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Earth System History, 4th Edition, by Steven M. Stanley and John A. Luczaj
1. (A) Sedimentary feature(s) that provide(s) detailed information about ancient streams
choked with sediment is/are known as preserved
A) deposits of halite and gypsum.
B) petroleum and natural gas.
C) bar of gravel and sand.
D) deposits of lakes and lagoons.
Ans: C
2. __________ is loose sediment that contains organic matter and accumulates because of
contact with the atmosphere instead of under water.
A) Nodule
B) Humus
C) Caliche
D) Soil
Ans: D
Page 1
5. Evidence of freshwater lake deposits in geologic history does not come from
A) sediment grain size differences.
B) close association with marine sediments.
C) fish and other freshwater fossils.
D) associated river sediments.
Ans: B
7. The alternating layers of coarse and fine sediment that typically accumulate in glacial
lakes are called
A) moraines.
B) outwashes.
C) dropstones.
D) varves.
Ans: D
8. Among coarse-grained deposits of ancient deserts and arid basins, the sedimentary
structure called __________ is characteristic of sand dunes.
A) debris flows
B) braided stream deposits
C) trough cross-stratification
D) varves
Ans: C
9. Most alluvial fans include broad deposits of coarse, cross-stratified sediments laid down
in a complex network of channels, which originate in
A) sand dunes.
B) debris flows.
C) playa lakes.
D) braided streams.
Ans: D
Page 2
10. A key characteristic of meandering streams that is NOT a key characteristic of braided
streams is
A) the development and preservation of multiple channels.
B) occurrence in gently sloping terrain far from uplands.
C) that they are overloaded or choked with sediments.
D) transportation of mostly gravel and sand and very little silt or clay.
Ans: B
11. Meandering river sediments that accumulate inside of a river bend form a __________
deposit.
A) backswamp
B) flood plain
C) point-bar
D) natural levee
Ans: D
12. In the coarse-to-fine vertical sequence in meandering stream deposits, the __________
lie above the point-bar deposits.
A) channel deposits
B) flood plain sediments
C) natural levee deposits
D) channel gravels
Ans: B
13. Many preserved sedimentary cycles of meandering stream deposits are actually partial
cycles because of
A) deep cutting by a younger channel.
B) sinking or subsiding relative to surrounding terrain.
C) the change from meandering to braiding channels.
D) the development of natural levees.
Ans: A
Page 3
15. __________ beds, which consist largely of sand and silt, are nearly horizontal, except
where they are locally cross-bedded.
A) Delta-front
B) Delta-plain
C) Prodelta
D) Distributary channels
Ans: B
16. As a delta progrades, deposits of the __________ will lie directly on top of deposits of
the prodelta.
A) delta-plain
B) prodelta
C) delta-front
D) distributary channels
Ans: C
17. In a river-dominated delta, the site of functioning distributary channels is called the
A) active lobe.
B) abandoned lobe.
C) bird-foot delta.
D) river-dominated delta.
Ans: A
18. __________ are waves and shallow currents that flow along the coast and sweep sand
parallel to the shoreline.
A) Barrier island-lagoon complexes
B) Longshore currents
C) Tidal deltas and tidal flats
D) Deltaic cycles
Ans: B
Page 4
20. When a barrier island-lagoon complex progrades, ___________ deposits are formed on
top of sediments of the lagoon.
A) barrier beach
B) tidal-flat and marsh
C) tidal delta
D) tempestite
Ans: B
21. The pile of reef debris that has fallen from the steep, wave-swept reef front is called
A) a reef flat.
B) patch reefs.
C) a talus.
D) an atoll.
Ans: C
Page 5
25. Sandy storm-produced beds in quiet-water shelf deposits are called
A) tidal deltas.
B) talus.
C) tempestites.
D) turbidites.
Ans: C
27. Cooling of seawater in contact with the atmosphere increases the concentration of
dissolved
A) carbonic acid.
B) calcium carbonate.
C) cyanobacteria.
D) clay minerals.
Ans: A
28. A graded bed formed by the flow of dense sediment-charged water moving down a
slope into deeper water is known as a
A) turbidite.
B) turbidity current.
C) calcareous ooze.
D) pelagic sediment.
Ans: A
29. Above depths of 4000 meters, the dominant low-latitude sediment on the sea floor is/are
A) calcareous ooze.
B) siliceous ooze.
C) reef talus.
D) turbidites.
Ans: A
Page 6
30. The position of the major deep-sea fans of the world is dependent on the
A) depth of the abyssal plain.
B) slope of the continental rise.
C) location of submarine canyons.
D) proximity to a major desert area.
Ans: C
Page 7
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Avertissement I
Journal d’Eugénie de Guérin 1
I (15 novembre 1834-13 avril 1835) 3
II (14 avril-5 décembre 1835) 59
III (mars-mai 1836) 105
IV (mai-juin 1837) 119
V (26 janvier-19 février 1838) 143
VI (19 février-3 mai 1838) 161
VII (3 mai-29 septembre 1838) 199
VIII (10 avril-25 mai 1839) 247
IX (21 juillet 1839-9 janvier 1840) 275
X (9 janvier-19 juillet 1840) 327
XI (26 juillet-29 août 1840) 391
XII (1er novembre-31 décembre 1840) 409
Fragments 419
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