1
Table of Content 5-3

Section 5.1 Unit Fails to Run 5-5
5.2 Unit Runs Intermittently 5-5
5.3 Motor Runs Hot 5-6
5.4 Water Produced While Unit is Off 5-6
5.5 Low Pump Pressure 5-7
5.6 Pressure Gauge Vibrates Erratically 5-7
5.7 Excess Product Pressure (too high) 5-7
5.8 Product Flow Too Low 5-8
5.9 Product Flow Too High 5-8
5.10 Leaks 5-9
5.11 Low Percent Rejection 5-9
5.12 TDS Value High 5-10
5.13 RO Fails to Draw Disinfectant 5-11
5.14 RO Pump Leaks 5-11
CHAPTER SIX: DRAWINGS 6-1
CHAPTER SEVEN: SPARE PARTS LIST 7-1
APPENDIX A: TECHNOTES / LOGS 8-1

TN102 Technote Recovery
TN103 Technote AAMI Standards
TN104 Technote Nominal Rejection
TN111 Technote Conversion Table
TN113 Technote Correction Factors
TN115 Technote Useful Formulas
TN119 Technote Common Questions
TN120 Technote Glossary of Terms
TN133 Technote Membrane Replacement/Startup
TN140 Technote Maintenance Log
TN141 Technote Pretreatment Log
TN142 Technote Equipment Option Log
TN143 Technote Cleaning/Disinfection Log
TN144 Technote Cleaning Log
APPENDIX B: WARRANTY 9-1

Warranty Validation Card
14693c C 29 March 2002

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14693c D 29 March 2002

Millenium™ RO System by ZyzaTech Water Systems
ZyzaTech Millenium RO System
CHAPTER ONE:
GENERAL INFORMATION
14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-1 General Information

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1.1 The Manual

This manual has been prepared to provide the operator with information and instructions
regarding the installation, use, maintenance and troubleshooting of the ZyzaTech
Millenium™ Reverse Osmosis System.
CAUTION:
When used as a medical device, Federal law restricts this device to sale by or on the
order of a physician. Per CFR 801.109 (b)(1).
The manual has been written in narrative form supplemented with schematics and
drawings for clarification. The operator can perform most procedures mentioned in this
manual. Any exceptions will be clearly identified by a qualifying statement.
1.2 Safety Summary

Words in BOLD CAPITAL letters are used to identify labels on the device and key
safety or qualifying statements. A list of all symbols and abbreviations is located at the
end of this chapter. See Technote 120 in Appendix A for a glossary of relevant terms.
This safety summary does not contain all of the safety statements in the manual. Other
safety statements are included within the manual text and are enhanced and defined as
follows:
NOTE:
Statements that provide further clarification.
CAUTION:
Statements identifying conditions or practices that could result in equipment or
other property damage.
WARNING:
Statements identifying conditions or practices that could result in personal injury or
loss of life.
READ THIS MANUAL:

Prior to operating or servicing this device, this manual must be read and understood.
Keep this and other associated manuals for future reference and for new operators or
qualified service personnel. A note sheet is provided at the end of each chapter for
operators to make notations that may be valuable to other users.
USE PROPER POWER CONNECTIONS:
Use proper wiring and connection methods to satisfy hospital electrical codes.
DO NOT REMOVE COVERS OR PANELS:
To avoid electrical shock hazard, do not remove covers or panels when power is supplied
to the device. Do not operate the device when covers or panels are removed.

SHOCK HAZARD:
Connect this device to a proper ground connection in accordance with the National
Electrical Code. DO NOT under any circumstances remove the ground wire or ground
prong from any power plug. DO NOT use an extension cord with this equipment. Keep
the surface under the RO(s) free of water.
DEVICE LABELING:
Do not under any circumstances, remove any Caution, Warning or any other descriptive
labels from the devices until the conditions warranting the label are eliminated.
DO NOT OPERATE IN A FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERE:
To avoid fire or explosion, do not operate this device in an explosive environment or near
flammable anesthetics.
1.3 Applications
The Millenium™ Reverse Osmosis (RO) System is designed to purify water by forcing
water through a semi-permeable RO membrane. Water purified by reverse osmosis has
had approximately 95% of the dissolved ions and approximately 99% of most other
contaminants removed. The quality of the purified water, referred to as product water or
permeate, depends on the quality of the feed water and normally is equal to or exceeds
AAMI standards. Such water is suitable for hemodialysis applications.
1.4 Contraindications
WARNING:
ZyzaTech Water Systems are not designed, sold, or intended for use in producing
water for injection
Furthermore, ZyzaTech's Water Systems are not intended to be used outside of the device
specifications and limitations, as outlined in this manual and other related materials.

1.5 Environmental Considerations

Prior to the installation of the Millenium™ RO System, it will be necessary to provide
utilities and create an environment suitable for the trouble free operation of the RO
system and its accessories.
POWER:
The Millenium™ operates on 115 VAC single-phase power. Histories of power
failure, power surges, and low line voltages should be noted and reported to the
manufacturer or their agent as they may create adverse conditions for the operation
of equipment.
WATER:
Reverse osmosis systems require a reliable water source. The Millenium™ RO
needs a minimum of 30-PSI pressure at a minimum flow of 2 gallons per minute. It
is important that water is flowing at the design flow rate when testing water
pressure rather than reading static pressure.
DRAIN:
A drain outlet is required by the RO system. The drain must have a minimum
capacity of 2 gallons per RO per minute of continuous flow for as long as and as
often as the RO is operating.
TEMPERATURE:
The Millenium™ RO is normally connected to a cold water supply. The
performance specifications of the RO are based on 77°F (25°C) feed temperature.
Each degree Fahrenheit the feed water temperature falls, the RO product flow
decreases approximately 1.5%, and each degree Celsius drop, the product flow is
reduced by 3% (See Technote 113 in Appendix A for the “Temperature Correction
Factors” chart). In climates where the winter water temperature drops significantly
below 77°F it may be necessary to temper (heat) the water.
WARNING:
The temperature of the tempered water should be monitored closely with a
thermometer as high temperatures can damage the RO membranes and possibly
harm the patient. Refer to the inlet water requirements (Section 1.10.1) for the
maximum operating temperature for the Millenium™ RO.
CAUTION:
It is necessary to keep the RO from freezing to prevent serious damage to the RO
unit.
NOISE:
The RO unit does not generate significant noise levels. Hard walls may reflect
noise and will make the RO seem louder.

WATER PURITY:
Plumbing materials can significantly contribute to the contamination of the water.
Metallic pipes (with the exception of 316 stainless steel) must be eliminated once
the purification process has begun. Schedule 40 or 80 PVC pipes, polypropylene,
PVDF, and other FDA recommended materials are suitable for most grades of
purified water. Care must also be exercised in the choice of a thread sealant.
Teflon tape is suitable for all threaded connections in this system.
WARNING:
Ordinary pipe dope must be avoided since it may leach objectionable and
potentially dangerous impurities into the water.
1.6 Theory of Operation

The Millenium™ Portable Reverse Osmosis system (RO) is a fully cabinetized unit that
purifies a given feed water (by way of reverse osmosis) for use in hemodialysis
applications. The Millenium™ RO possesses monitoring for pressure, product water
quality and membrane performance (percent rejection). The RO pump provides the
pressure required to push water through the RO membranes. The fluid controls provide a
means of managing flow rates and pressures. The following paragraphs detail the
function of these fluid control components, which are used within the RO.

1.7 Fluid Components

Inlet Solenoid:
Located inside the Millenium™ RO at the inlet, and serves to shut off the water
supply to the system, until it is actuated when the Inlet water valve switch is placed
in the ON position.
Pressure Adjust Regulator:
Used to adjust the product pressure. The pressure is displayed on the product
pressure gauge, on the front of the RO.
Inlet Water Check Valve:
Prevents back-flow of disinfectants or cleaning agents.
Inlet Water Sensor:
Monitors the quality of the inlet water. Inlet quality is compared to the outlet
(product) water quality and is displayed as "percent rejection" on the front panel.
High-Pressure Pump:
Provides up to a 200-PSI boost of the inlet water to the Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Assembly (ROMA). The RO pump pressure is displayed on a 0 to 300 PSI gauge
mounted outside the RO, above the product pressure gauge. The pressure is factory
set at 190psi.
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Assemblies (ROMAs):
Two are included in the Millenium™ RO. A ROMA is an assembly that includes
the membrane housing, end caps, fittings, and a membrane. Depending on the
model, thin film membrane ROs can either provide up to 500 or 750 gallons per day
of product water, depending on membrane type, condition, and water temperature.
Waste Flow:
The Waste Flow is controlled by a length of 1/8" tubing. The length of the tube is
factory determined to correctly govern the wastewater flow to drain.
Operate/Flush Valve:
The Operate/Flush Valve on the front panel is used to flush the membrane surface
of rejected contaminants, and to accelerate the rinse out of cleaners or disinfectants
from the RO. Some pump noise (chattering) is normal in the flush position. The RO
is in "flush" from the full open (flush) to just before the fully closed (operate)
position.
CAUTION:
Excessive “chattering” may be eliminated by slowly moving the valve from the full
flush position towards “OPERATE”.

Product Water Pressure:

Product Water Pressure is read on a 0 to 100-PSI gauge on the front panel. Product
pressures will register only when the product is back pressured (product hose
removed from fitting or connected to dialysis unit).
Product Recirculation Check Valve:
Prevents over-pressuring of the product supply. When the product pressure exceeds
the set point of the pressure regulator, the product recirculation check valve opens.
Excess product water is then recirculated back to the inlet water flow.
Product Water Sensor:
The Product Water Sensor is used in conjunction with the inlet water sensor by the
percent-rejection circuitry to calculate the membrane rejection rate. The rate of
rejection is displayed from 70% - 99% in a 5 LED array on the front panel.
Product Check Valve:
The Product Check Valve is used to prevent anything from flowing backward into
the product side of the RO membranes.
CAUTION:
Back-flow pressure into the product line can cause damage to the membranes.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Sensor:
Samples the product water quality via the sensor probe, and the final quality of the
product water is indicated on a digital display on the front panel as TDS in mg/L
and ppm. The monitor is temperature compensated to adjust the display value to
changing water temperature.
Disinfect Inlet Port:
The Disinfect Inlet Port is a quick-disconnect valve that allows access to the inlet
water side of the pump. The port is used when cleaners or disinfectants are
introduced to the RO. The valve can also be used to obtain feed water samples for
testing feed water for chlorine/chloramine, pH and hardness levels.
WARNING:
Water from this port is NOT RO product water and should not be used for dialysis
solutions.
Disinfect Switch:
The Disinfect Switch is used to introduce disinfectants and cleaners into the RO.
For safety, this switch must be held continuously to operate.
CAUTION:
When drawing disinfectants or cleaning solutions, do not allow the RO to draw air.
This may cause irreparable damage to the RO pump.

1.8 Monitors and Controls

Inlet Water Valve Switch:
The Inlet Water Valve Switch is mounted on the control panel. The switch is used
to energize a solenoid, pressurizing the system with feed water.
RO Pump Power Switch:
The RO Pump Power Switch is mounted on the control panel. The switch is used to
energize the RO pump/motor. The inlet water switch must be ON for the
pump/motor to operate.
Disinfect Switch:
The Disinfect Switch is mounted on the front panel. This switch is used to
introduce disinfectant or cleaning agents into the RO through the disinfect port.
Pressure Adjust Regulator:
The Pressure Adjust Regulator inside the RO is used to set the maximum product
pressure needed to supply a dialysis machine. Adjusting this regulator will also
result in small adjustments in the pump pressure.
Product Pressure Gauge:
The Product Pressure Gauge reads the product pressure from 0 to 100 PSI. Product
pressure will read zero when the product line is not connected to a dialysis unit and
the product hose is connected to the product fitting and the valve is open.
Pump Pressure Gauge:
The Pump Pressure Gauge reads the pump pressure from 0 to 300 PSI. It is used
for monitoring during operation and when adjusting the pump pressure, and is
located on the front of the RO.
Operate/Flush Valve:
The Operate/Flush Valve is a 1/4-turn ball valve. When in the operate mode, the
valve is in the closed position. When the valve is turned at any point towards flush,
the valve is open. The closer to the flush point, the more the valve is open. When in
flush, the valve bypasses the waste flow tube.
Disinfect Port:
The Disinfect Port is a quick-disconnection port for the introduction of disinfectant
or cleaning agents. The port has a check valve that closes when there is no hose
connected to the fitting.
Feed Port:
The Feed Port is a quick-disconnection port for the introduction of feed water to the
RO. The port has a check valve that closes when there is no hose connected to the
fitting.

Product Port:
The Product Port is a quick-disconnection port for the output of purified product
water. The port has a check valve that closes when there is no hose connected to
the fitting.
Waste Port:
The Waste Port is a quick-disconnection port for the output of concentrate or waste
to the drain. The port has a check valve that closes when there is no hose connected
to the fitting.
Percent Rejection Display:
The Percent Rejection Display is a 5 LED array that indicates how the RO
membranes are performing. The lights correspond to 99%, 95%, 90%, 85%, and
>70% rejection. The 99% light, when illuminated, indicates a need to evaluate the
RO system performance. RO units do not normally perform in excess of 99%;
verify this reading with an independent meter and take corrective action if
indicated. Some RO membranes will achieve this level of performance under
optimum conditions.
Product Water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):
The Product Water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) digital display indicates product
water purity in mg/L (ppm). It is temperature compensated to adjust the value of the
display with changing water temperature for better accuracy.
Less Than 0.5 mg/L Check System Lamp:
The Less Than 0.5 mg/L Check System lamp illuminates when the TDS reading is
0.5 mg/L or less. This indicates a need to evaluate the RO system performance.
RO units do not normally have this low product TDS. Verify this reading with an
independent meter and take corrective action if indicated. RO membranes may
achieve this level of performance under optimum conditions (good feed water).
Alarm Set:
The Alarm Set switch allows the operator to set the TDS levels at which the alarm
will sound. The alarm should be set at twice the initial TDS reading. If the set
point is exceeded, an audible alarm will sound.
Alarm Mute:
The Alarm Mute switch will mute the audible alarm for 30 - 45 seconds. A red
indicator lamp is displayed on the switch when the mute switch has been pressed.
14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 10 General Information

1.9 Optional Equipment

ZyzaTech offers a number of optional items to adapt the equipment to meet specific
needs. Options are available to improve portability, and to improve the quality of the
feedwater to the RO. Frequently requested options are briefly described in the following
paragraphs. If more information is needed, or if other options are desired, please consult
the factory.
Pretreatment Cart holds the Millenium™ RO and feedwater treatment equipment. The
cart has a bracket that provides for the attachment of prefilter cartridge housings. The
cart will hold any combination of two or three of the following tank sizes, .25 c.f., .47
c.f., or .60 c.f..
Carbon Filter Tanks remove chlorine/chloramine from the feed water, preventing
damage to the RO membrane and injury to patients. The filter incorporates a bed of
granular activated carbon. Three sizes of carbon tanks come in semi-automatic control
valve and exchange head styles.
WARNING:
Carbon is not regenerated and must be replaced when exhausted.
WARNING:
A suitable carbon filter should always be present as pretreatment for the RO unit in
order to prevent chlorine/chloramine damage to the thin film RO membrane and
harm to the patient. ZyzaTech strongly recommends the use of two carbon tanks,
used in a series configuration.
Softeners remove calcium, magnesium, and other scale producing contaminants from the
feed water. Their removal prevents the build-up of scale on the membrane surface. A
control valve drives the regeneration of the softener, and will remove the hardness ions
with a brine solution and rinse the ion exchange bed afterwards. The control valve is
normally governed by a semi-automatic time clock. There are three sizes of softener
tanks available.
Dealkalizers are used to lower the pH of alkaline feed water. Water with pH levels
above 8.5 with chloramines present can reduce the performance of the carbon filters and
thin-film membranes. A control valve drives the regeneration rinsing of the dealkalizer.
The control valve is normally governed by a semi-automatic time clock. There are three
sizes of dealkalizer tanks available.

1.10 Specifications:
1.10.1 Input Water Requirements
Minimum Maximum
Input flow Rate 2.0 GPM N/A
Temperature (water) 1.7°C (35°F) 32°C (90°F)
NOTE:
Operating at lower temperatures may make it impossible for the Millenium™ to
produce adequate permeate for the dialysis machine.
pH (operating) 4.0 11.0
TF Membranes
pH w/chloramines present (operating) 4.0 8.5
TF Membranes
pH (cleaning) 2.0 11.0
TF Membranes
Pressure, dynamic 30 PSI 100 PSI
1.10.2 Flow Rates
Product Flow based on the following conditions:
New Membranes
Operating Pressure: 190 PSI
Product Pressure: 1 PSI
Feed Water Temperature: 77°F (25°C)
GPM LPM GPD LPD

.34 1.31 500 1892.5
.52 1.97 750 2839.1
Membrane flux may vary ±15%

Waste Flow: .84 GPM (3.2 LPM) (±10%)
1.10.3 Electrical Requirements

Motor 1/3 HP
Voltage 115 VAC / 220 VAC
Hertz 60 / 50
Amps 10 / 5
Phase single

1.10.4 Dimensions
Vertical Cabinet Horizontal Cabinet
Height 25 ½ inches 8 inches
Depth 15 inches 15 inches
Width 8 inches 25½ inches
Weight – Operating – 55 lbs.
1.10.5 Membrane Performance Characteristics
Salt rejection (TF Membranes): 95% minimum at initial testing at factory.
Test Solution: Inlet water 1000 PPM NaCl
Conductivity: 2000 micro mhos-cm
Operating Pressure: 190 PSI, ±10 PSI
Product Back pressure: 0 PSI
1.10.6 Environmental Requirement
Minimum Maximum
Ambient Temperature 4°C (39°F) 32°C (90°F)
Storage Temperature 2°C (36°F) 32°C (90°F)
Altitude N/A 10,000 feet
CAUTION:
This equipment must not be allowed to freeze. Irreparable harm to various
components, including RO membranes may result.
NOTE:
The user/operator should recognize that moisture can be caused by condensation
and is not necessarily an equipment leak. This equipment will function in the
presence of condensation.
1.11 Disposal
Disposal of this product or parts must be carried out according with local disposal codes.

1.12 Electromagnetic Interference

This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not
installed and used in accordance with these instructions, may cause harmful interference
to other devices in the vicinity. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not
occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference with
other devices, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is
encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving device
• Increase the separation between the equipment
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to
which the other device(s) is connected
• Consult the field service technician or manufacturer for help.
1.13 Service Assistance

If service assistance is required, please take the following steps:
Consult the “Troubleshooting” section of this manual (Chapter Five). If the problem
cannot be identified and corrected by any of the procedures found in that section, then...
Contact your Facility Equipment Technician. If the technician is unable to help then…
Call Osmonics ZyzaTech Technical Service Department at (800) 633-3080 or (206) 395-
2200. Technicians are available for all calls between 7:00 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. PST,
Monday through Friday. Technicians are also available at other times for emergency
calls only. Product consultants will be on hand to discuss the problem with you and
endeavor to rectify it over the phone. If the problem appears to be of a more serious
nature, you will be given instructions regarding the action to be taken. Prior to making
the phone call, you must be prepared to answer two questions:
1. What RO do you have, i.e. Millenium™

2. What is the serial number of your RO? (Label, found on back of RO.)
RO SERIAL NUMBER: ______________________

1.14 Return Goods Authorization (RGA) Procedure

If you wish to return goods for, warranty evaluation and/or credit please have your
original sales order, invoice and device serial number available when you call Osmonics.
Call Osmonics at (800)-633-3080 and request Technical Service. An Osmonics
Technical Service representative will provide instructions and a return authorization
number, which needs to be clearly written on the outside of the box used to ship your
materials. All equipment must be shipped to Osmonics with the freight prepaid by the
customer. Call our Customer Service Center with any questions or issues concerning
freight claims and a representative will discuss your situation.
All materials to be returned must be rendered into a non-hazardous condition prior to

shipping.

1.15 Symbols and Abbreviations

“RENALIN®” Refers to Peracetic Acid and Peroxide-based Compounds, such as
Renalin®, Minncare™, Peracidin™ (20% peroxide, 4% Peracetic
Acid)
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
AAMI Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation
CA Cellulose Acetate
C Celsius
cc Cubic Centimeters
cf Cubic Foot (feet)
cfu/ml. Colony Forming Units per milliliter
cm Centimeters
DI Deionization
F Fahrenheit
FDA Food and Drug Administration
Ft Foot (feet)
GPD Gallons Per Day
GPM Gallons Per Minute
GHT Garden Hose Thread
gr Grains
GAC Granular Activated Carbon
HZ Hertz
HP Horse Power
lbs. Pounds
LED Light Emitting Diode
LPD Liters Per Day
LPM Liters Per Minute
m. Meter
mg/L. Milligrams Per Liter
ml. Milliliters
MNPT Male National Pipe Thread
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

Megohm/cm Million Ohms/Centimeter

mw Molecular Weight
NaCl Sodium Chloride
N/A Not Applicable
NPT National Pipe Thread
NSF National Sanitation Foundation
PA Polyamide
P/N Part Number
ppm Parts Per Million
psi Pounds Per Square Inch
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
QD Quick Disconnect
RO Reverse Osmosis
ROMA Reverse Osmosis Membrane Assembly
TB Terminal Barrier Strip (Main): “TB1” (Example: “TB1-9” refers
to the terminal marked number 9 on the Main Terminal Barrier
Strip)
TF Thin Film
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
VAC Volts Alternating Current
WFI Water for Injection
WT Weight

NOTES:

CHAPTER 2:
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES AND INITIAL SYSTEM START-UP
14693c - 29 Mar- 02 2-1 Installation Guidelines and Instructions


2.1 Installation Considerations

1. Select a location for the Millenium™ near the required utilities and dialysis
equipment.
2. The RO unit requires 115 VAC power for operation and consumes 10 amps of
current (the 220 VAC model consumes 5 amps).
3. The RO unit requires nominally 2 GPM water at 30 PSI. Warmer feed water (up
to 25°) will produce more permeate, and will consume more water. The water
may also require some pretreatment to ensure maximum performance and
suitability. ZyzaTech recommends that feed water be chlorine/chloramine free
and solids above 5 microns in size be filtered out.
4. A drain with a minimum capacity of 2 GPM is required for the RO unit.
5. Back flow prevention may be required in accordance with local codes.
6. Special connections may be needed to connect to water supply. Connections vary
with different facilities.
2.2 Installation Procedures:

CAUTION:
If a carbon tank is present on the RO system, the carbon tank must be completely
rinsed of all carbon fines and ash before connecting to the RO unit. Otherwise,
irreparable damage to the TF membrane will result (refer to Carbon Manual in this
binder.).
WARNING:
The Millenium™ RO is stored with 1 wt.% sodium metabisulfite from the factory.
Follow all Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) guidelines that are included with the
RO.
NOTE:
For initial start-up, the large removable panel must be removed to allow access to
the pump and regulator for adjustments as well as to remove shipping materials.
The panel is held on with twelve stainless steel screws. Use caution any time a
panel is removed from the Millenium™.
1. Connect the Millenium™ RO inlet tubing GHT (garden hose thread) connector to
the inlet cold water supply, and the QD (quick-disconnect) end to the “Feed”
connection on the front panel.
2. Connect the waste water line to the waste QD connection on the front of the RO,
and to the drain in accordance with the local plumbing code. Making this
connection allows the waste flow by opening a check valve; disconnecting closes
it.
3. Connect the product line QD connector to the product fitting on the front panel.
Connecting together the male and female fittings (hose to RO) opens a check

valve allowing product flow. When the hose is disconnected, the product flow is
stopped.
4. Make sure that the inlet water valve switch and the RO pump power switch are in
the OFF position. Plug the power cord into a 115 VAC (220 VAC) grounded
outlet. Do not use an extension cord or an adapter.
5. Turn the water supply to the RO on.
6. Turn the operate/flush valve to the flush position.
7. Turn the inlet water valve switch on. Water will start to fill the RO. Allow the
RO to rinse to drain for five minutes after water begins to flow from the drain
line. The pump pressure gauge should indicate some pressure.
8. Turn the RO pump power switch on.
NOTE:
The operate/flush valve may need to be rotated part way towards the operate
position if the pump makes excessive noise.
9. Slowly turn the operate/flush valve to the operate position. Pump pressure should
not exceed 200 PSI. If 200 PSI is exceeded, adjust pump pressure on pump head
located inside the cabinet. See instructions in Figure 1 below:
Figure 1

10. Let the RO run for an additional 15 minutes or until the percent rejection and
TDS values have stabilized.
WARNING:
Ensure that TDS and membrane performance (% rejection) are normal for the
regions water quality. Consult your facility physician. An AAMI analysis and
bacteria test of the product water must be obtained and interpreted before using the
RO unit for hemodialysis treatment (refer to the Product Water Analysis procedure
and the Product Water Culture Procedure).
11. Set the product water TDS alarm limit switch as prescribed by the physician. The
switch is normally set to twice the initial TDS reading (or “next higher” setting) at
start-up.
WARNING:
The TDS alarm limit should not be moved from this setting unless instructed by a
physician.
12. After a minimum of 3 hours run time, disinfect and rinse the RO unit with an
approved disinfectant before using for hemodialysis treatment (refer to the
Formaldehyde and ‘RENALIN®’-type disinfection procedures in chapter four).
CAUTION:
New RO units with thin film membranes must be rinsed to drain with normal
pressures for a minimum of three (3) hours before exposure to disinfectants.
WARNING:
After disinfection, the product water must be verified free of residual disinfectant.
13. The RO product may be used in conjunction with hemodialysis treatment
equipment only after obtaining test results which validate compliance with
excepted standards.
• AAMI Product Water Panel
• Microbiological Culture (colony count) results
• Endotoxin (pyrogen) level testing (if applicable)
14. The Millenium™ RO is now ready for use.

2.3 Product Water Analysis Procedure:
In order to ensure that the RO is performing at or above AAMI (Association for the
Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) Standards, it is necessary to perform an
AAMI Water Quality Analysis test. For new units, the RO must be operated (rinsed to
drain) for at least two hours before taking a sample, to ensure that the membranes are free
of preservative or other contaminants which would invalidate the test.
WARNING:
There are many documented clinical risks in using less than AAMI Standard
product water (refer to Technote 103 in Appendix A, "AAMI Hemodialysis Water
Quality Standards").
NOTE:
Follow the procedures recommended by your water quality-testing laboratory if
they vary from the following steps.
Materials Required: Produce water sampling kit, sterile gauze, tape, and container (such
as a small bucket).
1. Ensure that all pre-RO devices are operating correctly and are performance
verified by the appropriate testing.
2. Connect the RO unit to the required utilities (feed water, drain, power).
3. Operate the RO unit with product and waste flows to drain for at least 15 minutes
after the product water quality has stabilized before drawing the water sample.
4. Hold the product line over the container and run product water for 60 seconds.
5. Aseptically remove the lid from the sample bottle and rinse the bottle twice with
RO product water.
6. Fill the bottle completely with RO product water and cap it immediately.
7. Fill out the laboratory requisition form. Ensure the requisition form has, at a
minimum, information to identify the facility or location of the RO, the serial
number or facility equipment number to ensure which RO was tested and name,
phone number and address of whom to contact.
8. Place the bottle and the completed requisition in the pre-addressed mailer and
mail it directly to the laboratory.
NOTE:
Total chlorine must be measured on-site. Tests for Chlorine/Chloramine (total
chlorine) are not typically reported on the AAMI Analysis. Chlorine and
chloramine dissipate from the water sample over time and reported results will be
inaccurate.

NOTES:


CHAPTER 3:
SYSTEM OPERATION
14693c - 29 Mar- 02 3-1 System Operation


3.1 Daily Start-up

WARNING:
Verification of the absence of all sanitizers, cleaners, disinfectants and
chlorine/chloramines must be performed before RO product water is used for any
patient related uses.
1. Connect the RO unit to the required utilities (feed water, drain, and power).
2. Ensure that all the valves in the water supply line to the RO are open.
3. Ensure that all pre-RO devices have been flushed and tested and are operating
within their specifications.
4. Ensure that the product rinse line is connected to the RO, with the other end in a
drain.
5. Move the inlet water valve switch to the open position. When water flows to
drain, the RO pump power switch can be moved to the on position.
6. The "Percent Rejection" monitor should indicate 95% rejection within 2 minutes
of start-up. It is normal for rejection to drop off until membranes have rinsed up
to optimum quality.
7. The TDS monitor should stabilize within 2 minutes of start-up. The TDS during
this time may be higher than the alarm set point. The audible alarm may be
muted at this time by pressing the alarm mute switch. The alarm mute switch will
silence the audible alarm for 30 - 45 seconds each time the switch is used.
WARNING:
When the RO is used for dialysis service, a test for disinfectant residual MUST be
performed.
8. Record data on the daily log sheet. An example is located in Appendix A of this
manual.
WARNING:
Any data that does not meet minimum standards set at your facility must be
reported to the medical director. The RO should not be placed in service until
readings are acceptable.
9. The Millenium™ RO is now ready for connection to the dialysis machine.
3.2 Shut Down Procedure
1. Turn off the RO pump power switch.
2. Turn off the inlet water valve switch.
3. Turn off the inlet water supply.
4. Briefly turn on the inlet water valve switch. This will release pressure from the
feed water hose. When the pressure is released, turn the switch off.

NOTE:
If the Millenium™ RO is to be stored for more than 24 hours (RO not being
operated), the RO should be stored in an approved disinfectant or storage solution
(Not ‘RENALIN®’ or other type oxidizing products). Refer to the disinfection or
storage procedure in this manual.
5. Disconnect from the utilities and store the RO.

NOTES:


CHAPTER FOUR:
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
14693c - 29 Mar- 02 4-1 Routine Maintenance


4.1 Routine Maintenance of Millenium™ RO System

ZyzaTech Millenium™ RO systems have been designed to operate with a minimum of
operator attention. Like all mechanical systems they will operate longer and with less
trouble when operator maintenance is performed regularly. Operator maintenance on a
ZyzaTech reverse osmosis system is limited to maintaining performance logs, cleaning
and disinfection, replacement of damaged or failed parts and periodic lubrication. The
maintenance procedures have been categorized by their frequency of action and are as
follows:
NOTE:
The first part of this section provides the timelines and simple instructions for
maintenance of your RO. The specific instructions and procedures for the more
complex maintenance items are provided in the second part of this section.
WARNING:
Prior to performing any electrical maintenance unplug the RO power cord from the
wall receptacle.
4.1.1 Daily Maintenance

1. Test and record the hardness level of the feed water in the pretreatment log.
2. Observe and record salt level in the brine tank (for systems with water softener
pretreatment).
3. Observe and record the Chlorine/Chloramine concentrations in the pretreatment
log. Follow the instructions included with each test kit.
WARNING:
Take corrective action or contact your local service representative if any optional
pretreatment device fails to provide adequate treatment of feed water before
continuing with the use of the RO unit.
4. If you are using cartridge pre-filters with your Millenium™, observe and record
the pre-filter inlet and outlet pressure gauges on the operation log. The difference
in the pressure values will help measure the condition of the filter cartridge.
When the pressure differential (delta P) increases 8 PSI above the clean, initial
delta P, the cartridges need to be changed (or sooner if the pre-filter core appears
soiled). To change the pre-filter, the water supply must be turned off. The pre-
filter inlet and outlet gauges should read zero PSI. The pre-filter bowl can now be
removed by rotating it clockwise. Remove the old filter, install the new filter and
re-install the filter bowl.
5. Observe and record the percent rejection and TDS water quality readings in the
operation log.

4.1.2 Weekly Maintenance

1. Observe, or measure, and record the waste and product flow rates on the operation
log. Allow the water temperature to stabilize before attempting to record the
results. This will help prevent errors due to fluctuating temperature.
2. Observe, or measure, and record the feed water temperature. Systems with
blending valves have thermometers installed in the plumbing. A hand held
thermometer may also be used. The water temperature has a significant effect in
the product flow rate of the RO membrane and on the evaluation of the
membranes’ need to be cleaned.
3. Disinfect the system if needed. Refer to the disinfection procedure in this
chapter.
4.1.3 Monthly Maintenance
1. Take a product water culture to test for bacteria colony forming units count (
<200 cfu/ml). Refer to the product water culture procedure in this chapter.
2. Visually inspect the pre-filter core, if you are using cartridge pre-filtration.
CAUTION:
On occasion, the pressure differential between the two pre-filter gauges will not
alter significantly, however, the pre-filter will be soiled. If the core of the pre-filter
is dirty, particulates are breaking through the pre-filter and traveling downstream
and causing damage to the pump and RO membranes. If this is the case, the pre-
filter will require more frequent replacement on a routine basis.
3. Check the pump pressure settings. The pressure should be 190 PSI ± 10 PSI, and
should not exceed 200PSI.
4. Check the maximum product pressure setting. If it is above the original set point,
reduce the pressure with the regulator inside the cabinet.
5. Perform trend analyses from the log sheets.
4.1.4 Quarterly Maintenance
1. Clean the RO Membranes. Refer to the RO membrane cleaning procedure in this

chapter.
2. Disinfect the RO machine. The RO should be disinfected after cleaning. Refer to
the membrane disinfection procedure in this chapter.
3. Verify the TDS and percent rejection readings with an independent monitoring
device every 3 months.
4. Check the quick-disconnect fittings and hoses. They should seat securely and
fluid should shut off when they are disconnected.

4.1.5 Semi-annual Maintenance
1. Check and clean the Millenium™ cooling fan and grill.

4.1.6 Annual Maintenance
1. An AAMI Water Quality Analysis of the product water should be conducted at
least yearly. (Refer to the Water Quality Analysis Procedure in Chapter two.)
2. Check the monitoring for accuracy.
3. Check the gauges for correct functioning.
4. Check the ball valves for correct operation.
5. Check the tubing and fittings for leaks or wear.
6. Check the switches and lights for correct operation.
7. Check all pre RO devices for correct operation.
8. Lubricate the motor. Refer to the lubricating instructions in this chapter.

4.2 Specific Maintenance Procedures and Instructions
4.2.1 Motor Lubricant Procedure

1. Remove the plastic plugs at both ends of the motor housing near the motor shaft.
2. Add three drops of SAE 20 wt. non-detergent motor oil into the opening.
3. Replace the plastic plugs.
4. Turn on the motor and run for 10 minutes.
4.2.2 Leak repair

General information: Any leak from any part of the system should be corrected as soon as
possible. Left unattended, leaks can cause secondary damage necessitating expensive
repairs.
NOTE:
Use FDA/NSF approved silicone sealant on all threaded connections.
Threaded Connections:
1. Prior to performing this maintenance on any threaded fitting, release the pressure
on the piping/tubing system (i.e., turn off the pump, open a drain port, etc.)
2. Remove the connecting tubing.
3. Re-tape the pipe threads with 2 or 3 wraps of Teflon tape. (It is not necessary to
remove the old Teflon tape, although it may be advisable to do so if it is in very
bad shape).
4. Re-insert the threaded fitting into the opening and tighten hand tight. Be careful
to avoid cross threading. Tighten further using a wrench only if necessary, and
only about one-half turn.
5. Re-connect piping, pressurize, and inspect for leaks.
6. If the leak is still present, de-pressurize system again and tighten the fitting
another quarter-turn. Check again for leaks. (Over tightening can crack the
female fitting).
7. If the leak continues, it may be necessary to replace the male threaded fitting
and/or the female threaded fitting.

Tubing connections:
1. Prior to performing this maintenance on any tube fitting, release any pressure on
the tubing system (i.e., turn off the pump, open a drain port, etc.).

2. Remove the red locking clip (if applicable).

3. Push the dark gray collar in towards the body of fitting (light gray). This releases
the ‘gripper’ which holds the tubing in place.
4. Hold the gray collar in while gently pulling the tube away from the fitting. It may
be helpful to wiggle the tube side-to-side slightly while pulling.
5. Remove the gripper collar by pulling straight out. Reach into the opening with a
small, blunt (non-scratching) probe and remove the O-ring. (Inspect the collar to
insure that all grippers are intact.)
6. Rinse the O-ring with warm running water to remove any dirt, debris, or crusty
concentrate and set aside to dry on a clean paper towel.
7. Clean the inside of the fitting with a wet cotton swab or paper towel to remove
any dirt or debris. Be sure not to leave any cotton fibers from the swab or towel
inside the fitting.
8. Lubricate the O-ring sparingly with silicone O-ring lubricant and place the O-ring
back inside the fitting.
9. Replace the gripper collar.
10. With a sharp utility knife, cut off approximately ½” to 1” of the tube. Carefully
cut the tube as square (perpendicular to the length) as possible. Inspect remaining
tubing for marks/scratches and replace/repair as necessary.
11. Place the tube in the fitting opening and push firmly until the tube seats fully in
the socket (completely ‘bottomed out’).
12. Pull back on the tubing to seat the grippers, and re-install the locking clip (if
applicable) between the light gray body of the fitting and the dark gray collar (flat
side towards the body).
13. Re-pressurize the system (if applicable) and inspect for leaks.
14. If the leak is not resolved, start over or simply replace the entire tube fitting or
tube.

4.3 Millenium™ Cleaning Indications
Foulants such as minerals, silt and organic substances may collect on the RO membrane
surface and cause the RO membrane to foul and diminish in its function. Many of these
foulants are prevented by proper selection of pretreatment equipment, while others are
treatable only with more sophisticated designs. Regardless of the foulant, it is essential
to clean the membrane promptly once cleaning is indicated. The longer a foulant is
allowed to remain in contact with the RO membrane, the more difficult it will be to
remove. In severe cases, repeated cleanings may be required.
NOTE:
Some foulants CANNOT be removed with cleaning and membrane performance
may not be fully restored. Observe the appearance of the cleaning solution before
discarding it. If the solution is heavily soiled, repeat the cleaning procedure with
fresh solution of the same type (high pH or low pH).
Routine cleaning of the RO membranes in conjunction with regular disinfection will keep
bacteria counts at a minimum and the RO membrane performance at its best. Cleaning
removes the silt, organic and mineral deposits that collect on the RO membrane surface
which, if left untreated, encourage bacterial growth and will eventually impair the RO
membranes' ability to perform. Disinfection kills most of the bacteria that may be present
in the system, but it does not remove the deposits on the membrane.
There are a variety of indications for cleaning membranes. The most common is a
reduced product flow rate. Remember that a reduction in inlet water temperature can also
result in a reduced flow rate. Refer to Technote 113 "Temperature Correction Factors" to
determine the reduction in flow that can be attributed to reduced water temperature.
Clean the membranes whenever the temperature compensated flow rate drops by 10%. A
loss in the membrane performance (percent rejection) or increase in TDS of the product
water may also be an indication to clean the membranes. A good preventative
maintenance practice is to clean the membranes on a quarterly basis, and more often if
needed.
CAUTION:
Membranes that have not been cleaned for a long time may actually incur damage
during cleaning as perforations are exposed that were masked by accumulations of
foulant. Regular maintenance cleaning is the best assurance of long membrane
service.

4.3.1 Pre-Cleaning Preparation
There are two types of cleaners available, a low pH cleaner (Calcium/Iron removal) and a
high pH cleaner (Silt/Organics removal). ZyzaTech provides these cleaners in liquid and
powdered form. The low pH cleaner attacks mineral scale deposits such as calcium,
magnesium and iron build-up, and should be used first. The high pH cleaner will remove
accumulated silt and organic matter from the RO membrane.
CAUTION:
The different cleaners must not be mixed together. Introduce the low pH cleaner
first, thoroughly rinse the system, and then use the high pH cleaner.
WARNING:
The solution is a mild irritant to eyes and skin. It is recommended that protective
gloves and eye protection be worn when handling the cleaner. Neither respiratory
protection nor special ventilation are required.
Materials Required:
Liqui-Clean 403™ – (Low pH liquid) - ZyzaTech Part No. 1228653 (1 Gal)
Liqui-Clean 211™ – (High pH liquid) - ZyzaTech Part No. 1228791 (1 Gal)
OR…
Calcium & Iron Cleaner (Low pH, powdered) - ZyzaTech Part No. 11271 (1 lb.)
Silt & Organics Cleaner (High pH, powdered) - ZyzaTech Part No. 12032 (1 lb.)
• high and low pH cleaner
• 2 Gallons pretreated water
• clean wide mouth container with volume of 2 ½ gallon or more
• pH test strips
• product rinse line (clear hose with male QD fitting on one end, open on the other)
• “DO NOT USE” warning labels (not provided by ZyzaTech)
• cleaning / disinfect log sheets
• most current log sheets for water quality comparison
4.3.1.1 Pre-Cleaning Procedure
Read and understand instructions on cleaner container before beginning procedure.

1. Connect the water inlet line to the water supply, and the waste and product lines
to drain. Turn the RO unit and water supply on.
2. Establish a pre-cleaning % rejection, TDS and pH record on the cleaning disinfect
log sheet.
3. Prepare the cleaning solution by adding the amount of cleaner as specified on the
labeling to two gallons of pretreated or RO product water.
14693c - 29 Mar- 02 4 - 10 Routine Maintenance

CAUTION:
If using the powdered cleaner, ensure that it is completely dissolved before
allowing it into the RO. Undissolved granules circulating through the RO pump
may cause irreparable pump damage.
CAUTION:
Water to be used must be chlorine free or damage to the RO membranes may result.
4. Turn the RO pump power and inlet water valve switches off.
WARNING:
Label machine with appropriate warning signs such as "Do Not Use / Contains
Cleaner" to prevent use of the RO until it is properly rinsed.
5. Connect the disinfect hose quick-disconnect fitting to the disinfect port on the
RO. Place the open end in the cleaning solution.
6. Connect the product rinse line to the product port and place the open end in the
cleaning solution.
7. Place the open end of waste line in the cleaning solution.
4.3.1.2 Cleaner Recirculation and Dwell Time
1. Turn the Operate/Flush valve to the Flush position. The Flush mode will allow the
flow of cleaner only to the rejection side of the RO membrane to flush surface
particulates away. Very little or no product water will be made in flush mode.
2. Push and hold the disinfect switch to operate the RO pump for three minutes.
CAUTION:
Some pump noise (chattering) is normal in the flush position. Excessive pump
noise (chattering) can be damaging to the pump. The RO is in “flush” from the full
open (flush) position to just before the fully closed (operate) position. Adjust it by
partly closing the flush valve to reduce chattering of the pump.
CAUTION:
Check that there is waste flow within 10 seconds. If not, release the button (switch)
and verify that the disinfect-line is connected properly.
CAUTION:
Do not allow air or foam to be drawn into the RO system, as this will damage the
pump.
NOTE:
The cleaners will foam; this is normal. If using a closed container, provide a vent
to the atmosphere to relieve pressure.
3. Let the RO stand dormant with cleaning solution in it for thirty minutes.
4. Remove the waste hose from the cleaning solution and place it in the drain.

5. Using the disinfect switch, turn the RO on and flush approximately 1/2 gallon of
the solution to the drain. This prevents fouling the cleaning solution with the first
output after the dwell time.
6. Place the waste hose back in the cleaning solution container.
7. Using the disinfect switch, turn the RO on and operate it for five minutes.
8. Remove the product and waste hoses from the cleaning solution tank and place
them in the drain.
4.3.1.3 Post-Cleaning Rinse Procedure
1. Using the disinfect switch, turn the RO on and run cleaning solution to the drain
until the container is empty. This aids in emptying the container of cleaning
solution.
CAUTION:
DO NOT ALLOW THE PUMP TO RUN DRY. As an alternative, the solution
may be poured in the drain.
2. Rinse and drain the cleaning solution tank and the hoses then let them air dry.
3. Disconnect the disinfect hose from the RO.
4. Ensure that the water supply to the RO unit is on. If it is partially closed, rotate
the operate/flush valve to the full flush position.
5. Place the inlet water valve switch in the on position. Let water flow to the drain
for one minute.
6. Rotate the operate/flush valve to the operate position.
7. Set the RO pump power switch in the ON position. Rinse for 20 minutes with the
Operate/Flush valve in the Operate position until the % rejection and TDS
monitors’ displays normalize (e.g. 'usual' % rejection and 'usual' TDS reading).
Refer to your operating log for 'usual' readings and compare to the pre-cleaning
values.
A. During this rinse period, rotate the Operate/Flush valve to the
Flush position briefly and then back to Operate three times to
build-up and release pump pressure. This aids in flushing the
cleaner from the system.
8. Test the product water for post-cleaning pH and compare it to the pre-cleaning pH
level. The values should be the same or very close to the pre-cleaning pH. If it is
not, continue rinsing in the Operate position until equalization of the value occurs.
9. When all of the parameters ( % Rejection, TDS, pH) have normalized, operate the
RO for an additional 20 minutes in rinse mode.
10. Repeat the cleaning procedure with the other pH cleaner. ZyzaTech recommends
using a low pH cleaner first, followed by a high pH cleaner after rinsing

thoroughly.
11. Turn the RO pump and inlet water valve switches OFF. Disconnect the product
rinse line, and drain and store it.
12. Reconnect the product line to its original connection.
13. Remove the “Do Not Use/Contains Cleaner” warning label.
14. The Millenium™ RO system is now ready for use.

4.3.2 BIOSAN™ Pre-Cleaning Preparation
BIOSAN™ is a liquid cleaner/descaler agent intended for use in removing mineral scale
and organic biofilm and is a short-term storage solution for RO water systems.
CAUTION:
BIOSAN™ is not intended for use in Hemodialysis Machines.
WARNING:
The solution is a mild irritant to eyes and skin. It is recommended that gloves
(latex/vinyl) and eye protection be worn when handling BIOSAN™. Neither
respiratory protection nor special ventilation are required.
Materials Required:
• 500 ml. BIOSAN™ cleaner
• 4500 ml. product water
• pH test strips
• “DO NOT USE” warning labels (not provided by ZyzaTech)
4.3.2.1 BIOSAN™ Cleaning Procedure

Read and understand all BIOSAN™ cleaning instructions before beginning
procedure.
1. Connect the water inlet line to the water supply, and the waste and product lines
to drain. Turn the RO unit and water supply on.
2. Establish the pre-cleaning % rejection, pH and TDS readings and record them on
the Cleaning/Disinfect Log Sheet.
3. Prepare a 10% solution of BIOSAN™ by mixing 1 part BIOSAN™ to 9 parts
product (RO) water.
A. Fill the cleaning solution container with 4500 ml. product water.
B. Add 500 ml BIOSAN™ to the 4500 ml. product water in the
solution container and mix well.
4. Turn the RO pump power and inlet water valve switches off.
WARNING:
Label machine with appropriate warning signs such as "Do Not Use / Contains
BIOSAN™" to prevent use of RO until properly rinsed.
CAUTION:

Water to be used must be chlorine free or damage to the RO membranes may result.
5. Connect the disinfect line quick-disconnect fitting to the disinfect port on the RO.
Place the other (open) end of the line in the cleaning solution.
6. Connect the product rinse line to the product QD port and place the other end of
the line in the cleaning solution.
7. Place the end of the waste line in the cleaning solution.
4.3.2.2 BIOSAN™ Recirculation and Dwell Time
1. Rotate the Operate/Flush valve to the Operate position. This will allow the
BIOSAN™ to pass from the rejection side of the membrane through to the
product side of the membrane for total system exposure to the cleaning solution
once the RO is turned on in disinfect mode (step #2).
2. Push and hold the disinfect switch for three minutes. This will operate the RO
pump.
CAUTION:
Check that there is waste flow within 10 seconds. If not, release the disinfect
switch and verify that the disinfect line is connected properly.
CAUTION:
Do not allow air or foam to be drawn up into the RO unit, as this will damage the
pump.
NOTE:
Biosan™ will foam; this is normal. If using a closed container, provide a vent to
the atmosphere to relieve pressure.
3. Turn the Operate/Flush valve to the Flush position and hold the disinfect switch
for an additional 3 minutes. The Flush mode will allow the flow of cleaner only to
the reject side of the RO membrane to flush particles away. Very little or no
product water will be made.
CAUTION:
open (flush) position to just before the fully closed (operate) position. Adjust by
partly closing the flush valve to reduce the chattering of the pump.
4. Allow the BIOSAN™ to dwell in the RO for a minimum of one hour.

NOTE:
Thin-film RO membranes: The Millenium™ RO unit may be stored in BIOSAN™
for up to one month.
5. Remove the waste and product lines from the cleaning solution and place them in
the drain.
4.3.2.3 BIOSAN™ Post-Cleaning Rinse Procedure
1. Using the disinfect switch, turn the RO on and run the cleaning solution to the
drain until the container is empty.
CAUTION:
DO NOT ALLOW THE PUMP TO RUN DRY. As an alternative, the solution
may be poured in the drain.
2. Disconnect the disinfect line from the RO.
3. Ensure that the water supply to the RO system is on. If it is partially closed, rotate
the operate/flush valve to the full flush position.
4. Push the inlet water valve switch to the on position. Let water flow to the drain
for one minute.
5. Rotate the Operate/Flush valve to the operate position.
6. Set the RO pump power switch in the ON position. Rinse for 20 minutes with the
Operate/Flush valve in the Operate position until the % rejection and TDS
monitor displays normalize (e.g. 'usual' % rejection and 'usual' TDS reading).
Refer to your operating log for 'usual' readings and compare to the pre-cleaning
values.
A. During this rinse period, rotate the Operate/Flush valve to the Flush position
briefly and then back to Operate three times to build-up and release pump
pressure. This aids in flushing the cleaner solution from the system.
7. Test the product water for post cleaning pH and compare it to the pre-cleaning pH
level. The values should be the same or very close to the pre-cleaning pH. If it is
not, continue rinsing in the Operate position until equalization of the value occurs.
8. When all of the parameters ( % Rejection, TDS, pH) have normalized, operate the
RO for an additional 20 minutes in rinse mode.
9. Turn the RO pump and inlet water valve switches OFF. Disconnect the product
rinse line, and drain and store it.
10. Reconnect the product line to its original connections.
11. Remove the 'Do Not Use/Contains BIOSAN™' warning label.
12. The Millenium™ RO System is now ready for use.

4.4 Millenium™ Disinfection Indications
DETERMINATION OF MICROBIAL CULTURING AND DISINFECTION

FREQUENCY IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OPERATING FACILITY.
The following is recommended for critical applications where bacteria and endotoxins
are a major concern, such as for Hemodialysis.
Disinfection should occur when bacterial growth is above the limits set by the facility, or
when over 200 CFU/ml (maximum AAMI standard) is detected. Routine disinfection at
lower CFU counts will inhibit colonization of bacteria in the system and the distribution
plumbing.
Rapid re-growth of bacteria following disinfection, or excessively high colony counts
(i.e. TNTC), may indicate a need for more aggressive intervention. Strategies such as
increased frequency of disinfection, longer dwell times, or alternative chemical agents
may be employed.
Caution:
Glutaraldehyde and Actril™ are not recommended disinfectants for the
Millenium™.
4.4.1 Formaldehyde Disinfection Preparation
CAUTION:
New replacement thin film membranes must be rinsed to drain with normal
pressures for a minimum of six (6) hours before first exposure to formaldehyde, or
irreversible damage may occur. No mandatory pre-rinse of the membranes is
required for future disinfections.
WARNING:
Always wear rubber gloves, apron and facemask. Use proper ventilation during
disinfection and rinse-out. A face respirator with an organic cartridge to remove
formaldehyde fumes may be worn. DO NOT BREATHE FUMES OR ALLOW
FORMALDEHYDE TO COME IN CONTACT WITH SKIN OR EYES. Refer to
MSDS supplied by manufacturer of the formaldehyde or formalin product.
Materials Required:
• 800 ml. Formaldehyde, 37%
• 2 gallons pre treated or RO water
• formaldehyde test kit
• product rinse line (clear hose with male QD fitting on one end, open on other)
• “DO NOT USE” warning labels or signs (not provided by ZyzaTech)
• proper protective body wear
WARNING:

Label the machine with appropriate warning signs such as "Do Not Use / Contains
Formaldehyde" to prevent use of the RO until it is properly rinsed.
4.4.1.1 Formaldehyde Pre-Disinfection Procedure
1. Turn the Millenium™ RO off.

2. Disconnect the RO system from the dialysis machine.
3. Connect the RO product rinse line to the product port and place the open end in a
drain.
4. Connect the waste line to the RO and run the other end to a drain.
NOTE:
Follow your facility’s procedure for formaldehyde disposal. The drain line may
have to be placed in a container. Verify that the operate/flush valve is in the
OPERATE position.
5. Prepare a 4% solution of formaldehyde (800 ml of 37% formaldehyde to 2 gallons
of pre-treated water. The 2 gallons of solution is adequate for the Millenium™
RO).
CAUTION:
Formaldehyde or Formalin is usually provided in a clinical setting in a 37%
solution. Check the labeling on the packaging to make certain this is the case. If the
solution is other than 37%, the dilution will require adjustment. The end solution
should not exceed 4.2%. Consult the Medical Director or Director of Nursing to
determine the correct solution strength. ZyzaTech will not be responsible for any
damaged components due to incorrect solution strength.
6. Attach the quick-disconnect end of the disinfect line to the disinfect port of the
RO. Place the open end of the disinfect line in the disinfectant.
4.4.1.2 Formaldehyde Disinfection and Dwell Time
1. Push and hold the disinfect switch until the disinfectant has been drawn into the
machine.
CAUTION:
Check that there is waste flow within 10 seconds. If not, release the switch and
verify that the disinfect line is submerged in the solution and the QD is connected
correctly. Do not allow air to be drawn into the RO system, as this will damage the
pump.
2. Test for the presence of formaldehyde in the product line (the RO must be
running).
3. Release the disinfect switch.

4. Momentarily turn the inlet water valve switch on (approximately 5 seconds), then
turn it off again. This allows the water to rinse the disinfectant from the disinfect
line and quick-disconnect connection.
WARNING:
Failure to perform this step creates a potentially dangerous situation
(FORMALDEHYDE SPILLAGE) and prolongs the rinsing out of the disinfectant.
5. Disconnect the disinfect line from the quick-disconnect port.
6. Ensure that the FORMALDEHYDE warning label is clearly visible.
7. Remove the product rinse line and waste line from disinfect tank and RO.
8. Rinse the disinfect line and the disinfect tank with water to remove the
formaldehyde, and store it appropriately.
9. Allow the disinfectant solution in the RO to remain in contact for a minimum of
two hours, or, preferably, overnight.
NOTE:
The RO may be stored for up to one year at this time. If this is the case, a 0.5%
solution may be used instead of 4%.
4.4.1.3 Formaldehyde Post-Disinfection Rinse Procedure
1. Connect the product rinse line, input water and waste lines to the RO.
2. Ensure that the product rinse and waste lines are in the drain.
3. Turn the operate/flush valve to the flush position.
4. Turn on the inlet water valve and allow the system to rinse for 2 minutes.
5. Turn on the RO power switch and run the RO for 10 minutes.
CAUTION:
open (flush) position to just before the fully closed (operate) position. Adjust it by
partly closing the flush valve to reduce the chattering of the pump.
7. Turn RO pump power switch off for 1 minute. Turn the RO pump switch on for
2-3 minutes. This will aid in the rinsing out any trapped formaldehyde in the
Millenium™ RO.
8. Continue to rinse for an additional 5 minutes.
9. Check the product line for residual disinfectant with an appropriate test kit. If the
test is positive, continue to rinse until a negative test is obtained.
10. Disconnect the product rinse line and store it.

11. Remove the warning signs from the RO only after a negative test confirms the
absence of formaldehyde.
12. The Millenium™ RO System is now ready for use.
NOTE:
Success of the disinfection procedure may be ascertained by taking a water culture
after completion. See the Product Water Culture Procedure in this chapter.

4.4.2 Peracetic Acid/Peroxide-Based Compounds (Renalin®) Disinfection

Procedure
Renalin®, Minncare™, Peracidin™ and others are trade names for compounds based
on Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide compounds, and are common in dialysis
facilities. The products referred to in this procedure typically have 20% hydrogen
peroxide and 4% peroxacetic acid before dilution. Other products are available with
these same chemicals in different ratios; these are not acceptable for use in the
Millenium™ RO. Actril™ and other compounds with different combinations of
these chemicals must not be used on polyamide (thin-film) membranes. The name,
“Renalin®” will be used in this manual to refer to acceptable products.
CAUTION:
New replacement thin film membranes must be rinsed to drain with normal
pressures for a minimum of three (3) hours before first exposure to Renalin. No
mandatory pre-rinse of the membranes is required for future disinfections.
WARNING:
Follow all Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) precautions and OSHA Standards.
CAUTION:
‘RENALIN®’ is corrosive to most metals other than stainless steel. The
Millenium™ uses only compatible materials. ‘RENALIN®’ type products contain
oxidizing agents and are potentially damaging to thin film (polyamide) membranes.
It is imperative that all the precautions and instructions are followed correctly.
Failure to comply with these instructions, which incorporate instructions from the
membrane manufacturer, will jeopardize the system performance and the warranty.
Materials Required:
• correct amount of disinfectant, per manufacturers’ instructions
• 2 gallons RO water
• “DO NOT USE” warning labels or signs (not provided by ZyzaTech)

4.4.2.1 Renalin® Pre-Disinfection Preparation
CAUTION:
When ‘RENALIN®’ is to be used as a disinfectant, several preparatory steps are
required by ZyzaTech as well as the membrane manufacturer. Failure to comply
with these instructions, which incorporate instructions from the membrane
manufacturer, will jeopardize the system performance and warranty.
a. The system must be free of all incompatible materials.
b. Clean the membranes with an acid such as 0.1% HCl or 0.4% phosphoric
acids. Calcium and Iron Cleaner may be used as an alternate. It is essential
that all iron and other transition metals be removed from the membrane
surface.
CAUTION:
The RO system must be disconnected from the tempered water source (if present).
The solution temperature must be monitored closely. At temperatures above 25°
the ‘RENALIN®’ solution becomes very aggressive towards the RO membranes
and will damage them in a short period of time. The disinfection procedure will
raise the temperature of the solution. The operator must be prepared to add ice to
the solution or discontinue the procedure when the water temperature approaches
77ºF /25°C.
1. Read and understand the ‘RENALIN®’ disinfection procedure. Pay particular
attention to steps a and b in CAUTION statement above before initiating the
procedure.
2. Ensure the cleaning/disinfectant container is clean. Add two gallons (7.6 liters) of
RO permeate (product water) to the container.
3. Add 1.3 ounces (40 milliliters) of disinfectant concentrate to the container and
mix to prepare a 1:100 (1%) dilution.
WARNING:
Label the machine with appropriate warning signs such as "Do Not Use/ Contains
Disinfectant” to prevent use of the RO until properly rinsed.
4. Disconnect the dialysis machine from the RO product port and install the product
rinse line. Place the open end in the disinfectant solution container and ensure the
product valve is open.
5. Attach the quick-disconnect end of the disinfect line to the disinfect port of the
RO. Put the open end of the disinfect line in the disinfectant.
6. Disconnect the waste line from the drain connection and place the open end in the
disinfectant solution container.

4.4.2.2 Renalin® Disinfection and Dwell Time
1. Verify that the operate/flush valve is in the OPERATE position.

2. Push and hold the disinfect switch and circulate the solution through the system
for five minutes. After three minutes of circulation, test the product line for the
presence of disinfectant. Continue circulating until a positive test is achieved.
CAUTION:
Do not allow the solution temperature to climb above 25°C during this step. Failure
to control temperature will result in rapid deterioration of the membrane, resulting
in poor rejection.
3. Place the product and waste lines into a drain. Protect the product line from
contamination.
4. Push and hold the disinfect switch until the container empties. Alternately, the
container may be carefully poured in the drain.
5. Turn off the RO; do not operate the RO dry.
CAUTION:
Do not allow air to be drawn up into the RO unit as this will damage the pump.
6. Momentarily turn the inlet water valve switch on (approximately 5 seconds.) This
allows the water to rinse the disinfectant from the disinfect line and quick-
disconnect connection.
WARNING:
Failure to perform this step creates a potentially dangerous situation
(DISINFECTANT SPILLAGE) and prolongs the rinsing out of the disinfectant.
7. Remove the disinfect line from the disinfect port. Rinse, drain and store it.
8. Allow the RO to soak in the disinfecting solution for 36 minutes -12 hrs. Thirty-
six minutes contact time is expected to result in 90% bacteria kill; 12 hours is
expected to kill 99% of the bacteria. The minimum amount of soak to achieve
disinfection is better for the membranes.
4.4.2.3 Renalin® Post-Disinfection Rinse Procedure
1. Ensure that the product rinse line is connected to the RO.

2. Ensure that the product rinse and waste lines are connected to the drain.
3. Rotate the operate/flush valve to the flush position.
4. Turn on the inlet water valve switch and allow the system to rinse for 2 minutes.
5. Turn the RO pump power switch on and run the RO for 10 minutes.

CAUTION:
The operate/flush valve may need to be rotated partially closed, (towards the
operate position) if the pump makes excessive noise.
7. Turn the RO pump power switch off for 1 minute. Turn the RO pump switch on
for 2-3 minutes. This will aid in the rinsing out of any potentially trapped
disinfectant in the Millenium™ RO.
8. Continue to rinse for an additional 5 minutes.
9. Check the product line for residual disinfectant with an appropriate test kit. If the
test is positive, continue to rinse until a negative result is achieved.
10. Disconnect the product rinse line and store it.
11. Remove the 'Do Not Use/Contains Disinfectant’ warning label. The
Millenium™ RO System is now ready for use.

4.5 Product Water Culture
FREQUENCY: Once a month or more often, depending upon culture results, and unit
protocol. We recommend before and after disinfection.
Materials Required:
• Bucket or similar container
• Sterile specimen container, such as Millipore (red) or 3M Commercial Standard
Plate count sampler, or a container your lab may require
RATIONALE: This procedure will help ensure that the microbial count of the product
(RO) water falls within the AAMI Hemodialysis Water Standard. The AAMI standard
maximum allowable concentration for bacteria in product water is 200 colony-forming
units. A bacterial count above the maximum level may be harmful to the hemodialysis
patient.
OTHER: Consult your lab to find out what type of sterile container to use and how
much product (RO) water is required to perform the test. Make certain that your
laboratory is informed of the correct procedure for performing a product water culture. A
"spread plate method" NOT a "calibrated loop" technique should be used, with tryptic
soy agar or equivalent agar, NOT blood or chocolate agar. If tested incorrectly, the
results may be inaccurate. The sample should be assayed within 30 minutes of obtaining
it, or refrigerated (5°C) immediately and assayed within a 24 hour period. Obtain the
samples wearing long sleeves and a mask to prevent contamination of samples, use a
“mid-stream” “clean catch” type procedure.

4.5.1 Product Water Culture Procedure
This procedure assumes the RO is connected to power and water, and is in operating
condition.
1. Connect the product rinse line to the product port. Place the other end in a drain.
2. Connect the waste line to the waste port. Place the other end in a drain.
3. Turn on the RO unit. Allow the RO unit to run for 10-15 minutes.
4. Remove the product rinse line from the drain.
5. Using aseptic technique, hold the product line over a container, and allow
approximately 100 cc of product (RO) water to flow to the drain (or allow product
water to flow for 30 seconds).
6. Maintaining aseptic technique, hold the product line over the sterile container
with the product water flowing.
7. Fill the container with RO product water. (If using commercial samplers, follow
the manufacturer's instructions.)
8. Aseptically cap the specimen container immediately.
9. Label the specimen appropriately with:
• Test to be performed - "culture / colony count"
• Sample source - product water/RO, machine serial number and room location
• Time and date sample obtained
• Person who obtained specimen
• Any other pertinent information or procedures your facility or lab requires
10. The samples should be assayed within 30 minutes of obtaining or refrigerated at
5° C immediately and assayed within a 24-hour period.

4.6 System Storage
This storage procedure has been established to store Millenium™ RO machines. It is not
recommended that a unit be dormant longer than 24 hours without disinfectant. ROs that
have been left unused for more than 24 hours risk the possibility of colonizing bacteria
and exceeding acceptable limits. ROs to be stored should first be disinfected with one of
the procedures in this chapter. The RO should be stored in a location where it cannot
freeze or become overly hot.
CAUTION:
‘RENALIN®’ products (Renalin®, Minncare™, Peracidin™. etc.) are not
acceptable disinfectants for storage of systems. Exposure of more than 12 hours to
RENALIN® will result in irreversible damage to the membranes.
4.6.1 Formaldehyde Storage Procedure
WARNING:
Always wear rubber gloves, an apron and a facemask. If the room has ventilation,
use it. If not, wear a face respirator with an organic cartridge to remove
formaldehyde fumes. DO NOT BREATHE FUMES OR ALLOW
FORMALDEHYDE TO COME IN CONTACT WITH SKIN OR EYES Refer to
the MSDS supplied by the manufacturer of the formaldehyde/formalin product.
1. If formaldehyde is chosen to disinfect the RO, follow the instructions for
formaldehyde disinfection.
2. Do not rinse out after the disinfectant has been circulated in the machine.
3. Disconnect the disinfect line, the feed water line, the waste line, power and the
product line.
4. Coil the hoses and power cord, and cover the RO with a large plastic bag to
protect the RO from dust.
NOTE:
All ROs can be safely stored in 0.5 to 4 % formaldehyde for up to one year.
WARNING:
After storage, the RO unit must be completely rinsed of formaldehyde, and a
bacterial culture performed and interpreted before use. Perform AAMI analysis if it
has been one year or more since last done.

4.6.2 BIOSAN™ Storage Procedure
WARNING:
It is recommended that gloves (latex/vinyl and eye protection be worn when
handling BIOSAN™.
1. Disinfect and rinse the RO with an acceptable disinfectant.
2. Follow the BIOSAN™ procedure in this chapter.
3. Do not rinse the RO out after BIOSAN™ has been circulated in the RO.
4. Disconnect the disinfect line, waste line, feed water line, power and product line.
5. Coil the hoses and power cord, and cover the RO with a large plastic bag to
protect the RO from dust.
CAUTION:
The Millenium™ RO may be stored for up to one month in BIOSAN™. After one
month, if longer storage is needed, the Millenium™ RO may be rinsed and re-
packed with BIOSAN™.
WARNING:
After storage, the RO unit must be completely rinsed of BIOSAN™, and a bacterial
culture performed and interpreted before use. Perform AAMI analysis if it has been
one year or more since last done.

NOTES:


CHAPTER FIVE:
TROUBLESHOOTING
14693c - 29 Mar- 02 5-1 Troubleshooting


Table of Contents
SECTION TITLE PAGE
5.1 RO Fails to Run 5-5
5.2 RO Runs Intermittently 5-5
5.3 Motor Runs Hot 5-6
5.4 Water Produced While RO is Off 5-6
5.5 Low Pump Pressure 5-7
5.6 Pressure Gauge Vibrates Erratically 5-7
5.7 Excess Product Pressure (too high) 5-7
5.8 Product Flow Too Low 5-8
5.9 Product Flow Too High 5-8
5.10 Leaks 5-9
5.11 Low Percent Rejection 5-9
5.12 TDS Value High 5-10
5.13 RO Fails to Draw Disinfectant 5-11
5.14 RO Pump Leaks 5-11


5.1 RO Fails to Run

1. Power off.
a. Check position of inlet and pump switches.
b. Check power cord (plugged in).
c. Check outlet and circuit breaker/fuse panel for power with voltmeter.
d. Check fuses in RO.
2. Improper line voltage.
a. Verify that line and equipment voltages are compatible.
3. Loose electrical connections.
a. Check all wiring connections to verify solid connection.
b. Verify that plug is securely connected to outlet.
4. Inlet water valve switch not activated.
a. Check position of switch.
b. Check switch with voltmeter.
c. Replace switch.
5. Power switch inoperative.
a. Assure inlet water valve is open.
b. Check switch with voltmeter.
c. Replace switch.
6. Pump motor inoperative.
a. Verify that voltage supply is correct and motor is wired for correct voltage.
Correct as necessary.
b. Motor thermal overload switch tripped (most motors have automatic internal
reset). Motor will restart when it cools approximately 10-15 minutes. Correct
reason for the overload.
c. Remove pump head and try restarting motor.
d. Replace motor.
7. Pump inoperative.
a. Inspect pump and motor coupling for wear.
b. Clean any debris or liquid from connection area.
c. Replace pump.
d. See 5.5.
5.2 RO Runs Intermittently
1. Loose electrical connection.

a. Verify that all wiring connections are secure.
b. Verify that plug is securely connected to outlet.
2. Pump pressure too high.
a. Adjust pressure at pump head.
b. Check waste flow-path for obstruction.

c. See 5.1.6
d. See 5.1.7
3. Thermal overload trips
a. Verify line voltage and motor amperage draw.
b. Disassemble pump/motor at clamp and inspect coupler for wear.
c. Pump pressure too high (see 5.2.2).
5.3 Motor Runs Hot
1. Pump/motor binding.
a. Remove pump head and try restarting motor.
b. Inspect pump and motor coupling for wear.
c. Clean any debris or liquid from connection area.
d. See 5.5
e. Replace pump.
2. Fan obstructed or inoperative.
a. Verify no debris is obstructing fan vent.
b. Verify fan operation.
3. Excessive current draw.
a. Verify that flow rates and pressures are within RO specifications.
b. Check motor/pump coupling for alignment.
c. Confirm amperage draw with meter.
d. Motor insulation shorted, replace motor.
4. Voltage too low.
a. Check voltage against serial label and motor label, correct condition.
5.4 Water Produced While RO is Off
1. Faulty inlet water solenoid valve.

a. Cycle valve off and on with inlet water valve switch to clear obstruction.
b. Remove valve and clear obstruction.
c. Replace valve.
2. Fault inlet water valve switch.
a. Verify switch is in OFF position.
b. Check switch with ohm meter, replace switch.

5.5 Low Pump Pressure
1. No pressure develops above level of feed pressure.

a. Verify motor operation and water line connections.
b. Verify flush valve is in the operate position.
c. Verify (lower than normal) flow from product, if high see membrane problem.
d. Verify (lower than normal) flow from waste, if high check flush valve operation.
e. Pump damaged or worn out, replace pump.
2. Pressure develops but does not achieve normal operating pressure.
A. Waste or product flow too high.
a. Check water temperature and flow rate.
b. Check quality of product water.
B. Faulty inlet pressure regulator.
a. Replace regulator.
C. Pump adjusted improperly
a. Adjust pump at pump head and regulator.
D. Pump worn out or damaged.
a. Replace pump.
5.6 Pressure Gauge Vibrates Erratically
1. Air in gauge tubing.

a. Loosen tube fitting at gauge to bleed air.
2. Obstruction in pressure gauge orifice.
a. Remove obstruction.
3. Product return check valve operation (Product Gauge Only)
a. Check and remove obstruction in return check valve.
b. Replace check valve.
4. Faulty gauge.
a. Replace gauge.
5. Inlet regulator faulty.
a. Replace regulator.
5.7 Excess Product Pressure (too high)
1. Inlet pressure regulator improperly adjusted.

a. Decrease pressure regulator to adjust maximum product setting.
2. Product flow rate too high.
a. Decrease pump operating pressure if above specifications.
b. Feed water temperature too high. Reduce temperature or discontinue use of RO
to prevent damage to membranes.
c. Damage or failure of membrane has occurred, replace membranes.
d. Faulty product return check valve.

5.8 Product Flow Too Low
Low water temperatures, fouled membrane elements, or inadequate pump pressure can
cause low product flow. A partial blockage of the feed stream (dirty pre-filter) can also
result in low product water flow by causing the pump to draw a strong vacuum.
Similarly, an obstruction (defective check valve) in the product flow path may cause
reduced flow.
1. Pump pressure too low.
a. See 5.5
2. Low feed water temperature.
a. Verify product production with Tech Note 121 Temperature Correction.
b. Install or adjust temperature blending valve.
3. Membrane fouled or scaled.
a. Review trend analysis logs for flow.
b. Clean membrane with both high and low pH cleaners.
c. If flow is not recoverable, replace membrane.
4. Center tube of ROMA collapsed from operating at high temperatures.
a. Correct temperature problem.
b. Replace membrane.
5. Check softener pretreatment for brackish (high salt) water.
a. Check inlet water for high conductivity.
b. Check water softener for proper function.
c. Regenerate softener.
d. Check supply water for hardness and conductivity.
5.9 Product Flow Too High
1. Rejection Satisfactory
A. Pump pressure too high.
a. Adjust pressure regulator setting to specifications.
B. Feedwater temperature too high.
a. Adjust temperature blending valve.
b. Correct plumbing error that allows the cold water to be heated.
C. Quick disconnect tubing connections not in correct port.
a. Verify QD connections.
2. Rejection Unsatisfactory
A. Waste flow too low.
a. Check waste flow rate.
b. Check for blockage or kink in waste line.
c. Quick disconnect not connected completely.
B. High pH and chlorines in feed water.
a. Check feedwater for higher than 8.5 and the presence of chloramines.

b. Check pH reduction equipment if applicable.

c. Contact ZyzaTech.
C. ROMA internal seals damaged, dirty, or dislodged.
a. Disassemble ROMA, clean and inspect “O” rings and seals.
D. Membrane hydrolyzed (exposed to oxidant).
a. Verify condition of pretreatment equipment.
E. Membrane damaged (or ruptured).
a. Check for high product pressure.
b. Check for product line being back pressured.
5.10 Leaks
1. General information: Any leak from any part of the system should be corrected as
soon as possible. Left unattended, leaks can cause secondary damage
necessitating expensive repairs.
2. Refer to the Maintenance Procedures for Leak Repair.
5.11 Low Percent Rejection
The overall membrane performance can be affected by a number of factors. Poor

rejection performance, as well as high TDS, can result from fouled membranes, low
pump pressure, inadequate waste flow, or feed water problems. An apparent
performance problem could be caused by a defective sensor or circuit board, and not be a
membrane issue at all. The recommended first step for any ‘membrane performance’
question is to confirm the rejection percentage and product TDS with a hand-held
RO/TDS meter. If the product water quality is poor, investigate the membrane.
However, if the water quality tests ‘normal’, investigate the monitoring circuits.
1. Waste flow too low.
a. Disinfectant or cleaner not rinsed from RO.
b. Check waste flow control.
c. Check for obstruction or kink in waste line.
2. Pump pressure too low.
a. Adjust pressure regulator.
b. Adjust pump settings.
3. Product flow too high.
a. See 5.9
4. Membrane scaled or fouled.
b. See membrane cleaning procedure in this manual.
5. Erroneous meter readout.
a. Verify water quality with independent meter and check conductivity probe
connection.
b. Check all quick-disconnect connections.

c. Replace inlet water sensor probe.

d. Replace product water sensor probe (percent rejection).
e. Replace monitor circuit board.
6. Membrane failure.
a. Replace membrane.
7. Change in feed water TDS.
a. Verify feed and product water quality with independent meter.
b. Softener problem, rinsing out high levels of salt.
5.12 TDS Value High
The overall membrane performance can be affected by a number of factors. Poor

rejection performance, as well as high TDS, can result from fouled membranes, low
pump pressure, inadequate waste flow, or feed water problems. An apparent
performance problem could be caused by a defective sensor or circuit board, and not be a
membrane issue at all. The recommended first step for any ‘membrane performance’
question is to confirm the rejection percentage and product TDS with a hand-held
RO/TDS meter. If the product water quality is poor, investigate the membrane.
However, if the water quality tests ‘normal’, investigate the monitoring circuits.
1. Waste flow too low.
a. Measure and compare to original data. Correct as necessary.
2. Waste pressure too low.
a. Adjust pump settings.
3. Product flow too high.
a. See 5.9
4. Membrane scaled or fouled.
b. See membrane cleaning procedure in this manual.
5. Erroneous meter readout.
a. Verify water quality with independent meter.
b. TDS water probe wire disconnected or loose.
c. Replace TDS water sensor probe.
d. Replace thermistor.
e. Replace monitor circuit board.
6. Membrane failure.
a. Replace membrane.
7. Change in feed water TDS.
a. Verify feed and product water quality with independent meter.
b. Communicate with municipal water plant.
c. Softener problem, rinsing out high levels of salt.
5.13 RO Fails to Draw Disinfectant
14693c - 29 Mar- 02 5 - 10 Troubleshooting

1. Pre-filter bowl leaking on vacuum.

a. Tighten bowl
b. Inspect and clean pre-filter bowl seal / replace seal.
c. Replace filter bowl
2. Disinfect line kinked or plugged.
a. Clear disinfect line.
3. Air leak on disinfect draw line.
a. Check that quick disconnect fitting is connected securely.
b. Immerse tube in solution.
c. Check tube for cracks or holes.
d. Replace quick disconnect fitting.
4. Solenoid failure in open position.
a. See 5.4
5.14 RO Pump Leaks
1. Tubing connection leaking.

a. Tighten or reconnect tubing fitting.
2. Mechanical seal failure (leaks out vent hole).
a. Replace pump.

NOTES:

CHAPTER SIX:
DRAWINGS
14693c - 29 Mar- 02 6-1 Spare Parts List


FRONT VIEW
PUMP/MOTOR
SIDE VIEW
INPUT MANIFOLD
FLOW
AIR
ROMA ASSEMBLY
WASTE MANIFOLD
FAN
MAIN MANIFOLD
REAR VIEW
Millenium RO
(Component Layout)

Millenium RO
(Disinfect View)

Millenium RO
(Flow Schematic)

14693c - 29 Mar- 02
10
9
8
FAN
7
6
5 DISINFECT INLET
SWITCH SOLENOID
4
3
2
F1 1
6-6
110VOLTS
Millenium RO
INLET WATER RO PUMP PUMP POWER
VALVE SWITCH POWER SWITCH MOTOR SUPPLY
(Electrical Schematic, High Voltage, 60Hz)

POWER CORD
110/120 VAC, 60HZ
F2
FUSE CALLOUT NOTES:
F1 − 10 AMP SLOW BLOW 1) POWER NOT APPLIED.

F2 − 1 AMP FAST BLOW
Spare Parts List

14693c - 29 Mar- 02
10
9
8
FAN
7
F2 6
5 DISINFECT INLET
SWITCH SOLENOID
4
3
2
F1 1
6-7
220VOLTS
Millenium RO
INLET WATER RO PUMP PUMP POWER
VALVE SWITCH POWER SWITCH MOTOR SUPPLY
(Electrical Schematic, High Voltage, 50Hz)

POWER CORD
220/240 VAC, 50HZ
F3
FUSE CALLOUT NOTES:
F1 − 5 AMP SLOW BLOW 1) POWER NOT APPLIED.

F2 − 5 AMP SLOW BLOW
F3 − 1 AMP FAST BLOW
Spare Parts List

ALARM SET
SWITCH
CONDUCTIVITY
PC BOARD
% REJECTION PRODUCT WATER TDS
14693c - 29 Mar- 02
PC BOARD DISPLAY PC BOARD
6-8
Millenium RO
SONALERT
POWER
SUPPLY
(Electrical Schematic, Low Voltage, 50/60Hz)

INLET WATER PRODUCT WATER CONDUCTIVITY THERMISTOR
SENSOR SENSOR SENSOR
(% REJECTION)
Spare Parts List

12312
21080
20204
20205
20203
30005
12310
ELECTRICAL CONTROL PANEL
12315
30010
20012
110VOLTS
30010
20120
12311
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ELECTRICAL CONTROL BOX
Millenium RO
(Electrical Layout, 60Hz)

MOTOR CORD
J
110VOLTS
POWER CORD O
FAN CORD AND

PROBE WIRE CORD A B C D E F GH I J
SOLENOID WIRES
AND PROBE WIRE CORD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
K L MN
WIRE CONNECTION NOTES:

(CONNECT WIRES LISTED TO CORRESPONDING LETTER)
A) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14705).
B) FAN WIRE.
C) MOTOR CORD BLACK (P/N 14712).
D) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14706).
E) SOLENOID WIRE.
L M KN
F) POWER CORD WHITE.
G) MOTOR CORD WHITE (P/N 14712).
H) FAN WIRE.
I) SOLENOID WIRE.
J) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14704).
K) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14700).

A
L) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14702).
POWER CORD BLACK 10 AMP
SLOW BLOW
M) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14703). D
O 1 AMP
N) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14701). FAST BLOW
FUSES
O) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14705).
Millenium RO
(Wire Connections, 60Hz)
14693c - 29 Mar- 02 6 - 10 Spare Parts List

12312
21080
20204
20205
20203
30005
12310
12315−1
30010
20120
30010
220VOLTS
20290
30010
20290
12311
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Millenium RO
(Electrical Layout, 50Hz)

MOTOR CORD
J
220VOLTS
POWER CORD O
FAN CORD AND

PROBE WIRE CORD A B C D E F GH I J
SOLENOID WIRES
AND PROBE WIRE CORD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
K L MN
WIRE CONNECTION NOTES:

(CONNECT WIRES LISTED TO CORRESPONDING LETTER)
A) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14705).
B) FAN WIRE.
C) MOTOR CORD BLACK (P/N 14712).
D) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14706).
E) SOLENOID WIRE.
L M KN
F) JUMPER WIRE
G) MOTOR CORD WHITE (P/N 14712).
H) FAN WIRE.
I) SOLENOID WIRE.
J) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14704).

D
K) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14700). O 1 AMP
FAST BLOW
A
L) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14702).
POWER CORD BLACK 5 AMP
SLOW BLOW
M) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14703). F
POWER CORD WHITE 5 AMP
N) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14701). SLOW BLOW
FUSES
O) JUMPER WIRE (P/N 14705).
Millenium RO
(Wire Connections, 50Hz)

40569
40090
40574 41152
40739* 40070
40569
40241
14770
Millenium RO
(Input Manifold 50/60Hz)

14765
40568
12131
40564 40569 40563
40566
40564
42047
1228224
40218 40602
40568
12131 20178
Millenium RO
(Main Manifold)

14738
40976
40976
40976
40218
40976
40976
40570
40218
Millenium RO
(Waste Manifold)

40569
40570
14774
OS1228070
OR
40179A
(INSIDE)
12102
(HOUSING)
40742
40570 40569
Millenium RO
(ROMA Assembly)

50112
14493
41566 41566
42014
TO HOLE
IN RO
CABINET
Millenium RO
(Flush Valve Assembly)

TOOLS REQUIRED:
1. FLAT BLADE SCREWDRIVER.
2. 3/4" WRENCH OR EQUIVALENT.
3. TOWEL.
PROCEDURE:
1. TURN OFF POWER AND WATER TO UNIT.
2. OPEN FRONT COVER AND EXPOSE PUMPHEAD.
3. REMOVE ACORN NUT. NOTE: DO NOT LOSE WASHER.
4. USE SCREWDRIVER AND TURN SCREW AS SHOWN. CLOCKWISE TO INCREASE PRESSURE, COUNTER
CLOCKWISE TO DECREASE PRESSURE. EACH 90° ROTATION WILL CHANGE PRESSURE ABOUT 25 PSI.
5. REPLACE WASHER (IF IT CAME OFF) AND ACORN NUT.
6. TURN ON WATER AND POWER AND THEN CHECK PRESSURE READING. REPEAT AS NECESSARY.
PRESSURE ADJ. SCREW
DECREASE
INCREASE
WASHER
PUMP ACORN NUT
Millenium RO
(Pump Pressure Adjustment Procedure)

“Push-In” Fitting Instructions


NOTES:


CHAPTER SEVEN:
SPARE PARTS LIST


Millenium RO System
SPARE PARTS LIST
NOTE: Part Numbers are subject to change and should be verified when ordering
spare parts.
CATALOG NUMBER DESCRIPTION

PARTS
42047 Check Valve, Feed Line
42047 Check Valve, Product Line
1228224 Check Valve, Product Return
20179 Fuse, 1 AMP, Slow Blow
42048 Gauge, Product Pressure
42074 Gauge, Pump Pressure
40179A Membrane, 2 1/2" X 21", Cage Wrapped, TF
OS1228070 Membrane, TF, 2.4 X 21, Tape, 415GPD, Desal
30014 Motor, 1/3 HP, 110/230 V, 50/60 Hz
35328 Fan and Motor, Cooling, 220VAC, 50Hz
35329 Fan and Motor, Cooling, 110VAC, 60Hz
35330 Power cord for Cooling Fan
12315 Power Supply PCB, 110/120 V, 60 Hz
12315-1 Power Supply PCB, 220/240 V, 50 Hz
12310 Printed Circuit Board, % Rejection
12311 Printed Circuit Board, Conductivity
12312 Printed Circuit Board, Display
40165 Pump, 100 GPH, SS, W/Regulator
50041 Pump-to-Motor Coupling
40070 Regulator, Product Pressure Adjustment
12131 Sensor Probe, Total Dissolved Solids, Feed, Product
20204 Switch, Disinfect
20203 Switch, Inlet Water Valve
20203 Switch, RO Pump Power
40574 Valve, Feed Water Solenoid, 110 V, 60 Hz
40739 Valve, Feed Water Solenoid, 220 V, 50Hz
42014 Valve, Operate/Flush
42014 Valve, Product
50003 Clamp, Pump to Motor

CATALOG NUMBER DESCRIPTION

FITTINGS
40513 Disinfect Port, Quick-disconnect (Female)
40568 Elbow, speed-fit, 3/8 x 3/8 mnpt, swivel
40564 Elbow, speed-fit, 3/8 x 3/8 stem
40601 Feed or Inlet Port, Quick-disconnect, (Female)
40605 Garden Hose Thread, female
40604 Garden Hose Thread, male
42046 Product Port & Waste Port, Quick-disconnect, (Female)
40603 Quick-disconnect (Male) for hoses
42051 Quick-disconnect (Male) for hoses, elbow
CLEANERS
1228653 Cleaner, Liqui-Clean403™,1gal., Low pH, liquid
1228791 Cleaner, Liqui-Clean211™,1gal., High pH, liquid
10230 Membrane Cleaner, BIOSAN™, 1 gal., liquid
11271 Membrane Cleaner, Calcium/Iron, 1 lb., Low pH, powdered
12032 Membrane Cleaner, Silt/Organic, 1 lb., High pH, powdered
TESTS
50033 Hardness Test Kit
14604 Silt Density Index (SDI) Test Kit
11656 Total Chlorine Test Kit
70001 Water Test Kit, AAMI Standards
OPTIONAL
12128 Pre-filter Housing Assembly
40694 O-ring, Pre-filter (9 7/8”)
40695 Filter, 1 Micron, 9 7/8"
40696 Filter, 5 Micron, 9 7/8"
40698 Filter, Carbon, 9 7/8"

NOTES


APPENDIX A:
TECHNOTES / LOG SHEETS
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
TechNotes
In this section, you will find a variety of information related to your ZyzaTech equipment
and to dialysis water use in general.
Extra copies of TechNotes may be ordered from Customer Service at 800-633-3080.

Please reference the number of the TechNote, preceded by the letters TN…as in
TechNote 133 = TN133.
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
Technote 102
RECOVERY
In the operation of a reverse osmosis system, It can be easily deduced that a 10% recovery will
most of the dissolved ionic material and cause an increase of approximately 10% in the
organics are blocked by the membrane and TDS of the waste water relative to the
passed to the drain with the waste water. The feed. We can also see that a 50% recovery will
product water, with the concentration of cause the TDS in the waste to be approximately
impurities reduced, is then suitable for use in double that of the feed, as we will have almost
whatever application for which the system is all of the dissolved material in half of the water
designed. going to the drain.
To clarify the relationship between system An additional factor called 'polarization' results in
performance and the water flow parameters, a further concentration of the dissolved material
some of the nomenclature commonly used at or near the membrane surface within the
should be defined. The terms 'product', module assembly. It is primarily a function of
'effluent', and 'permeate' are all applied to the the transverse flow of water through the
purified water. The supply water is usually membrane and increases with higher recoverys.
called 'feed' , 'supply' or 'input'. 'Waste', 'brine', This factor is reduced by brine recirculation
and 'concentrate' are all used to refer to the within the system but may give an increase in
water passing over the membrane on the feed TDS within the module of from 25% to 100%.
or input side carrying the dissolved and
suspended material to the drain. Some of the impurities requiring removal by
reverse osmosis have a saturation characteristic
The waste flow to the drain must be sufficient to which can result in precipitation and scaling on
carry away the removed material and prevent the membrane surface, blocking the flow of
either mechanical plugging or precipitation on product water and eventually disabling the
the feed side of the membrane. For system. The most frequently encountered
convenience in working with these systems, the materials of this type are iron and calcium. For
ratio of the product water to the input water is this reason, almost all reverse osmosis
most commonly used as an operating manufacturers set a limit of 0.05 ppm for iron in
parameter. This ratio is called 'yield', 'recovery', the feed water.
or 'conversion' and is usually expressed in a
percentage. This can be stated mathematically Calcium scaling as calcium carbonate is a
a s: complex function of temperature, hardness, TDS
alkalinity and pH, and can be analyzed by
RECOVERY (%) = 100 PRODUCT FLOW means of the Langlier equations. This
FEED FLOW determination takes into account the
concentration factors discussed above and
As the sum of the product and waste is equal to provides a reasonable margin of safety as long
the feed. The equation can also be written as: as the waste flow is adequate.
RECOVERY PRODUCT FLOW ZyzaTech application engineers can assist in the

(%) = PRODUCT FLOW + WASTE FLOW analysis of a problem water which can pose
scaling problems and provide recommendations
Depending upon the application, the recovery for the safe recovery values as well as pre-
will usually be from 10% to 50%. With higher treatment requirements for any system design.
TDS feed waters, a lower recovery will be
required; conversely, higher recoverys are
possible with low TDS feeds.
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
Technote 103
AAMI HEMODIALYSIS WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS
Contaminant Maximum Concentration (mg/l)
Aluminum 0 .0 1
Arsenic 0 .0 0 5
Barium 0 .1
Cadmium 0 .0 0 1
Calcium 2 (0.1 mEq/L)
Chloramines 0 .1
F re e c h l o ri n e 0 .5
Chromium 0 .0 1 4
Copper 0 .1
F l u o ri d e 0 .2
Lead 0 .0 0 5
Magnesium 4 (0.3 mEq/L)
Mercury 0 .0 0 0 2
Nitrate (as N) 2
Potassium 8 (0.2 mEq/L)
Selenium 0 .0 9 7
Silver 0 .0 0 5
Sodium 70 (3 mEq/L)
Sulfate 100
Zi n c 0 .1
Bacteria 200 cfu*/ml (product

water and product
water for reuse)
2000 cfu*/ml (dialysate)
Endotoxin and/or <1ng/ml

or < 5 EUs**
(product water for reuse)
* cfu - colony forming units

** Endotoxin Units
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
Technote 104
NOMINAL REJECTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF REVERSE
OSMOSIS MEMBRANES
COMPONENT SYMBOL % REJECTION

+
Sodium Na 98
Calcium Ca+2 99.5
Magnesium Mg+2 99.5
Potassium K+ 97
Iron Fe+2 95 - 98
Manganese Mn+2 95 - 98
Aluminum Al+3 98 - 99
*Ammonium NH4+ 86 - 92
C opper Cu+2 98 - 99
Nickel Ni+2 98 - 99
Zinc Zn+2 98 - 99
Strontium Sr+2 96 - 98
Cadmium Cd+2 96 - 98
Silver Ag+ 93 - 96
Mercury Hg+2 96 - 98
Barium Ba+2 96 - 98
Chromium Cr+3 96 - 98
Lead Pb+2 96 - 98
Chloride Cl-1 98.8
Bicarbonate HCO3- 60 - 75
*Nitrate NO3- 60 - 75
Fluoride F- 87 - 93
*Silicate SiO2-2 85 - 90
Phosphate PO4-3 98 - 99
*Chromate CrO4-2 86 - 92
*Cyanide CN- 86 - 92
Sulfite SO3-2 96 - 98
Thiosulfate S2O3-2 98 - 99
Ferrocyanide Fe(CN)6-3 98 - 99
Bromide Br+ 87 - 93
*Borate B4O2-2 30 - 50
Sulfate SO4-2 99.5
Arsenic As 94 - 96
Selenium Se-2 94 - 96
Bacteria and virus 99.9
Pyrogen 99.9
* % rejection dependent on pH.
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
Technote 111
WATER QUALITY
CONVERSION TABLE
Specific Specific Dissolved Solids Concentration Concentration

Conductivity Resistivity Parts per Million CaCO3 C a C O3
(Micro-mhos/cm) (ohm-cm) (ppm) (mg/liter) (grains per gallon)
0.1 10.0M 0.05 0.082 0.005

0.2 5.0M 0.1 0.164 0.010
0.4 2.5M 0.2 0.327 0.019
0.7 1.4M 0.35 0.547 0.034
1.0 1.0M 0.5 0.82 0.050
2.0 500k 1.0 1.64 0.096
4.0 250k 2.0 3.27 0.19
7.0 141k 3.5 5.74 0.34
10.0 100k 5.0 8.2 0.50
20.0 50k 10.0 16.4 0.96
40.0 25k 20.0 32.7 1.90
70.0 14k 35.0 57.4 3.4
100 10k 50.0 82 5.0
200 5k 100 164 9.6
400 2,500 200 327 19
700 1,410 350 574 34
1,000 1,000 500 820 50
2,000 500 1,000 1,640 96
4,000 250 2,000 3,270 190
7,000 141 3,500 5,740 340
10,000 100 5,000 8,200 500
20,000 50 10,000 16,400 960
Note: Parts per million (PPM), is commonly considered equivalent to milligrams per liters (mg/L).
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
TechNote 113
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
ZyzaTech Water Systems
FACTORS FOR THIN-FILM
MEMBRANES
Feedwater Temperature
°C °F TCF 1/TCF
2 3 5 .6 .4 4 2 2 .2 6
3 3 7 .4 .4 5 9 2 .1 8
4 3 9 .2 .4 7 6 2 .1 0
5 4 1 .0 .4 9 5 2 .0 2
6 4 2 .8 .5 1 5 1 .9 4
7 4 4 .6 .5 3 4 1 .8 7
8 4 6 .4 .5 5 4 1 .8 0
9 4 8 .2 .5 7 5 1 .7 4
10 5 0 .0 .5 9 6 1 .6 8
11 5 1 .8 .6 1 7 1 .6 2
12 5 3 .6 .6 4 0 1 .5 6
13 5 5 .4 .6 6 4 1 .5 0
14 5 7 .2 .6 8 8 1 .4 5
15 5 9 .0 .7 1 3 1 .4 0
16 6 0 .8 .7 3 8 1 .3 5
17 6 2 .6 .7 6 4 1 .3 0
18 6 4 .4 .7 9 0 1 .2 7
19 6 6 .2 .8 1 8 1 .2 2
20 6 8 .0 .8 4 6 1 .1 8
21 6 9 .8 .8 7 5 1 .1 4
22 7 1 .6 .9 0 5 1 .1 0
23 7 3 .4 .9 3 6 1 .0 7
24 7 5 .2 .9 6 7 1 .0 3
25 7 7 .0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0
Product flow rate at 25°C x TCF= Product flow rate at other temperatures.
Product flow rate at other temperatures x (1/TCF)= Product flow rate at 25°C.
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
TechNote 115
USEFUL FORMULAS
1 g a llo n = 3 . 7 8 5 l i t e rs
1 grain per gallon = 17.1 mg/liter
1 m g / l i te r = 1 ppm (parts per million)
1 micromho/cm = .4 mg/liter as NaCl
.65 mg/liter as ion
.5 mg/liter as CaCO3
TDS in ppm as CaCO3 = Conductivity (micromhos) x .5
1
Conductivity (micromho/cm) = Resistivity (megohm-cm)
1
Resistivity (megohm-cm) = Conductivity (micromho/cm)
Concentration Factor = Percent Recovery
flow rate of product x 100

Percent of Recovery = flow rate of feed
Percent of Rejection = ( Conductivity (micromChoon/cdmuc)tiovfitfyeoefdF-eCeodnductivity of Product ) x 100

HARDNESS EQUATION:
(mg CaCO3/l = 2.497 x Ca(mg/l) + 4.118 x mg(mg/l) = Hardness as CaCO3 ÷ 17.1 = GPG.
CARBON SIZING EQUATION:
Empty bed contact time: V = Q (EBCT)

7 .4 8
V= Volume (cu. ft)
Q= Flow
EBCT = Empty bed contact time needed.
NOTE: Recommended contact time is 6 minutes to remove free chlorine.
Recommended contact time is 10 minutes to remove chloramine.
RO SIZING EQUATION:
Total the flow needed for hemodialysis equipment, re-use equipment and other water
uses. For a recirculating loop add 1 GPM to the total flow requirements to meet the
minimum standard of 1.5 ft/sec through the loop.
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
Technote 119
MOST COMMONLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
1. What is the difference between cleaning and disinfection of the RO system?
Cleaning is the removal of foulants from the feed side of the RO membrane. There are two
types of cleaners, high pH (7.5-11) and low pH (2.0-4). High pH cleaners remove silt and
organics that clog or foul the membrane, and low pH cleaners strip the mineral scale build-up
and biofilm (from bacteria) that prevent the membrane from functioning adequately. Cleaners
aid in the control of microbes by stripping the membrane free of deposits that bacteria can
adhere to, but they themselves do not kill bacteria like a disinfectant does.
Disinfection decreases and controls microbial levels in the complete system both feed and
product side of the membrane and the fluid pathway.
Routine cleaning of the membranes (approximately every quarter) along with regular
disinfection (approximately once a month) together in large central systems will expand the life
of the RO membrane and control bacteria counts in the system. It is recommended to disinfect
portable systems once a week, or if the system has not been in use for more than forty eight
hours. The membranes in portable units should be cleaned every quarter or more often as
recommended.
2. Why do I have decreased product pressure (PSI) or low flow?
Four factors affect product flow or RO water production and pressure:
Temperature of the feed water: Incoming water temperature greatly affects the amount of
product water made. RO membranes are rated on an ideal source water temperature of 77°F
(25°C). For every 1 degree F lower the feed water temperature is, the product flow is reduced
by 1.5%. Temperature blending valves are commonly used on large water systems to maintain
the incoming water around 77°F, and for small portable RO machines, larger, or more
membranes are used to compensate for seasonal water temperature fluctuations.
RO pump pressure: RO membranes are designed to be operated at a specified pump pressure

to create the proper product flow and rejection. Cellulosic membranes generally require twice
the pump pressure that thin film membranes need in order to produce the same amount of
product water. Operating the RO at a lower than suggested pump pressure will result in
reduced product flow. Operating the pump at higher than recommended pump pressure will
wear the pump out prematurely.
APPENDIX A
Cleanliness of the RO membrane: Foulants such as silt, organics and mineral scale deposits
can cover portions of the feed water side of the membrane. These foulants can clog the
membrane and obstruct the water from passing through, thus decreasing production of RO
permeate.
Low city/source feed water pressure: It is common for municipal water systems to have various
difficulties. These problems sometimes affect the incoming flow pressure to the RO machine.
Either reduced feed water pressure or no feed water pressure can be the result. A booster
pump, sometimes coupled with a bladder tank, can reduce the risk of deficient water supply. A
storage tank can help in a no water situation for large RO systems. In small, portable RO units,
it is best to not use the system until the feed water reaches at least 25 PSI. Decreased flow
through the system will cause undo wear and tear on the pump.
3. How long will a carbon tank last before it becomes exhausted?
The length of time between carbon exchange or rebedding is dependent upon the amount of
chlorine/chloramines present in the source water. How often the carbon is changed is best
determined by testing for chlorine/chloramine presence before each patient shift. Based on the
test results, a pattern can be identified and a routine established to change the tanks before
they become exhausted. However, when break through occurs, the carbon is exhausted and
n e e d s t o b e re p l a c e d .
In addition to chlorine/chloramines, carbon will also remove organics from the incoming water,
and is therefore a perfect medium for bacteria to proliferate. It can also become fouled by dirt
and suspended particles, thus reducing the efficacy of the carbon. It is a common practice to
backwash carbon to clear it of this matter and prevent channeling of the carbon bed so that the
water is exposed to more surfaces, which renders the carbon more efficient. However, this
does not renew the carbon; when it is exhausted it must be replaced.
Since bacteria growth is a problem in the carbon tanks, it is recommended that they be changed
every three to six months (even if they are not exhausted), or more often before they break
t h ro u g h .
4. How long will an RO membrane last?
An RO membrane, which has adequate pretreatment, which is cleaned and disinfected routinely
and is maintained well, will last on an average from 3-5 years in a large system, and 1-2 years
in a portable system. Along with maintenance, the quality of the source water also determines
the life span of the membrane. A higher solute concentrated source water will have more wear
on the membrane than a lower ionic supply water.
Thin film (TF) membranes are more durable than cellulose acetate (CA) membranes. TF
membranes have a longer life on a wider variety of feed water quality and have a greater range
for pH tolerance than CA membranes do.
APPENDIX A
5. Is it a good idea to store purified water?
There are advantages in a storage tank system. For instance, a smaller RO unit can be used
instead of upgrading the size of the RO system when a dialysis center is expanded. If water
supply interruption is a problem, there is product water available to furnish the dialysis systems.
There are some cases in which it is not feasible to install a direct feed system. For example, a
dialysis facility that is limited on space, or a center which has the RO system reside on a lower
floor than the patient treatment area.
Storage tank water distribution systems have disadvantages that are not inherent to direct RO
feed systems (no storage tank). Storage systems require extra maintenance and monitoring
plus the added expense of the storage tank and a distribution pump. Additional time is required
in cleaning, sanitizing, monitoring and maintaining the system. T h e ri s k o f b a c t e ri a l
contamination is greater because of the potential stagnation and because the surface area of
the product water is exposed to atmosphere.
6. Why does ZyzaTech typically design their water systems with the softener before
the carbon tank?
Either the softener or the carbon tank can be placed first in the pretreatment flow path (the FDA
Manual and the film picture the carbon tank primary). ZyzaTech designs the system with the
softener before the carbon in dialysis applications, because of the reduced risk of bacteria
exposure. Carbon tanks are primarily used for the removal of chlorine/chloramines and will
therefore eventually experience microbial growth, because chlorine/chloramines are what
prevents microbial growth from occurring. If the carbon tank is first in line, the softener will be
exposed to de-chlorinated water which will allow for greater microbial growth in the softener,
thus allowing both the carbon tank and softener to become contaminated at the same time.
However, if the softener is first, it is exposed to chlorinated water and the bacteria will be
minimized. Bacteria and endotoxins are rejected by the RO membrane at a rate of 99%+, but
the more the membrane is exposed to bacteria, the higher the chance for the microbes to
adhere and possibly "grow through" the membrane.
The down side designing the system with the carbon first is that the softener resin beads are
harmed by chlorine, thus the life of the softener may be shortened a few years, depending upon
the level of chlorine the softener resin is exposed to. Large system softeners generally last 10
to 15 years, therefore the damage is insignificant when compared to the microbial contamination
problem.
APPENDIX A
Technote 120
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
APPENDIX A
Adsorption: Adsorption is the binding of a molecule to a surface (solid or liquid) by non-specific physical
forces. For example, the removal of free chlorine and chloramines by activated carbon is through
the mechanism of adsorption.
Asymmetric Membranes: (See membranes)
Algae: A group of single-celled plants which includes both sea water and fresh water varieties.
Alkalinity: A measurement of the quantity of chemicals present in water which can neutralize acids.
These include carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxides. See also titratable
alkalinity.
Alum: See aluminum sulfate.
Aluminum sulfate: An aluminum salt commonly used as a flocculant by municipal water treatment
facilities.
Amphoteric: A substance, such as aluminum, capable of acting as either an acid or base.
Anions: A negatively charged ion (See ion).
Bacteria: Bacteria are single cell microorganisms capable of replicating on their own. They can be
divided into two broad categories, aerobic (requiring oxygen) and anaerobic (not requiring
oxygen). Bacteria can live in a very broad range of habitats. Some, for example pseudomonads,
can thrive in environments containing a very low level of nutrients. These bacteria are frequently
slime producers and are a major problem in water treatment systems. Other bacteria, which
adhere to surfaces, secrete a gelatinous material which serves to protect the bacteria from
chemical disinfectants. This combination of bacteria and their protective coating is sometimes
referred to as biofilm. The concentration of bacteria in water is commonly given in terms of
colony forming units (cfu) per ml. A colony forming unit is a viable bacterium able to replicate to
form a whole colony when incubated in a given environment.
Cations: A positively charged ion (See ion).
Cellulase: An enzyme which causes the decomposition of cellulose.
Cellulose Acetate: A synthetic polymer derived from naturally occurring cellulose and widely used in the
fabrication of membranes. The polymers used for water purification membranes may be
diacetate, triacetate or blends of these materials.
Chloramines: Chemicals used to disinfect municipal water. They are formed by reacting ammonia and
free chlorine and may occur naturally when free chlorine combines with ammonia arising from the
breakdown of vegetation. Chloramines are strong oxidants which are highly toxic in hemodialysis
applications.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons: A group of organic chemicals formed by reacting petroleum derived

chemicals with chlorine. Such chemicals include pesticides (insecticides) and herbicides and are
frequently potent carcinogens.
Chlorine: Chemical used to disinfect municipal water.
Chlorophenoxyls: See chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Coagulant: A chemical which causes dispersed colloidal particles to become destabilized thereby aiding
in their removal during municipal water treatment. Aluminum and iron salts are commonly used
APPENDIX A
for this purpose.
Coagulation: A practice common in municipal water treatment in which a chemical (coagulant), most
commonly alum, is added to water in order to destabilize colloidal particles by neutralization of
their electrical charges. Coagulation is used, together with flocculation, as a process for colloid
removal.
Colloid: Undissolved, submicron-sized suspended particles which are well dispersed in a solution and
will not readily settle out on standing.
Compaction: The undesirable physical compression of a reverse osmosis or ultra filtration membrane
which results in reduced flux rates. The phenomenon is accelerated at higher temperatures and
pr es s ur es .
Conductivity: The ability of an aqueous solution to carry electric current depends on the presence of
ions in the solution. Conductivity is a quantitative measure which describes this ability. Solutions
of inorganic ions are relatively good conductors (and exhibit high conductivity), whereas solutions
of organic molecules are rather poor conductors (and exhibit low conductivity). Highly purified
water is also a poor conductor. Conductivity is expressed in units of Siemen/cm (also known as
mhos/cm). Conductivity measurements are frequently encountered in monitoring the
performance of reverse osmosis equipment. Conductivity is temperature dependent and should
be measured with a temperature-compensated meter. The usual reference temperature is 25°C.
Conductivity measurements are sometimes used to estimate total dissolved solids in water.
While convenient, this practice is imprecise. (See also resistivity.)
Deionization: Removal of ions from water by exchange with other ions associated with fixed charges on
a resin.
Dialysis Dementia: A severe, often fatal encephalopathy which has been attributed to accumulation in
the brain of aluminum from dialysate prepared with inadequately purified water and/or aluminum
containing phosphate binders.
Disinfection: Disinfection is the process of killing micro-organisms, usually by one of a variety of

chemical agents, such as formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite. Disinfection lowers the
number of micro-organisms without necessarily killing all those present. Although total killing of
all organisms is virtually impossible, sterilization will reduce the number of organisms to a safe
predetermined level. Sterilization can generally only be achieved routinely by heat, gamma
irradiation, ethylene oxide, and, in certain cases, special filtration. Of these methods, only
filtration is suitable for mass sterilization of water and none is suitable for sterilization of water
treatment equipment used in hemodialysis facilities. However, a proprietary chemical disinfectant
incorporating paracetic acid as the active ingredient has been recently qualified as a sterilant and
this agent may be suitable for sterilization of certain water system components.
APPENDIX A
Empty Bed Contact Time: The empty bed contact time (EBCT) is used as a measure of how much
contact occurs between particles, such as activated carbon, and water as the water flows through
a bed of the particles. As the EBCT increases, the time available for the particles to adsorb
solutes from the water also increases, as does the amount of solute removed from the water
during its transit through the bed. EBCT is calculated from:
EBCT = Vm/Q
where Vm is the volume of particles in the bed and Q is the volumetric flow rate. A consistent set
of units must be used when calculating EBCT with this equation. For example, if Vm is given in
ft3, then Q must be expressed in ft3/min for the EBCT to have units of minutes. Values of Q can
be converted from other units, such as GPM, to ft3/min using the conversion factors.
Encephalopathy: A dysfunction of the brain (see dialysis dementia).
Endotoxin: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a substance released from the cell walls of gram-negative
bacteria when the organism is broken down.
Feed Water: Water entering a purification system or an individual piece of purification equipment, such
as an ultrafilter or reverse osmosis system.
Flocculant: A substance, used in combination with coagulants, which causes submicroscopic

suspended matter (colloids) to aggregate into larger particles which can be removed by settling
or filtration.
Flocculation: A practice common in municipal water treatment in which destabilized colloidal particles
are formed into larger particles (flocs), usually by stirring. The floc is removed from the water by
settling or filtration. The process may also incorporate the addition of such compounds as
synthetic polyelectrolytes which increases the size of the flocs, thereby making them more easily
removed by settling or filtration. Removal of colloids by flocculation is done in combination with
coagulation.
Flow Velocity: The flow of fluid at any point in a water treatment system may be expressed
quantitatively in two ways, either in terms of the volume of fluid passing the point in a given time
(volumetric flow rate) or in terms of the velocity with which fluid passed the point (flow velocity).
The flow velocity (V) depends on the geometry of the conduit through which the fluid flows and is
related to the volumetric flow (Q) by:
V = Q/A
where A is the cross-sectional area of the conduit. As an example, the table below shows the
volumetric flow rate as a function of flow velocity in PVC schedule 80 pipes of different diameters.
(The values in the table are based on actual, rather than nominal, pipe diameters.) Note that for
such calculations, it is essential that consistent units be employed. Thus, the term Q would be
expressed as ft3/sec and A as ft2 to yield V as ft/sec.
PVC Schedule 80 Volumetric Flow Rate (GPM *)

Nominal Pipe Size at Specified Flow Velocities
(in) 1.5 ft/sec 3.0 ft/sec 5.0 ft/sec
1/4 0.33 0.67 1.12
3/8 0.66 1.31 2.19
1/2 1.09 2.19 3.65
3/4 2.02 4.04 6.74
1 3.36 6.73 11.21
* GPM = gallons/minute
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
Fluidization: A flowing liquid impinging on a bed of particles imparts some of its momentum to each
particle. The imparted momentum is in the direction of the fluid flow. The particles are held to
the floor of their container by gravity and to each other by adhesive forces. If the fluid flow is
upward through the bed of particles, and if the transfer of momentum from the fluid to the
particles is sufficient to overcome both the gravitational and the adhesive forces, the particles
become suspended, or fluidized, in the fluid stream.
Fluoride: A salt of hydrofluoric acid which may occur naturally in water supplies or be added by
municipal processes for the prevention of dental cavities. Fluoride is considered toxic in the
hemodialysis setting and has been implicated with renal bone disease.
Flux Rate: The rate per unit of area at which water passes through a semi-permeable membrane, such
as those used for ultra filtration or reverse osmosis.
Fouling: The deposition of insoluble materials, such as bacteria, colloids, oxides and water-borne
debris, onto the surface of a reverse osmosis or ultra filtration membrane. Fouling is associated
with decreased flux rates and may also reduce the rejection rates of reverse osmosis
membranes.
Fulvic Acids: Acidic substances which are found in humic (organic) soils and which may become
suspended in water.
Fungus: A parasitic plant which produces no chlorophyll and is dependent on other life forms for its
existence.
Glauconite Sand: A mineral which is frequently used in depth filters.
Grains of Hardness: Although the theoretical hardness of water is the sum of the concentrations of all
metallic ions, other than the alkali metals, it is commonly expressed as the equivalent
concentration of calcium carbonate in grains. Ionic concentrations can be expressed in terms of
their combining potential (Eq/L), the number of moles present (mol/L), or their masses in any of
several conventions. In the English system masses are expressed in terms of pounds
(avoirdupois) which contain 7000 grains each. Although considered outdated in most of the
world, the US water purification industry continues to express hardness in units of grains/gal
expressed as calcium carbonate. Grains/gal expressed as calcium carbonate can be converted
into metric units (mg/L) by multiplying the former by 17.1. Grains/gal expressed as calcium
carbonate can also be converted into mEq/L of a univalent ion, such as sodium (Na+) by
multiplying by 0.342. Care must be taken in using these conversion factors to size equipment
based on ion exchange principles since the ionic content of the water will depend on the type of
ions present as well as their total mass.
Hardness: Hardness was originally defined as a measure of the ability of water to precipitate soaps
made from fatty carboxylic acids. These "soaps" precipitated in the presence of calcium and/or
magnesium ions. Today, hardness is used to describe the total concentration of calcium and
magnesium, expressed as mg/L of calcium carbonate. It is generally calculated from
measurement of calcium and magnesium ion concentrations, using:
Hardness (mg CaCO3/L) =

2.497 x Ca (mg/L) + 4.118 x Mg (mg/L)
Heinz Body: A small, round inclusion within a red blood cell resulting from the release of hemoglobin
following injury to the cell by toxic or oxidative substances, such as chloramines.
Hemolysis: The destruction of red blood cells and the subsequent release of hemoglobin into the
plasma.
Hemolytic Anemia: An anemia resulting from the destruction of red blood cells.
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
Homogeneous membranes: See membranes.
Hydrolysis: A chemical process resulting from reactions with water; frequently used in reference to the
breakdown of polymers.
Hydrophilic: Pertaining to a substance which readily absorbs water ("water-loving").
Hydrophobic: Pertaining to a substance which does not readily absorb water ("water-hating").
Hypernatremia: An elevated or excessive plasma sodium concentration.
Ion: An atom or molecule having either a positive or negative electrical charge. Positively charged ions
are referred to as cations and ions having a negative charge are termed anions.
Ion Exchange: Ion exchange is based on the principle of electroneutrality, that is, charged species are
stable only when they exist as balanced pairs of positive and negative charges. Ion exchange
resins, the materials used to carry out the process of ion exchange, are particles which contain
fixed charges on their surface. To maintain electroneutrality, each of these charges has an ion of
equal and opposite charge held to it; these ions are called counter ions. The counter ions are
mobile and can leave the fixed charge if some other counter ion is available to replace it. The
replacement ion must be of the same charge as the initial counter ion in order to maintain
electroneutrality. The initial counter ion is established by washing the resin with a concentrated
solution of the desired counter ion. For example, the softener resins are cation exchangers
containing carboxylic acids on their surfaces. If these resins are washed with strong NaCl
solutions, the predominant cation in solution is Na+ and it will become the counter ion. In use, the
perfusing water will provide competing counter ions, such as Ca2+. Because of the preference of
carboxylic acids for Ca2+ over Na+ in dilute solutions, the water will be depleted of Ca2+ in
exchange for the Na+ initially present.
Langelier Saturation Index: The precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonates in water
purification systems is a serious cause of system failure. The insolubility of these compounds are
a complex function of the pH of the water, the dissolved carbon dioxide content, the carbonate
content, the presence of other salts, and the temperature. The Langelier Saturation Index is a
method of predicting whether or not carbonate deposits will form under given conditions.
Calculation of the Langelier Saturation Index is complex and will not normally be done by
hemodialysis personnel. Reverse osmosis vendors may use the index in determining the
maximum recovery and rejection rates that can be obtained from a reverse osmosis system
before carbonate deposits will seriously reduce water quality and recovery. It should be noted
that the utility of such determinations is limited to those situations in which a softener is not used
as part of the pre-treatment scheme for reverse osmosis.
Lignin: A polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants; a breakdown product of decaying vegetation
which may be present in surface water supplies.
Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL): An extract from horseshoe crabs which forms a gel or clot in the
presence of bacterial endotoxin and is widely used for quantitative measurements of these
substances.
Lipopolysaccharide: See endotoxin.
APPENDIX A
Membranes: Membranes are thin films made with structures designed to provide selective transport of
solutes. In general, the selectivity of a membrane is based on its ability to pass or exclude
species according to their size. Membrane structures may become homogeneous or
asymmetric. Homogeneous membranes have structures which are uniform in cross-section, at
lease to a magnification of 100 x . Most homogeneous membranes have been developed for
micro-filtration and hemodialysis.
Membranes reduce not only the flow of undesirable solutes, but also the flow of solvent. In order
to minimize the reduction in solvent flow, asymmetric membranes have been developed. These
membranes are made with asymmetric cross-sections, that is, they consist of two parallel layers.
The resistance to flow of the skin layer, which gives the membrane its filtration selectivity, is
minimized by reducing its thickness. The resistance to flow of the thicker support layer, which
provides structural strength, is minimized because of its open pore structure. These different
layers may be made from the same material, as in asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes, or
from different materials, as in thin-film composite membranes.
Membranes used in water treatment equipment are fabricated in two forms, as flat sheets or as
hollow fibers.
Methemoglobinemia: The presence in blood of methemoglobin, a substance related to normal

oxyhemoglobin but having no oxygen-carrying capabilities, and induced by exposure of blood to
certain toxic chemicals, such as nitrates and chloramines.
Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia: An anemia characterized by small red blood cells containing a
reduced amount of hemoglobin.
Microporous: In the context of water purification, membranes having an average pore size which is
between 0.1 and 1.0 microns in diameter.
Monovalent Ion: A cation or anion having a single electrical charge.
Nitrate: An anion comprised of one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms. Nitrates are considered
toxic in hemodialysis water and are also harmful to infants when consumed orally.
Osmotic Pressure: When a solution, such as salt water, is separated from pure water by a membrane
which is impermeable to the salt, a flow of water will occur from the pure water to the salt
solution. The driving force for this flow is called the osmotic pressure and its magnitude depends
on the number of salt particles in the solution. Note that the osmotic pressure depends on the
number of particles and not on the total mass of particles. For example, 1 g/L of a small solute,
such as sodium chloride, will exert a greater osmotic pressure than 1 g/L of a large solute, such
as a protein. For water to flow from the salt solution to the pure water, the solution must be
exposed to a hydrostatic pressure greater than its osmotic pressure. This is the principle of
reverse osmosis.
Osteodystrophy: Abnormal bone development which, in renal patients, may be attributed to parathyroid
gland dysfunction and is characterized by high serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphate and
low serum calcium levels.
Osteomalacia: A softening of bone due to an accumulation of osteoid and reduced mineralization which
may cause fractures with minimal stress.
Osteoporosis: Demineralization of bone which may cause fractures with minimal stress.
Oxidants (oxidizing agents): Chemicals which provide oxygen and accept an electron in an oxidation-
reduction reaction. Free chlorine and chloramines are oxidants which are widely used for
disinfection.
APPENDIX A
Ozone: An extremely active oxidizing agent which consists of three oxygen atoms. It is formed by the
action of a high voltage electrical field on oxygen or air.
Parallel: In water purification, an arrangement of equipment in a side-by-side configuration such that

water flow is divided and passes through one or both of these branches.
Permeate: See product water.
pH: Water (H2O) can dissociate into two ions: hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH). These ions can also
be added to water in combination with other oppositely charged ions. Thus, a solution of
hydrochloric acid added to water provides both H+ and the chloride anion, Cl-. The concentration
of H+ in the water is a measure of water's acidity and the concentration of OH-, a measure of its
alkalinity.
To simplify quantitation of H+ differences, where numbers with a wide range of exponents are
encountered, scientists devised a logarithmic scale called pH. The pH values range from 1 to 14.
A pH value of 7 is considered neutral. Lower values of pH indicate acidic conditions and higher
pH values indicate alkaline conditions. Because pH is a logarithmic scale, an increased of 1 pH
unit corresponds to a ten-fold change in acidity.
Phenols: Weak aromatic acids which are indicative of industrial pollution of water supplies. When
combined with chlorine, they produce an objectionable taste and odor. However, while indicative
of pollution, phenols themselves are not known to be hazardous to hemodialysis patients.
Polyamide: A synthetic polymer of the nylon family used in the fabrication of reverse osmosis and ultra
filtration membranes.
Polysulfone: A synthetic polymer used in the fabrication of reverse osmosis and ultra filtration
membranes which are characterized by extreme thermal stability and chemical resistance.
Polyvalent Ion: A cation or anion having a multiple electrical charge.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A thermoplastic material produced by the polymerization of vinyl chloride.
Used extensively in the U.S. for piping, food packaging, and injection molded plastic parts. PVC
is the most common pipe material used in the U.S. for dialysis applications.
Potassium Permanganate: An oxidizing agent commonly used for the regeneration of manganese
greensand iron filters and occasionally used as a disinfectant.
Pressure Drop: Expenditure of a certain amount of energy is required for a fluid to flow through any
channel, such as a pipe, particle bed, or membrane. The pressure at any point is a measure of
the energy content of the fluid at that point. Since some of this energy is expended in flowing to a
second point downstream, the pressure at the downstream point is less than at the original point.
The amount of energy expended, and hence the decrease in pressure (or pressure drop), is
dependent on the flow rate and viscosity of the fluid, and the size and shape of the channel.
Pressure drops are usually expressed in terms of lb/in2 or PSI, or in the SI system, kPa
(kilopascals) or Kg/cm2. Pressure drop is sometimes referred to colloquially as "delta P".
Product Water: The purified water stream from purification equipment, such as reverse osmosis units
and ultra filters.
Pyrogenic Reactions: A physical response to the presence of endotoxin in the blood stream which is
characterized by fever and occasionally, chills or shaking rigors.
Pyrolysis: A breakdown process which occurs when organic matter is subjected to elevated
APPENDIX A
temperatures.
Recovery (percent recovery): A measurement applied to reverse osmosis and ultra filtration equipment
which characterizes the ratio of product water to feed water flow rates. The measurement is
descriptive of reverse osmosis or ultra filtration equipment as a system and not of individual
membrane elements. Expressed as a percentage, recovery is defined as:
% Recovery = (Product flow rate/Feed flow rate) x 100
Rejection (percent rejection): A measure of the ability of a reverse osmosis membrane to remove
salts. Expressed as a percentage, rejection is defined as:
% Rejection = (1-Product concentration/Feed concentration) x 100
Resistivity: Resistivity is a measure of the current-resisting characteristics of a substance when an

electrical charge is applied (and is the reciprocal of conductivity). The standard unit of resistance
is the Ohm. Because of the variable nature of water, a distance between measuring probes must
be maintained if accurate measurements are desired. The almost universal standard distance for
this is the centimeter, hence the "Ohm-cm". Resistivity measurements, like conductivity
measurements, can be used in many ways to improve the management of a water purification
system, and are commonly used to asses the quality of water produced by deionizers. Because
temperature effects resistivity of water, temperature compensating devices are frequently used.
These adjust the resistance meter to indicate what the water resistance would be at one
temperature, usually 25°C.
ROMA: Reverse osmosis membrane assembly includes vessel housing, end caps, internal inter
connecting parts, o-rings and the RO membrane.
Salt Passage Rate: A measurement of the passage of salts through a reverse osmosis membrane. Salt
passage is related to rejection by:
% Salt passage = 100 - % Rejection
Scaling: In reference to reverse osmosis equipment, scaling is the precipitation of sparingly soluble
salts, such as calcium carbonate, onto the surface of a membrane. Scaling is associated with
decreased flux and reduced reverse osmosis rejection rates.
Sedimentation: The process by which solids are separated from water by gravity and deposited on the
bottom of a container or` basin.
Semi-permeable: Descriptive of a material, such as a reverse osmosis or ultra filtration membrane,

which allows the passage of some molecules and prevents the passage of others.
Series: In water purification, an arrangement of equipment in a successive or end-to-end configuration.
Silt Density Index: The silt density Index (SDI) is a measure of the ability of water to foul a membrane or
plug a filter. SDI is measured using an apparatus which typically consists of an inlet pressure
regulator and pressure gauge followed by a filter holder containing a 0.45 micron microporous
membrane filter. Commercial test kits, complete with instructions on how to calculate the index,
are available.
Sorbent: See adsorption.
Sterilization: A physical or chemical process that reduces the number of organisms to a safe
predetermined level.
APPENDIX A
Superficial Velocity: The velocity of a fluid flowing through a tank containing a bed of particles is
described in terms of the superficial velocity. The superficial velocity is defined as the velocity
which would be achieved by the fluid if it flowed at the same volumetric flow rate through the tank
when it was empty of particles. Mathematically, the superficial velocity (Vs) is given by:
Vs = Q/A
where Q is the volumetric flow rate and A is the cross-sectional area of the empty tank. For
example, if an ion exchange tank has a cross-sectional area of 640 cm2 and water is pumped
through it at a rate of 64 cm3/sec, the superficial velocity is 64/640 or 0.1 cm/sec. The actual
velocity at the surface of any particle may be greater or less than the superficial velocity because
flow will not be uniform throughout the bed and because the particles occupy some of the cross-
section. Nevertheless, engineers have found it useful to calculate superficial velocities in this
manner to aid in estimating mass transfer between a flowing liquid and the stationary surfaces of
a particle. (See also Empty Bed Contact Time.)
Surge Tank: A type of pressurized water storage vessel also known as a bladder tank. Used almost
exclusively on residential well water systems, they provide a small amount of pressurized water
to downstream valves or equipment without requiring a pump. When installed on a piston type
pump, they reduce violent pressure spikes. Surge tanks typically have large areas of stagnation
that offer opportunistic bacteria a favorable environment for multiplication.
Titratable Alkalinity: When certain anions, such as carbonate (CO3-), are dissolved in water, they bind
hydrogen ions (H+) and thus shift the water equilibrium (see definition of pH) to produce free
hydroxyl ions (OH-). This excess concentration of OH- is termed alkalinity. Titratable alkalinity
can be measured by determining the amount of H+ (in mEq or mmol) which must be added to
water to restore the pH to 7.0, the condition of neutrality where [H+] = [OH-].
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): The sum of all organic, inorganic and ionic contents in a solution
(excluding all dissolved gasses). Since a TDS meter cannot measure organic content of water,
most TDS readings are an approximation. TDS measurements are widely used in the water and
waste water industries to monitor final water quality. The TDS meter derives its' values from
resistivity and conductivity measurements of the product water.
Total Organic Carbon: Organic compounds dissolved in water are characterized by their carbon
content. Total organic carbon is the mass of carbon present in a water sample, excluding the
carbon present as CO2 and/or carbonates. The values are determined by catalytically oxidizing
(burning) all dissolved carbon (after CO2/CO3- removal by acidification) to CO2. The resulting
CO2 may be measured directly by infra-red absorption, or it may be reduced in a furnace with
hydrogen to form methane, which is measured by flame ionization detectors.
Turbidity: Turbidity is a measure of the presence of colloidal matter in the water that remains
suspended. Suspended matter in a water sample, such as clay, silt, or finely divided organic
and/or inorganic material will scatter the light from an incident light beam. The extent of
scattering is expressed in Jackson or Nephelometric turbidity units (JTU and NTU, respectively).
Ultra filters: A membrane based filtration system in which the pore sizes range from 0.001 to 0.1
microns.
Virus: The smallest infectious microorganism, made of RNA or DNA in a protein shell and which grow
only in other, living cells.
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
TechNote 140
Equipment Maintenance Log
Date Performed Monthly Annual Bacteria AAMI Cleaning Disinfections Results Comments
By Maintenance Maintenance Testing Analysis Performed Performed Verified
P e r f or m e d Performed (Pass/Fail) (Pass/Fail) (Cleaner used) (Disinfectant used) By
TN140a 1 07-Dec-01
nd
Osmonics / ZyzaTech Water Systems ► 7848 S. 202 Street ► Kent, Washington 98032 ► (206) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
TechNote 141
Pretreatment System Log
CARBON TANK(S) SOFTENER
Date Tested City Water Carbon Carbon Carbon City Softener Salt Results Comments
By Total Water Hardness Tank Verified
Chlorine Tank(s) Tank(s) Tank(s) Hardness (Output) Fille d By
Free Cl2 Total Cl2 Chloramines
TN141a 1 07-Dec-01
nd
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
TechNote 142
Equipment Operation Log
PRESSURE QUALITY FLOWS
Date Tested Filter Filter Membrane Membrane % TDS Product Wa s t e Waste Results Comments
By In p u t Ou t p u t In p u t Ou t p u t Rejection GPM GPM Recirc. Reviewed
(LPM) (LPM) GPM By
TN142a 1 07-Dec-01
nd
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
TechNote 143
Cleaning / Disinfections Log
CLEANING DISINFECTIONS
Date D o ne Pre Pre % Pre Post Post % Post Disinfec- Presence Rinse Absence Review Comments
By TDS Rejec- Product TDS Rejec- Produc t a nt Test Performed Test By
tion pH tion t used (Positive) By Negative
pH
APPENDIX A
TN143a 1 07-Dec-01
nd
APPENDIX A
Technote 133
MEMBRANE REPLACEMENT
AND START-UP INSTRUCTIONS
This is a general instruction for the loading of membrane(s) in ZyzaTech equipment. RO

membrane housing closures come in a number of different styles. Determine the type of
housing closure on your housing and ensure you have the proper tools.
RO membranes can come with two types of outer sealing mechanisms, brine seal and cage
wrapped.
The brine seal type (traditional) membrane is used on tape and fiberglass-wrapped (outer
covering) style membranes. The brine seal is used to seal the membrane to the inner surface of
the housing. This forces the water to pass through the layers of the membrane rather than
bypass around the outside of the membrane. The brine seal is always installed at the inlet end
o f th e h o u s i n g .
The cage wrapped (sanitary) membrane is also referred to as a "full fit". The outer wrapping is
a plastic mesh that extends the full length of the membrane. This is the seal for the membrane
and the housing. The mesh design allows a small amount of water to flush the outside,
preventing trapping of contaminants. The cage style membrane can be installed either end first.
New membranes are shipped in polyethylene bags. Please inspect all membranes prior to
loading for physical damage that may have occurred during shipping.
Removal and Loading Procedure:

1. Label the feed water flow direction on the membrane housing with an arrow or other
identifying marking.
2. Remove plumbing from membrane housing.
CAUTION: Number housings/so they can be re-installed in the same configuration.
3. Remove membrane housing and membrane end caps.
4. Ensure that the inside of the membrane housing is clean and free of dirt, dust, or foreign
objects. The housings can be cleaned using a rag and warm soapy water.
CAUTION: All O-rings in housing should be checked for defect or distortions and replaced
as needed. O-rings and brine seals should be lightly coated with silicone O-lube
or glycerin to ease installation. Never use petroleum based products.
5. Insert the membrane end connector with a twisting motion into the end (end without
brine seal) of the membrane.
6. Slide this end into the housing until the membrane is half way in.
NOTE: Housings with only one membrane proceed to step 10.
7 Insert membrane inter-connector with a twisting motion into the end (end with brine seal)
of the membrane.
8. Line up the next membrane (end without brine seal) with inter-connector of previous
APPENDIX A
membrane and with a twisting motion, push membrane onto inter-connector and half
way into housing.
9. Repeat steps six and seven until all membranes are installed in the housing.
10. Insert membrane end connector with a twisting motion into the end (end with brine seal)
of the membrane.
11. Insert end cap with a twisting motion onto membrane end connector.
12. Push end cap and membrane into the housing and connect end cap to housing with a
twisting motion while aligning piping connections.
13. Insert end cap with a twisting motion onto membrane end connector and housing and
c o n n e c t e n d c a p to h o u s i n g .
14. Re-install membrane housings onto frame.
15. Install plumbing to membrane housings.
Start-up and Rinse Procedure

NOTE: Feedwater quality can change over time. Now is a good time to contact your
water supply department for a current copy of the "drinking water analysis".
Feedwater quality should be checked for changes and appropriate pretreatment
modifications made prior to start-up.
WARNING: Water should NOT be used for any purpose until properly tested and confirmed
a c c e p ta b l e fo r u s e .
WARNING: Always confirm the absence of chlorine/chloramine in the pretreated water supply
when using thin-film membranes. Allowing the passage of chlorine / chloramine
may result in RO membrane damage, and patient harm.
1. Divert both product and waste to drain.
2. Turn on water to purge all air out of the system at low pressure and flow.
3. Check system for leaks.
4. Slowly increase pressure and flow to obtain design performance by adjusting control
valves.
5. After system has stabilized (percent rejection, TDS, flows), flush system to drain for a
minimum of 3 hours to rinse residual preservative solutions.
6. Record operating conditions and performance parameters on the system Operation Log.
7. Disinfect and rinse system per equipment manufacturer's procedure.
WARNING: Membranes must be rinsed for a minimum of 6 hours before being disinfected
with formaldehyde or any other disinfectants.
NOTE: Membranes used for dialysis applications must pass an AAMI water quality
s t a n d a r d s a n d b a c t e ri a c u l t u re t e s t b e f o re e a c h u s e .
APPENDIX A
MEMBRANE AND HOUSING REFERENCE DRAWINGS
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
TechNote 144
Cleaning Log
PRE CLEANING POST CLEANING
Date D o ne Cleaner Pre Pre % Pre Pre Recirculat Post Post % Post Post Review Comments
By Used TDS Rejec- Product Product ion TDS Rejec- Product Product By
tion pH Flow tion pH Flow
Solution
Temperature
TN144a 1 07-Dec-01
nd
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
ZyzaTech Water Systems, Inc. - Limited Warranty
APPENDIX B:
WARRANTY
APPENDIX B
nd
Osmonics, Kent Operations (ZyzaTech Water Systems) 7848 S. 202 Street Kent, Washington 98032
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
ZyzaTech Water Systems, Inc. - Limited Warranty
APPENDIX B
nd
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
LIMITED WARRANTY
KENT OPERATIONS
Warranty Terms:
Subject to the terms and conditions set forth hereinafter, Seller (ZyzaTech Water Systems, Inc. or any of its
authorized subsidiaries) warrants to the original purchaser (hereinafter the “Buyer”) that the products
manufactured by Seller are free from defects in material and in workmanship for six (6) months or 1000
hours, whichever comes first, for portable equipment and accessories, and twelve (12) months for stationary
equipment and accessories from the Warranty Commencement Date (as defined below) only when used
strictly in accordance with the applicable operating instructions and within the range of the operating
conditions specified by Seller for each such product. This Warranty does not extend to equipment or
components manufactured by others into which a Seller product has been incorporated or to equipment or
components which have been incorporated into a Seller product but, if allowable, Seller hereby assigns,
without warranty, to the Buyer its interest, if any, under any warranty made by the manufacturer of such
equipment or component. This Warranty does not cover disposable items such as fuses, lamps, filters,
cartridges or other such disposable items which must be replaced periodically under the normal and
foreseeable operating conditions of the goods warranted hereby.
Warranty Commencement Date:
The Warranty Commencement Date for each Seller product shall be the later of the date of: (1) receipt by the
Buyer, or (2) the date of installation at the Buyer’s premises provided that such installation must occur within
three (3) months of shipment from the Seller’s manufacturing facility in Kent, Washington. In no event shall
the Warranty Commencement Date exceed three (3) months from shipment from Seller’s manufacturing
facility in Kent, Washington. The Buyer shall provide proof of purchase in order to exercise rights granted
under this Warranty. If requested by ZyzaTech, the Buyer must also provide proof of the installation date.
Proof of installation shall be returned by Buyer to Seller within thirty (30) days after installation by virtue of
supplying a Warranty Validation Card supplied with each Seller product fully completed and signed in ink by
Buyer and the authorized installer of the product. To exercise rights hereunder, Buyer must also provide to
Seller a copy of a laboratory bacterial test showing compliance with AAMI standards immediately following
installation of the products sold hereunder.
Warranty Service:
SELLER’S OBLIGATION UNDER THIS WARRANTY IS LIMITED TO REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT (AT
SELLER’S SOLE OPTION) OF ANY PRODUCT, OR COMPONENT THEREOF, PROVED TO BE
DEFECTIVE IN MATERIAL OR WORKMANSHIP WITHIN THE COVERED WARRANTY PERIOD. The
Buyer, at the Buyer’s risk and expense, shall be responsible for returning such product or component, upon
obtaining a Return Material Authorization (RMA) from Seller, freight prepaid, and in conformance with any
special packaging and shipping instructions set forth on the operating documentation or RMA instructions, or
as otherwise reasonably required, to the Seller’s address set forth below, together with (1) RMA number
issued by Seller at Buyer’s request; (2) proof of purchase and, if necessary, proof of installation date; (3) a
description of the suspected defects; (4) the serial number of the Seller product alleged to be defective; and
(5) a description of the type of water pretreatment equipment which has been utilized in connection with the
product, if any. Seller shall, in Seller’s reasonable discretion, be the sole judge of whether a returned product
or component is defective in material or workmanship. Repaired or replaced products or components shall be
returned to the Buyer by the Seller, freight prepaid by Seller, via UPS ground or best way surface freight. In
genuine emergency situations, Seller will (at Seller’s sole option) forward replacement parts to Buyer without
waiting for authorized return of the questionable part(s). In such cases, Buyer will issue a purchase order or
other payment guarantee prior to shipment. If the returned part is found to have been misused or abused, the
Buyer will be invoiced and pay for the price of the part, plus any freight charges. If the defective part is not
received by Seller within thirty (30) days, the Buyer will be invoiced for the replacement part(s) provided. This
Warranty does not cover or include labor and/or travel to the Buyer’s premise or location or any other
location. Charges will be made for the usual and customary Seller costs and associated expenses incurred
by Seller in providing Warranty Service at any location other than Seller’s factory at the address set orth
80676a APPENDIX B Page 1 of 3 Effective 06/01/1999

nd
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
below, and Seller reserves the right to precondition such travel to Buyer’s premises upon prepayment of
Seller’s anticipated costs of attending such premises.
Voidability of Warranty:
This Warranty shall be void and unenforceable as to any Seller product which has been damaged by
accident, mishandling, abuse or has been repaired, modified, altered, disassembled or otherwise tampered
with by anyone other than Seller or an authorized Seller service representative; or, if any replacement parts
not authorized by Seller have been used, or, the product has not been installed, operated and maintained in
strict accordance and adherence with the operating documentation and manuals for such product. Any
express warranty, or similar representation of performance set forth in the operation documentation for a
reverse osmosis or ultra-filtration membrane incorporated into a Seller product shall be void and
unenforceable unless the feed water requirement set forth in the operating documentation for such product
are unequivocally and strictly adhered to. Failure of the operator to maintain and clean reverse osmosis or
ultra-filtration membranes in unequivocal and strict accordance with the procedures and with the products
specified in the Operation and Maintenance Manuals shall render this Warranty null and void.
Limitations and Exclusions:
THIS WARRANTY AND REMEDIES DESCRIBED HEREIN AND HEREINABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN
LIEU OF ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTY OR REMEDIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE SELLER BE LIABLE FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL,
INCIDENTAL OR OTHER SIMILAR TYPES OF DAMAGES, OR FOR DAMAGES FOR THE LOSS OF
PRODUCTION OR PROFITS, OR INJURY TO PERSON OR PROPERTY. NO PERSON HAS ANY
AUTHORITY TO BIND SELLER TO OTHER THAN WHAT IS SET FORTH ABOVE.
THIS WARRANTY GIVES THE BUYER SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS AND THE BUYER MAY ALSO HAVE
OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM JURISDICTION TO JURISDICTION. THE PARTIES RECOGNIZE
AND AGREE, THAT IN ALL RESPECTS THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON SHALL APPLY TO
AND SHALL GOVERN ANY INTERPRETATION OR LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS DOCUMENT.
NO WARRANTY OR OTHER LIABILITY OF SELLER TO BUYER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT OR
OTHERWISE WILL IN ANY EVENT EXCEED THE COST OF REPLACEMENT OF THE APPLICABLE
SELLER PRODUCT, PART, OR ACCESSORY THAT IS SUBJECT TO ANY BREACH OF SELLER’S
WARRANTY. SELLER WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGE TO ANY PROPERTY OF BUYER OR TO
BUYER’S CUSTOMERS FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR ECONOMIC LOSS OR
COMMERCIAL DAMAGE WHATSOEVER. REMEDIES HEREIN PROVIDED ARE EXPRESSLY MADE THE
SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF ANY WARRANTY OR OTHER OBLIGATION
HEREUNDER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED OR FROM THE OPERATION OF LAW.
Any questions about this Warranty and all warranty service returns should be addressed to:
Warranty Claims Coordinator

Osmonics, Kent Operations
7848 So. 202nd Street

nd
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
Osmonics – Kent Operations
ZyzaTech Water Systems, Inc.
Warranty Validation Card
In order for the warranty to be validated, this form must be returned. Refer to
Warranty Commencement Date section of your warranty.
Date of Start-Up:
Name of facility:
Location or department:
Contact person at facility:
Address:
City: State: Zip Code:
Telephone Number: Fax Number:
Please list all equipment with ZyzaTech Serial Numbers below:

Part Number Description of Equipment Serial Number
RO Start up Information:
Pre-filter PSI Pump PSI Feed Water Waste Flow Rate
Product Product Water Quality
Temp. in Recirc.
In p u t Output Supply Waste PSI TDS % Rej. Flow Rate Waste Product
°C &/or °F
Central RO n/a
System
Portable RO n/a n/a
System
Authorized Printed
Signature: Name:

nd
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
Return Validation Card via mail or FAX to:
ZyzaTech Water Systems, Inc. 7848 S. 202nd Street Kent, Washington 98032
Phone – (800) 633-3080 Fax – (253) 395-0928
Any comments regarding the equipment are appreciated and will be held in strict confidence.

nd
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
APPENDIX B
nd
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
nd
Osmonics, Kent Operations (ZyzaTech Water Systems) 7848 S. 202nd Street Kent, Washington 98032
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
Call (253) 395-2200 for additional information, (800) 633-3080 in the U.S., or visit www.osmonics.com
Corporate Headquarters Kent Operations

5951 Clearwater Drive 7848 South 202nd ST
Minnetonka, MN Kent, WA
55343-8995 98032-1345
USA USA
nd
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080
(952) 933 2277 Phone (253) 395-2200 Phone
(952) 933-0141 Fax (253) 395-2363 Fax
nd
(253) 395-2200 or (800) 633-3080

Manual - Millenium

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Manual - Millenium

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ZYZATECH WATER SYSTEMS, INC.

MILLENIUM™ REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT

SUPERCEDES P/N 14693 REV. B

Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual

Section 1.1 The Manual 1-3

CHAPTER TWO: INSTALLATION GUIDELINES AND INITIAL 2-1

Section 2.1 Installation Considerations 2-3

CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM OPERATION 3-1

Section 3.1 Daily Start-up Procedure 3-3

14693c A 29 March 2002

Section 4.1 Routine Maintenance of Millenium™ RO System 4-3

14693c B 29 March 2002

Table of Content 5-3

CHAPTER SIX: DRAWINGS 6-1

CHAPTER SEVEN: SPARE PARTS LIST 7-1

APPENDIX A: TECHNOTES / LOGS 8-1

APPENDIX B: WARRANTY 9-1

14693c C 29 March 2002

14693c D 29 March 2002

ZyzaTech Millenium RO System

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-1 General Information

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14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-2 General Information

1.1 The Manual

1.2 Safety Summary

READ THIS MANUAL:

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-3 General Information

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-4 General Information

1.5 Environmental Considerations

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-5 General Information

1.6 Theory of Operation

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-6 General Information

1.7 Fluid Components

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-7 General Information

Product Water Pressure:

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-8 General Information

1.8 Monitors and Controls

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1-9 General Information

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 10 General Information

1.9 Optional Equipment

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 11 General Information

GPM LPM GPD LPD

Membrane flux may vary ±15%

1.10.3 Electrical Requirements

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 12 General Information

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 13 General Information

1.12 Electromagnetic Interference

1.13 Service Assistance

1. What RO do you have, i.e. Millenium™

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 14 General Information

1.14 Return Goods Authorization (RGA) Procedure

All materials to be returned must be rendered into a non-hazardous condition prior to

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 15 General Information

1.15 Symbols and Abbreviations

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 16 General Information

Megohm/cm Million Ohms/Centimeter

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 17 General Information

14693c – 29 Mar- 02 1 - 18 General Information

ZyzaTech Millenium RO System

14693c - 29 Mar- 02 2-1 Installation Guidelines and Instructions

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14693c - 29 Mar- 02 2-2 Installation Guidelines and Instructions

2.1 Installation Considerations