Manuel Life Shared Soci121 Past Questions 2

STUDENT NUMBER...................... . .. SIGNATURE. ........................... .
B.A. FIRST SEME:STRR
SOCI 121: PRINCiPLES OF "'IV""''''''' ORGANISATION (3 CREDITS)

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER
TO EACH QUESTION AND SHADE
THE SHADING OF THE ANSWERS. YOUR QUESTION PAPERS AND THE
ANSWER SHEET TO THE BEFORE LEAVING THE
EXAMINATION HALL
THE EXAM IS WORTH 50 MARKS
TIME ALLOWED: 2 HOURS
1. Comte the father of Sociology d.Vlllem society into two namely, Social Statics and Social
Dynamics. He suggested that should study both Social Statics and Social
dynamics because _ _ _ _ __
A. He was interested in studying those as~)ects of society dealing with social order, stability as
well as, how and why societies endure hold together.
B. He recognised that an of society requires an investigation into both the

sources of order and continuity, and the of change.
C. He recognised that an understanding society would require investigations into both the
processes of social change, what makes SOI~leltles change, and why they change.
D. He wanted to have an appreciation functional pre-requisites of the social institutions

and how these institutions are intlerr,elate~ and interdependent.
2. How do subcultures and rmmten'lIllll1 differ from the dominant culture?
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabll-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. langmange 1

B. It occurs in schools through instructions in science, mathematics, and other subjects. But
the role of schools as agents of socialisation goes far beyond teaching the standard subjects.
Praise and reprimand in schools are structured to dissuade school rules, thus socialising
children to adapt to impersonal bureaucratic requirements. Emphasis on grades teaches
individualistic values of competition and achievements. The gender and ythnic composition of
teaching staff teaches lessons about what kinds of people are regarded as knowledgeable and
competent to wield authority and may thus reinforce social inequalities.
C. It occurs in schools through instructions in science, mathematics, and other subjects. But
the role of schools as agents of socialisation goes far beyond teaching the standard. subjects.
Praise and reprimand in schools are structured to teach and repress school rules, thus socialising
children to adapt to impersonal bureaucratic requirements. Emphasis on grades teaches
individualistic values of competition and. achievements. The gender, racial and ethnic
composition of teaching staff teaches lessons about what kinds of people are regarded as
I
knowledgeable and competent to wield authority and may thus reinforce social inequalities.
,
D. It occurs in schools through instructions in subjects such as science, mathematics, and

others. But the role of schools as agencies of s~cialisation goes far beyond teaching the standard
subjects. Praise and reprimand in schools are structured to teach and enforce school rules, thus
socialising children to adapt to impersonal bureaucratic requirements. Emphasis on grades
_teaches individualistic values of competition and achievements. The gender and ethnic
composition of teaching staff teaches lessons about what kinds of people are regarded as
knowledgeable and competent to wield authority and may thus reinforce social inequalities.
17. Adoley had to attend two major events on the same day. The first programme on her
itinerary was the wedding ceremony of her cousin, Nana Aba and -the second, was the
burial service of her best friend, Naa Koshie's mother who died in a tragic car accident.
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Adoley wore a beautiful pink dress and a silver hat for Nana Aba's ,wedding ceremony. I
Although Adoley was running late for her best friend's mother's burial service, she wcnt ,.i'
home to change her beautiful pink outfit into a black mourning c1oth.:What kind' of social
!
norm would Adoley violate ifshe shows upat the funeral in her pink dress and silver hat?
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A. Adoley would be violating a social n~rm known as memes
B. Adoley would be violating a social norm known as mores ,
C. Adoley would be violating a social norm known as folkways I
D. Adoley would be violating a social norm known as laws i
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18. How can the' study of Sociology be useful to the individual?
A. Sociology enables the individual to step outside of herself mentally to see how social forces
influence her life and help in understanding what social forces are at work as she goes about
her daily activities. Sociology enables its students and practitioners to examine aspects of social
life which is often ignored or taken for granted. Sociological knowledge helps us improve our
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Or. G.~. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 10
I
relations with others since we will alway interact and communicate with others. Sociology
helps students to understand how human eings are woven as social beings into the fabric of
their societies. Sociology can help us· to understand ourselves using the sociological
imagination that enables us to grasp wha is going on in the world. Sociology has practical
value for the individual because it assi ts her to understand herself, her resources and
limitations, her potentialities, and her role n society.
B. Sociology enables the individual to step outside of herself mentally to see how social forces
influence her life and help in understandi what social forces are at work as she goes about
her daily activities. Sociology enables its st dents and practitioners to examine aspects of social
life which is often ignored or taken for gr ted. Sociological knowledge helps us inflame our
relations with others since we will alway interact and communicate with others. Sociology
helps students to understand how human eings are woven as social beings into the fabric of
their societies. Sociology can help us to understand ourselves using the sociological
imagination that enables us to grasp wha is going on in the world. Sociology has practical
value for the individual because it assi ts her to understand herself, her resources and
limitations, her potentialities and her role i society.
c. Sociology enables the individual to step utside of herself mentally to see how social forces
influence her life and help in unearthing at social forces are at work as she goes about her
daily activities. Sociology enables its stud nts and practitioners to examine aspects of social
life which is often ignored or taken for gr ted. Sociological knowledge helps us exacerbate
our relations with others since we will alwa s interact and communicate with others. Sociology
helps students to understand how human b ings are woven as social beings into the fabric of
their societies. Sociology can help us to u derstand ourselves using sociological imagination
that enables us to grasp what is going on the world. Sociology has practical value for the
individual because it assists her to unde stand herself, her resources and limitations, her
potentialities and her role in society.
D. Sociology enables individuals to step ou side of ourselves mentally to see how social forces
influence our lives and help in understand in what social forces are at work as humans go about
their daily activities. Sociology enables it students and practitioners to examine aspects of
social life which is often ignored or tak n for granted. Sociological knowledge helps us
improve our relations with others since we ill always interact and communicate with others.
Sociology helps students to understand ho human beings are woven as social beings into the
fabric of their societies. Sociology can h Ip us to understand ourselves using sociological
imagination that enables us to grasp what i going on in the world. Sociology has impractical
value for the individual even as it assis s her to understand herself, her resources and
limitations, her potentialities, and her role i society.
19. Where can the sociologist advise the individual to explore for the explanation of his
failures in society?
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 11
A. The individual's incapability and his social environment for possible enemies
B. The individual's social conditions as they may contain both benevolent and malevolent
forces.
C. The individual's abilities and capabilities as well as the prevalent social conditions.
D. The individual's incapability and his social environment for the lack ~f a higher power
20. What does it mean to say that social facts are external and coercive of the
individual?
A. Society through its norms, customs, value systems and institutions 'compel us .to act in
particular ways but at the same time, we shape these norms, values, believes and society at
large through our interaction with one another and our participation in so~ial institutions.
B. Societal norms are powerful influencers of human behaviour such that it is almost
impossible for humans to control them. These social laws control every, aspect of our lives;
.
what we choose to eat, wear, the partners we choose to or not to marry and even the careers we
,
end up pursuing are all dictated by social rules which are difficult to break away from.
C. Durkheim's social facts can be likened to that of Comte's notion of social dynamic. By
social dynamics, Comte meant that social institutions and norms are no! static, they change
over time. In this case, human beings participate'in this process of change, and therefore social
nOrms are not entirely beyond our control.
D. Social norms permeate every aspect of social life and greatly impact human behaviour. A
deviation from the norms, could attract la~els such as "a misfit" or deviant, or severe sanctions.
Social norms are social rules that have been collectively approved by society to regul~te social
behaviour. Therefo~e, social norms are external to and coercive of us.
21. Which of the following statements best describes the non-material components of
culture in society?
A. Societies have values that define what is desirable, right, correct and good as wen as what
is not desirable, right or correct that members of a society cherish, share and uphold. Mores are
norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group which are upheld thro,!gh rules
or laws. These laws are social rules that are enforced by specialized state irj.stitutions which are I
backed by political power and authority. '
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B. Societies have values-that define· what is desirable, right, correct and good that members of
a society cherish, share and uphold. Mores are norms that embody the moral views and
principles of a group which are upheld through rules or laws. These laws are social rules that
are enforced by specialized. state institutions which are backed by political power and authority.
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Or. S. E. Gyan, Dr. G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange
12
C. Societies have values that define what i desirable, right, correct and good that members of
a society cherish, share and uphold. Mo es are norms that embody the moral views and
principles of a group which are upheld thrc ugh rules or laws. Societies also have artefacts that
show the rich cultural heritage of the socie ~.
D. Societies have values that define what i desirable, right, correct and good that members of
a society cherish, share and uphold. The e are also tangible objects such as tools, clothes,
buildings and food items that symbolize th cultural heritage of a group. Mores are norms that
embody the moral views and principles of group which are upheld through rules or laws.
22. Sociologists have a responsibility ~ protect their study participants by following

ethical guidelines. Which of the followin is not an ethical issue in conducting sociological
research?
A. Informed consent must be sought from he respondents before they participate in the study.
B. Where minors are used as respondents permission must be sought from their parents or
guardians as well as the assent ofth~ mino before involving them in their study.
C. Recording of respondents' voices must e done with their consent.
D. Respondents must be remunerated for pimicipating in the research.
23. Sociological imagination is the brain hild of
A. Christian Wright Mills

B. Charles Wright Mills
C. Carson Wright Mills
D. Christoper Wright Mills
24. What role docs Sociology play in th development process'!
A. Sociologists are interested in the prac ces and processes of social change. In this sense
Sociology addresses pressing intellectual hallenges regarding social change: transformation
of political regimes, changes in househ Id and family formations, technological change,
sustainable (and unstainable) population and economic growth, and the production and
reproduction of social and economic i equality. Development is at the entree of the
sociological enterprise. The study of devel pment has been one ofthe fundamental aspects of
sociology from the beginnings of the dis ipline. Since sociology tries to understand social
change/social transformation, its causes a nd effects, it is instrumental and should be taken
seriously if a society is in pursuit of deve opment. Sociologists as social engineers are well
equipped to furnish state actors, private s tors, social policy makers and other development
stakeholders with the right information w .ch if heeded will lead to improvement in the lives
of societal members.
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. ~. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 13
B. Sociologists are interested in the practices and processes of social change. In this sense
Sociology addresses pressing intellectual challenges regarding social change: transformation
of political regimes, changes in household and family formations, technological' change,
reproduction of social and economic inequality. Development is at the periphery of the
sociological enterprise. The study of development has been one of the fundamental aspects of
sociology from the beginnings of the discipline. Since sociology tries ~o understand social
change/social transformation, its causes and effects, it is instrumental and should be taken
seriously if a society is in pursuit of development .. Sociologists as social engineers are well
equipped to furnish state actors, private sectors, social policy makers and other development
stakeholders with the right information which if heeded will lead to improvement in the lives
C. Sociologists are interested in the practices and processes of social ~hange. In this sense
of political regimes, changes in household and family formations, technological change,
reproduction of social and economic. inequalitY. Development is at the centre of the
sociological enterprise. The study of development has been one of the fundamental aspects of
sociology from the beginnings of the discipline. Sin'Ce sociology tries to understand social
change/social transformation, its ·causes and effects, it is instrumental and should be taken
seriously if a society is in pursuit of development. Sociologists as social engineers. are well
equipped to furnish state actors, private sectors, social policy makers and other development
D. Sociologists are interested in the practices and processes of social change. In this sense
of political regimes, changes in household' and family formations, technologicall change,
sustainable (and unstainable) population and economic growth, and :the production and
reproduction of social and economic inequality. Development is at the perimeter of the
sociological enterprise. The study of develop~ent has been one of the ~damental aspects of
sociology from the beginnings of the discipline. Since sociology tries to understand social
I
change/social transformation, its causes and effects, it is instrumental and should be taken
seriously if a society is in pursuit of development. Sociologists as social engineers. are well
equipped to furnish state actors, private sectors, social policy makers and other development I
I
25. Yaa Beniwaa in a conversation with a friend hinted that she intends to move out of
their small rural community known as Entowoada to a bigger city wbere there is little
community control over individual thought and conduct, and where social diversity,
individual differences and variations are encouraged. Her reason f~r wanting- to leave
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 14
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Entowoada is that she envisages her life 'n a society which is heterogeneous, where there
is interdependency, diverse economic ac ivities cxist, and which is the direct opposite of
what pertains in Entowoada. How would Durkheim refer to a society like Entowoada and
the one Yaa Beniwaa envisages to live in.
A Functional and dysfunctional societies. unctional because people in this society come from
different backgrounds and everyone, no m tter where they come from is considered a member
of the society. This society is where Yaa eniwaa wants to live. She is currently living in a
dysfunctional community where ethnocent ism rather than diversity is encouraged.
B. A society with social solidarity and soci I integration. Many villages and rural communities
in Africa have social solidarity, where p ople interact more closely and undertake similar
occupations such as farming and fishing. (n the other hand, a socially integrated society, Yaa
Beniwaa's dream society is characterized b large heterogeneous communities or cities, where
people undertake different economic activi ies, and there is increased division of labour.
C. Mechanical and socially dynamic societ es. In a society such as the mechanical one people
find likeness or similarities in individuals ather than differences. On the other hand, social
dynamic societies support social change ane cultural diversity, the type of society Yaa Beniwaa
would like to live in.
D. A society characterised by mechanical 'lnd organic solidarity. Yaa Beniwaa plans to move
from her community characterized by simi arities in what people do, in the values they share,
and in behaviours they exhibit to a more vi rant, dependent and culturally diverse community.
26. With functionalism, change in one p rt has implications for the other parts and for
the society as a whole. Show with exam! le(s) the possihle implications for a society if a
part of the social system changes more r pidly than the others?
A. Change and adaptation is a continuous p ocess in society. However, if a part of society like
the institution of education changes more r pidly than others, it may lead to social dislocation.
Having reduced the number of years a stue ent needs to become a first-degree holder from 20
years to 16 years or less, more graduates rre churned out from the universities without the
corresponding job creation to absorb them. There will be unemployment leading to less or no
savings; young adults cannot marry and sta families; poor health seeking behaviour by young
adults who are graduates due to poverty. T e social system may become dislocated.
B. Change and adaptation is a continuous p ocess in society. However, if a part of society like
the institution of education changes more r pidly than others, it may lead to social dislocation.
Having reduced the number of years a stud ent needs to become a first-degree holder from 20
years to 16 years or less, more graduates rre churned out from the universities without the
corresponding job creations to absorb the . There will be unemployment in administrative
positions for the graduates leading to less r no savings; young adults cannot marry and start
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. . A. Adiku & Dr. S. .Langmange 15
'"
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,
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families; poor health seeking behaviour by young adults who are graduate,S due to poverty. The
social system may become dislocated.
C. Change and adaptation is a continuous process in society. However, if a part of society like
the institution of education changes more rapidly than others, it may lead to social dislocation.
Having reduced the number of years a student needs to become a first-degree holder from 20
years to 16 years or less, more graduates are churned out from the uni~ersities without the
corresponding job creations to absorb them. There will be unemploymbt in administrative
positions for the graduates leading to less or no savings by the poor ones;; young adults cannot
t
marry and start families; good health seeking behaviour by young adults who are grad\lates due
to poverty. The social system may become dislocated.
t,
27. Durkhcim in his book suicide identified four types of suicide.' He explained that I
suicide can take place when integration or regulation is high or low in a society. Which \
of the following scenarios could be described as an altruistic suicide according to
Durkheim's classification?
A. When the Liberian civil war broke out in 1989, Johnson was in his final year of Medical
school at the University of Liberia. As the war intensified, the normal way of living suddenly
broke down and there was no clear sense of what was required of citizens. The 'universities
were closed and Johnson's dream 'of becoming a .medical doctor-was crn'shed; In this state of
lawlessness coupled with his inability to pursue his dream, Johnson committed suicide. I·
B. Kofi recently moved to one of the modem and highly individualistic localities in Accra. He II
lived alone and did not have any friends, neither did he belong to any social group. Kofi was
lonely and isolated. When he lost his mother and could not contain the grief of his mother's I!
passing, he committed suicide. Kofi might have committed suicide because he was not attached
to any group that would have protected or comforted him in his period of'pain and difficulty.
C. A Ghanaian soldier on a peace keeping mission in Afghanistan, was captured by the Taliban
fighters. In order not to reveal any secret security infoni1ation that wbuld be used by the
Taliban to harm his fellow soldiers, the captured Ghanaian soldier killed himself by ingesting
a poisonous herb before his enemies got the chance to interrogate him to divulge secrets.
D. One day, a poor beggar, hit the jackpot in the sum of GHc50, 000. Out of excitement about
the sudden change in his economic status, he picked an Uber to a nearby hotel to have fun with
his friends. While drinking with his friends the beggar got up suddenly, walked to the.balcony,
screamed in-excitement and jumped 'down the ba(cony~ He died' before his friendsco~ld save
him.
28. Rearrange the following steps for conducting a scientific study in the correct order:
1. Choosing Research Design
II. Analyzing the Results
III. Stating the Conclusions
IV. SelectinglIdentifying the Research Problem
V. Collecting the Data
VI. Reviewing Literature
VII. Interpreting the Results
A. IV; VI; I; V; II; VII; III

B. IV; VI; I; II; VII; III; V
C. I; IV; VI; V; II; Vll; III
D. I; IV; VI; V; II; VII; III
29. In his book "Elementary Forms of F eligious Life" Durkheim asserts that society
divides the world into two namely - - - f - - - -
A. Christianity and African Traditional Re gion

B. Religion and Religious Rites.
C. Sacred and Profane.

D. The Church and Shrine
30. What role does the media play in th socialisation process?
A. The television, radio, internet, music, r ovies, books, magazines et cetera are important in
socialisation because they provide models "or behaviour. The media provides images that can
affect our understanding of the world. M ss media has trifling effects on our attitudes and
behaviour which makes it an important co tributor to the socialisation process. in some ways
mass media can serve as a positive functi n. It helps there to be more diversity; we can learn
more about things that are going on not on y in our society but in different countries as well. It
can help you learn new things you did not now making you very open minded. However, the
media can also affect young people negati ely. Young people want to be accepted by society
and the media creates false ideal images at tells them what characteristics are needed to be
accepted and to be able to fit in with soci( y. For example, the media shows you what should
look like, how you can look like, and whe e to go to buy these things that will make you look
'right' .
B. The television, radio, internet music, n ovies, books, magazines et cetera are important in
socialisation because they provide models for behaviour. The media provides images that can
affect our understanding of the world. Ma s media has negligible effects on our attitudes and
behaviour which makes it an important cortributor to the socialisation process. in some ways
mass media can serve as a positive functic n. It helps there to be more diversity; we can learn
more about things that are going on not on y in our society but in different countries as well. It
can help you learn new things you did not know making you very open minded. However, the
media can also affect young people negati ely. Young people want to be accepted by society
Examiners: Dr. K. AkpabJi-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. langmange 17
and the media creates false ideal image that tells them what characteristics are needed to be
accepted and to be able to fit in with society. For example, the media shows you what should
look like, how you can look like, ar.d where to go to buy these things tha~ will make you look
'right' .
C. The television, radio, internet, music, movies, books, magazines et cetera are important in
affect our understanding of the world. Mass media has enormous effects on our attitudes and
behaviour which makes it an important contributor to the socialisation process. The media has
positive functions. It helps there to be more dixersity; we can learn more: about things that are
going on not only in our society but 'in different societies as well. It cat;' help you learn new
thirigs you did not know making you, very open minded. However, the ,;"edia can also affect
young people negatively. Young people want to be accepted by society and the media creates
false ideal image that tells them what characteristics are needed to be accepted and to be able
to fit in with society. For example, the media shows you what should look like, how you can
look like, and where to go and buy these things that will make you look 'right'.
D. The television, radio, internet, music, movie'1l: books, magazines et cetera are important in
affect our understanding of the world. Mass media has enormous effects on our attitudes and
behaviour which makes it an important contributor to the socialisation process. The media has
positive functions. It helps there to be more diversity; we can learn more about things that are
going on not only in our society but in different societies as well. It can help you learn archaic
things you did not know making you very open minded. However, the media can also' affect
young people negatively. Young people want to be accepted by society and the media creates
false ideal image that tells them what characteristics are needed to be a(:cepted and,to be able
to fit in with society. For exampl'e, the media shows you what should look like, how you can
look like, and where to go and buy these things that will make you look,'right'.
31. The old students' association of your former senior high schooI.decided to assist the
school to nib in the bud disrespect by students for authority. Measures have been
instituted to ensure the success of the intended action. These measures include suspension
from school for guilty students, working on the school farm for a period spanning one to
four weeks after classes and spanking in the headmaster's office. After one year of tbe
institution of tbe measures, it is discovered that, apart from restoration
, , of respect to
authority, the school's academic performance has received a boost. As a student of
sociology, analyse this situation in the school by identifying the functional prerequisite(s),
__~nJf~st_function(s), and Ia.te~! functio~(~) from the scenario.
A. The intended action for which reason the measures were instituted is the functional pre-
requisite and it is respect for authority;' it has been achieved so it is the manifest function; in
the course of achieving the manifest function, a consequence which is not the main, reason for
the institution of the measures also occurs, it is the school '5 better acade~ic performance which
is also a manifest function.
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. langmange 18
B. The intended action for which reason he measures were instituted is the functional pre-
requisite and it is respect for authority; it as been achieved so it is the manifest function; in
the course of achieving the manifest functi n, a consequence which is not the main reason for
the institution of the measures also occurs it is the school's performance which is the latent
function.
C. The intended action for which reason he measures were instituted is the functional pre-
requisite and it is respect for authority; it as been achieved so it is the latent function; in the
course of achieving the latent functjon, a consequence which is not the main reason for the
institution ofthe measures also occurs, it i the school's better academic performance which is
the manifest function.
32. How did Karl Marx refer to those who own the means of production and those who do not
in a capitalist society?
A. Karl Marx referred to those who own tl e means of production as capitalists, and those who
do not as socialist.
B. Karl Marx identified the owners of th, means of production as the bourgeoisie and those
who do not as liberal democrats.
c. The owners ofthe means of production were known as the bourgeoisie in capitalist society
and those who do not, as the proletariat.
D. The owners of the means of productio were known as the proletariat in capitalist society
and those who do not own the means of p oduction were identified as bourgeoisie.
33. The study of Sociology can be usefu to society in the following ways:
A. The study of sociology helps us to und, rstand human society and how social systems work.
A comparative study of human soci, ties enables us to understand that people in
different societies have many different so lztions to the universal human problems of making a
living for instance. The value of sociolog' lies in the fact that it keeps us up to date on modern
situations, it contributes to making good itizens, it contributes to the solution of community
problems, it adds to the knowledge of so ·ety, it helps societal members find their relation to
society and it explains the causes of va ious occurrences and so on. The study of society
contributes to the formulation of social 1= olicies which require certain amount of knowledge
about that society. Sociology provides a great deal of information that is helpful in making
decisions on social policy. For example, th solution to the problem of extreme poverty requires
from sociologists primarily an investigaticln of the facts and such studies undoubtedly influence
social policy. If the society is to deve1c p and prosper, the study of society is a must for
politicians, adm.in.istrators, social reforme s, students and teachers.
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, D G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 19

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A. A subculture is the culture of a subgroup of society that adopts norms that set them apart
from the dominant group. The way of,living of members of this subgroup is different from, but
not opposed to, the dominant culture. A counterculture is a subculture that opposes the.
dominant culture, rejecting its values. The norms and values of a counter~ulture are in conflict
with those ofthe dominant culture.
B. A subculture is the culture of a subgroup of society whose norms and values are in conflict
with those of the dominant cu.lture. The way of living of members of this subgroup is opposed
, to, the dominant culture. A counterculture is the culture of a subgroup of society that adopts
norms that set them apart from the dominant group. The way of livin~ of members of this
subgroup is different from, but not opposed to, the dominant culture, I
I.
C. A subculture is the culture ofa subgroup of society that have special'norms that ,set them
apart from all other societies. The'way ofliving of members of this subgroup is different from,
the way of life of all other societies. A counterculture is a subculture that opposes the ,cultures,
of other societies and reject their norms and values. The norms and values of a counterculture
extends to the entire society.
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D. A subculture is the culture of a subgroup of society that adopts norms that set them apart
from the dominant group. The way ofliving of members of this subgroup is different from, but
not opposed to, the dominant culture. A counterculture is a subculture that opposes the,cultures,
I
of other societies' and reject their norms and values. The norms and values of a counterculture
extends to the entire· society.
3. How will you best explain theoretical perspective to non-sociology students.
A. The term refers to different sociological theories that explain different social phenomena;
but together, can foster total understanding ofthe
, , social system. ' ,
B. The term refers to sociological theories used to explain aspects of social lives, particularly,
those with similar approaches.
C. The term refers to sociological theories used by sociologists in asking fundamental questions
about social life.
D. The term refers to sociological theories used to explain aspects of social lives, particularly,
those with different approaches.
,..
A. Prepares people to play various roles in society. Conflict perspective views sociali~ation as
upending the status quo, that is, keep things the same. For example, chilc1l-en are socialised to
II
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accept their family's social class which helps preserve the current class syst,em and people learn i
to accept their social status before they have enough self-awareness: to realise "what is
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr" G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. langmange 2
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B. The study of sociology helps us to understand human society and how social systems work.
A comparative study of human societies enables us to understand that people in
different societies have many different solutions to the universal human problems of making a
living for instance. The value of sociology lies in the fact that it keeps us lagging b.ehind on
modem situations, it contributes to making good citizens, it contributes to the solution of
community problems, it adds to the knowledge of society, it helps societal members find their
relation to society and it explains the causes of various occurrences and. so on. The study of
society contributes to the formulation of social policies which require certain amount of
knowledge about that society. Sociology provides a great deal of information that is helpful in
making decisions on social policy. For example, the solution to the problein of extreme poverty
requires from sociologists primarily an i~vestigation of the facts and such. studies undoubtedly
influence social policy. If the society is to develop and prosper, the study of society is a must
for politicians, administrators, social reformers, students and teachers.
C. The study of sociology helps us to understand human society and how social systems work.
living for instance. The value of sociology lies' ih the fact that it keeps us dawdling on post-
relation to society and it explains the causes of various occurrences and so on. The study of
society contributes to the formulation of social policies wruch require certain amount of
making decisions on social policy .. For example, the solution to the problem of extreme poverty
requires from sociologists primarily an investigation of the facts and such studies undoubtedly
influence social policy. If the society is to develop and prosper, the study of society is must for
politicians, administrators, social reformers, students, and teachers.
D. The study of sociology helps 'us to understand human society and how ~ocial systems work.
living for instance. The value of sociology lies in the fact that it keeps us up to date on post-
relation to society and it explains the causes of various occurrences and' so on. The study of
society contributes to the formulation of social policies wruch require a modicum amount of
maki"g decisio~s,9n ~o~iaJ P5'licy. For ex~mple, the solution to the probleI? of extreme poverty
requires from sociologists primarily an investigation of the facts and such studies undoubtedly
influence social policy. If the society is to develop and prosper, the study of society is must for
politicians, administrators, social reformers, students, and teachers.
34. Which Sociologist stressed the importance of Sociologists adopting a "Value-Frce

Sociology method in conducting scientific research'! What does value-free mean?
A. Max Weber, a German sociologist usee the term value-free, meaning sociologists must not
allow their personal biases to affect the co duct of their scientific research.
B. Karl Marx, a German sociologist used the term value-free, meaning sociologists must not
allow their personal biases to affect the co duct of their scientific research.
C. A French sociologist, Auguste Cumte r ferred to the term value-free which means applying
scientific methods of investigation in orde to eliminate personal biases in social research.
D. A British Sociologist Herbert Spencer used the term value-free to mean the scientific or
objective study of social problems devoid pf subjectivity and personal biases.
35. A questionnaire is a data collection 001 that constitutse:
A. several questions on a particular theme problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. These

questions are compiled by the researcher t solicit the information needed. Questions asked in
questionnaires may be either open-ended ( r closed ended. Closed-ended are framed to provide
possible answers for the respondent to sel ct from. In open-ended questions, the respondent is
given the opportunity to express him or h rself on an issue.
B. several questions on a particular them , problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. The

researcher is given the opportunity to ask supplementary questions and get more insight into
the issue. Questions asked in questionnaire may be either open-ended or closed ended. Closed-
ended are framed to provide a number OfPDssible answers for the respondent to select from. In
open-ended questions, the respondent is g ven the opportunity to express him or herself on an
Issue.
C. several questions on a particular them , problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. The

questions are compiled by the researcher t solicit the information needed. Questions asked in
questionnaires may be either open-ended ( closed ended. Open-ended questions are framed to
provide a number of possible answers f r the respondent to select from. In closed-ended
questions, the respondent is given the opp rtunity to express him or herself on an issue.
D. several questions on a particular them, problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. The

researcher is given the opportunity to ask supplementary questions and get more insight into
the issue. Questions asked in questionnair s may be either open-ended or closed ended. Open-
ended questions are framed to provide a nu nber of possible answers for the respondent to select
from. In closed-ended questions, the res} ondent is given the opportunity to express him or
herself on an issue.
36. Sociology provides an advantage to tudents preparing for later careers by preparing
them for work _ _ _ _ __
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 21

A. only as teachers of sociology. The discipline of sociology plays a valuable role in
developing critical thinking. It helps students to better understand the workings of their own
society and of other cultures. Students will be able to use sociological concepts, approaches
and theories in analysing human interactions and institutions and propose intelligent and sound
alternatives. Perhaps, the main contribution ·of sociology is that it makes more sense of our
lives. It does so by explaining the relationships between personal experience and 'external
events', between self and society.
B. only in criminal justice or social work. The discipline of sociology plays a valuable role in
developing critical thinking. It helps students to better understand the workings of their own
society and of other cultures. Students will be able to use sociological ~oncepts, approaches
and theories in analysing human interactions and institutions and propose intelligent and sound
alternatives. Perhaps, the main contribution of sociology is that it makes more sense of our
lives. It does so by explaining the relationships between personal experience and 'external
events', between self and society.
C. only as clinical sociologists. The discipline of sociology plays a valuable role in developing
critical thinking. It helps students to better understand the workings of their own 'society and
of other cultures. Students will be able to use sociological concepts, approaches and theories
in analysing human interactions and institutions and propose intelligent and sound alternatives.
Perhaps,-the main contribution of sociology is that it makes more sense df our lives. It does so
by explaining the relationships between personal experience and 'exte'('al events', between
self and society.
D. in teaching, criminal justice, business, and many other careers. The discipline of sociology
plays a valuable role in developing critical thinking. It helps students to .better understand the
workings of their own society and of other cultures. Students will be able to use
sociological concepts, approaches and theories in analysing human interactions and institutions
and propose intelligent and sound alternatives. Perhaps, the main contribution of sociology is
that it makes more sense of our lives. It does so by explaining the relationships between
personal experience and 'external events', between self and society.
37. Kofi and Kweku were engaged in a bitter argument about why conflict should or
should not be considered functional to society. While Kofi thinks that conflict has no good
consequences for society, Kweku insis.ted that the phenomenon is not always destructive
. to society and that, it has social benefits. As a student of society, whatis your stand on the
issue?
A. 'Conflict caD be both 6'eneficiai"and non-beneticial to society. Functionally, it helps unite

groups and strengthens group cohesiveness; prevents harbouring social inequality and
injustice; however, it becomes dysfunctional if it breeds wars, unrest and destruction.
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B. Conflict can be both dysfunctional and on-beneficial to society. Functionally, it helps unite
groups and strengthens group cohesiv ess; prevents harbouring social inequality and
injustice; however, it becomes dysfunctio al if it breeds wars, unrest and destruction.
C. Conflict can be both beneficial and nor-beneficial to society. Functionally, it helps in the
disunity of groups and strengthens group pohesiveness; prevents harbouring social inequality
and injustice; however, it becomes dysfur tional if it breeds wars, unrest and destruction.
38. Whicb of tbe following statements b st illustrates tbe career advantage a person gains
by studying sociology'?
A. A researcher discovers a new and effec tive vaccine.
B. A person in retail sales knows how to xceed the monthly sales target.
C. A police officer understands which cat gories of people are at high risk of becoming victims
of crime.
D. A financial services worker devises a'pew type of hedge fund.
39. Symbnlic interactionism tbrives on four core assumptions which are I. meanings are
not inherent in tbe tbings but em erg. from social interactions; II, the individual is a
tbinking being who constructs meanin! ; III. due to continuous social interaction, shared
meanings always emerge and change; I V, humans respond or react to tbings in tbe social
environment based on their meanings: Re-arrange tbese core assumptions according to
bow the individuals act tbem out.
A. I, II, III & IV.

B. II, IV, I & Ill.
C. Ill, II, IV & I
D. IV, Ill, II & I
40. As a student of sociology, what reas ns can you assign to refute the suggestion that a stadium
full of spectators during a football rna cb constitute society?
A. The spectators do not share the same ulture; they do not consider themselves as one; they do not
interact and cooperate in carrying out th essential tasks of living; and they are not organized under
one political authority although it may b argued that the stadium has a clearly defined geographical
area.
B. The spectators do not share the same FuJture; they do not consider themselves as one; they do not
interact and cooperate in their support 0 the opposing teams; and they are not organized under one
political authority although it may be ar jued that the stadium has a clearly defined geographical area.
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, [ r. G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 23

C. The spectators share the same football culture; they do not consider the,mselves as one; they interact
and cooperate in carrying out the essential tasks of living; and they are not organized under one
political authority although it may be argued that the stadium has a clearly defined geographical area.
41. Auguste Comte is a French Sociologist credited by modern so:ciologists to be the

founder of Soci()logy for coining the term Sociology and establishing the subject matter
of the discipline. He advocated for the scientific study of society, which he called
positivism. What does Comte mean by positivism?
A. Comte's work was greatly influenced by another Frenchman by name Claude Henri de
Saint-Simon whose preoccupation was to establish a scientific discipline capable of
reconstructing the French society which was destroyed by the French political revolution.
Comte just like Saint-Simon was also .interested in finding answers to the social problems in
France. Comte focused on developing a discipline which could use systematic processes of !
investigation to solve societal problems - this he tenned positivism. In Comte's view, I'
positivism is when. sociological knowledge becomes scientific, and it ca~ understand, predict I!
and control the behaviour of human as well as contribute to the enhancement of social order
and human welfare. t
>":"'. ) I
B. Comte argued that an understanding of society requires a concern for both the sources of
order and continuity (social statics) and the sources of change (social dynamics). His interest I
in the study of social statics inspired the coining of the tenn positivism. According to Comte,
positivism refers to efforts by Sociologists to influence attitudes and social behaviours, in order
to produce desired characteristics in a population to ensure that society functions in an orderly
manner.
C. Comte was born in France in 1798 and witnessed the social injustice and inequalities that
characterized the French society and much of Europe in that era. Influenced by the exploits of I
the natural sciences (such as Astronomy, Physics, Biology, and Chemistry) acclaimed to have I
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achieved a lot for humanity, Comte advocated for a scientific study of society. For Comte I
applying scientific methods to studying social events will lead to a positivist understanding of
the social world. '. '
D. Positivism refers to the application of scientific methods to study how societies Junction.
Through this, Sociologists in Comte's view would discover social principles which will unlock
the secrets of society and could be used to facilitate social refonns.
42.' Early writings about the Gold Coast were anthropological but when a department
was established to study and understand the Ghanaian society in Ghalla's first university,
it was designated as the Department of Sociology. Why was this the case?
A. This-was the case because there was the·need·to, subsequently start thinking about the
development of another department which will continue to understand Ghana in a more
contemporary sense. The development of this newer department was instrumental to the
development of the University specifically, and Ghana more generally. The academic
community was elated at the prospect and very eager to see it come to fruition. There were
several consultations both nationally and internationally and a plan of implementation was
subsequently approved. Hence, the esta lishment of the Department. The first head of
Department appointed was an Oxford trai ed anthropologist in the person of Dr. Kofi Abrefa
Busia who became the Prime Minister in G~ana's Second Republic. It should be noted that the
current Department of Sociology at the U ~versity of Ghana teaches anthropological theories
and research methods together with sociol gical ones.
B. Indeed, early writings about the Gold Cc~st were anthropological and ethnographic in nature
but there was already an institute dedicat d to Ghanaian anthropological studies. There was
therefore the need to develop another depa ment which will be dedicated to understanding the
contemporary Ghanaian society and train s holars who will collaborate with others not only in
Ghana but across the world. Ironically, the first head of Department appointed was an Oxford
trained anthropologist in the person of Dr. kOfi Abrefa Busia who became a Prime Minister in
Ghana's Second Republic. It should be no ed that the current Department of Sociology at the
University of Ghana teaches anthropol gical theories and research methods alongside
sociological ones.
C. Ghana needed to establish a Departmer of Sociology at the University of Ghana because

the institution was the leading centre for cademic excellence at that time. Scholars from all
over the world flocked to Ghana to con uct and contribute to scholarly advancement. To
enhance the university's reputation, mon departments, centres and institutes needed to be
established. The Department of Sociolo iY was included in the expansion project. These
improvements further solidified Universit; of Ghana's position as the academic Mecca. The
first head of Department appointed was an Oxford trained anthropologist in the person of Dr.
Kofi Abrefa Busia who will become a Pr sident in Ghana's Second Republic. It should be
noted that the current Department of~ociology at the University of Ghana teaches
anthropological theories and research mettpds together with sociological ones.
D. Indeed, early writings about the Gold Co st were anthropological and ethnographic in nature
but there was already an' institute dedicat(~ to Ghanaian anthropological studies. There was
therefore the need to develop another Depa ment which will be dedicated to understanding the
contemporary Ghanaian society and train s holars who will collaborate with others not only in
Ghana but across the world. Ironically, the first head of department appointed was an Oxford
trained anthropologist in the person of Dr. ~ ofi Abrefa Busia who became President in Ghana's
second republic. It should be noted that th. current department of Sociology at the University
of Ghana teaches anthropological theories Ind research methods alongside sociological ones.
43. In what way is Sociology similar to t e other social sciences?
A. Sociology and the other social sciences s ch as Anthropology, Political Science, Economics
and Psychology all study human behaviour and social interactions in the society.
B. Sociology and the other social sciences s ch as Anthropology, Political Science, Economics
and Psychology all study specific aspects f human behaviour and social interactions in the
society.
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. . A. Adiku & Dr. S. langmange 25
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C. Sociology and the other social sciences such as Anthropology, Political Science, Economics
and Psychology all study some aspects of human behaviour and social interactions in the
society.
D. Sociology and the other social sciences such as Anthropology, Political Science, Economics
and Psychology all study individual behaviour and individual social inter~ctions in the society.
44. Identify tbe attributes of Sociology responsible for its scientificity,
A. It is a discipline based on observation a..T\d reasoning; its study of sO,ciety produces accumulated
knowledge leading to the formulation of theories of society; and above all, it considers human action
as good or bad.
B. It is a discipline based on observation and reasoning; its study of society produces accumulated
knowledge leading to the formulation of theories of society; and above all, it is an ethical discipline.
C. It is a discipline based on observation and reasoning; its study of society produces accumulated
knowledge leading to the formulation of theories of society; and above all, it does not judge human
action as good or bad.
45. Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist who made significant
contributions to tbe development of Sociology as a scientific diScipline of study. Weber
was best known for bis ideas on buman subjectivity and tbe distinction between tbree
types of authority. Wbat are these tbree autbority patterns as outline? by Weber?
A. Subjectivity, Verstehen and Value· Free Sociology, which means the ability of sociologists
to mentally attempt to place themselves in the shoes of others in order to understand them better
or Sociologists not allowing their personal biases to affect the conduct of their scientific
research.
B. The three authority patterns are Social Action, Symbolic Interactionism and Authority. In
Weber's view, people can initiate action on their own without society being the main
determinant. He stressed on Sociologists need to focus attenti.on on the individual and not on
the collective.
C. Affective Action, Traditional Action and Rational Action are Weber's types of authority as
they are all social action based on individual emotions, habitual life style 'and rationality.
D. Weber identified three types of authority and these are Traditional Authority, Charismatic
Authority and Rational-Legal Authority. He argued that these three sources of authority are
derived from legitimate power. .
46. Wby did the industrial revolution lead to migration from rural to urban' areas and its
subsequent unanticipated consequences'?
A. Migration and the industrial revolution are closely intertwined. Without the industrial
revolution there would be no migration. Migration meant that cities were buzzing with people
who wanted better lives for themselves and their families. Their families ~ncouraged them to
move quite quickly and unapologetically to the cities. The mass movement of people from
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. langmange
26
villages to cities subsequently led to unan .cipated effects such as overcrowding, prostitution
and unemployment etc.
B. The industrial revolution began with th invention of the steam power engine. This engine
meant that factories could be developed to produce more at a faster rate. The development of
these factories meant that little cottage i dustries in villages and small towns were being
overtaken by these large factories locatedrnainly in the cities. There was a huge demand for
labour to power these machines. These fact ries presented ample opportunities for employment
for individuals. These individuals therefo e moved from the villages to the cities to take up
these jobs. The mass movement of pe pIe from villages to cities subsequently led to
unanticipated effects such as overcrowdin , unemployment, prostitution etc.
C. The industrial revolution led to migra on because the general population in the villages
were bored with working in the cottage ndustries. They wcre in search of adventure and
excitement. Their families encouraged th m to move quite quickly from the villages to the
cities. There was a huge demand for succes in these factories and only ambitious young people
were brave enough to work in these impos ng factories. The mass movements of people from
the villages to the cities led to unal ticipated consequences such as overcrowding,
unemployment and prostitution etc.
D. The industrial revolution began with he development of the steam power engine. This
engine meant that factories could be d vel oped to produce more at a faster rate. The
development of these factories meant that big cottage industries in villages and small towns
were being overtaken by these large facto ies located mainly in the cities. There was a huge
demand for labour to power these machin s. These factories presented meagre opportunities
for employment for individuals. These in ividuals therefore moved from the villages to the
cities to take up these jobs. The mass mov ment of people from villages to cities subsequently
led to unanticipated effects such as overcr wding, unemployment, prostitution etc.
47. What is the difference between th student of sociology and the non-sociology student's
understanding of society?
A. While the student of sociology understands society by scientifically studying it; the non-sociology
student uses hislher experience ofliving in society as the basis of knowledge for understanding social
phenomenon.
B. While both the student of sociology and the non-sociology student understand society by
scientifically studying it; they also use thei experience of living in society and reading about it as the
basis for their knowledge of the social phe omenon.
C. Since they are both students, the two of hem have comprehensive knowledge of society except that
the sociology student has more knowledge of the social phenomenon because he likes reading more
about society than the non-sociology stude t.
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. ~. A. Adiku & Or. S. Langmange 27
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48. Karl Marx divided socidy into two - the Substructure and Superstructure. What is
you'r understanding of the concept "substructure" as explained by Marx?
A, In Karl Marx's view, the substructure is the clash of contradictions and the creation of new,
more advanced structures out of these clashes or conflicts in society.
B. The economic institution is the most important among all the other institutions because
every society depends on the economic institution for survival. In Marx's view, the substructure
is the foundation upon which the superstructure which is made up of the remaining institutions
of society (i.e. family, education, religion, health, media etc.) rest.
C. The main focus ofthe Marxist theory has been class conflict or class struggle, between those
who own the means of production and those who do not. He explained the substructure as the
struggle over scarce resources between social classes in society, especially beNveen the
bourgeoisie (i.e. those who own the means of production) and proletariat - the workers who
offer their labour in exchange for a wage in order to survive. .
D. All history, Marx said, is composed of struggles between classes such as the Masters and
Slaves; Lords and Serfs; Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. He therefore referred to the substructure
as the relations of production that have existed since time immemorial.
49. An Economist studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and
services. The economist also examines how prices are determined or-what effects taxes
will have. Sociology studies human behaviour and social interactions in societY. What
then will be the focus of Sociology of Economics?
A. Sociology of economics focuses on how production, distribution and c<;>Dsumption of goods

and service affect human behaviour and social interactions of families in the society.
Additionally, Sociology of Economics will be interested in studying ho~ demand and supply
of goods and services leads to stability and/or social change of society.
B. Sociology of Economics assesses the relationship between the consumption and production
of goods and services in an environment of finite resources. A focus of the subject is
how economic agents behave or interact both individually (microeconomics) and in aggregate
(macroeconomics).
C. Sociology of Economics focuses on wants, efforts and satisfaction. In pther words, it deals
with decisions regarding the commodities and services to be produced in the economy, how to
produce them most economically and how to provide for the growth of the society.
D. Sociology of Economics focuses on the production, distribution, and cqnsumptionof goods

and. services. It studies how individuals, businesses,governments, and nations make choices
,ab9Jlt h2wjO al!ocate reso)ll'ces. It c;leals with decisions regarding the cOj11rtlOdities am!. services
to be produced in the economy, how to produce them most economicallyiand how to provide
for the growth ofthe s o c i e t y . '
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50. Which of the following best describes the attributes of culture?
II
A. Culture is an individual phenomenon, lthough it is the product of society. It develops in
the society through social interaction. Man can acquire it without associating with others. Man
is not man only among men. Culture is traJ smitted from one generation to the next. Culture is
not inherited biologically but it is learnt socially by man in a society. It is not an inborn
tendency but acquired by man from the as ociation with others.
B. Culture is not an individual phenomena", but it is the product of society. It develops in the
society through social interaction. No man pan acquire it without the association of others. Man
is man only among men. Culture is transm !ted from one generation to the next. Culture is not
inherited biologically but it is learnt socia y by man in a society. It is not an inborn tendency
but acquired by man ti om the association with others.
C. Culture is not an individual phenomenon, but it is the product of society. It develops in the
society through social interaction. No man Fan acquire it without the association of others. Man
is man only among men. Culture is transm !ted from one generation to the next. Culture can be
inherited biologically such as your skin co our and hair texture, but we learn how to manage it
socially in a society. It can be inborn but c, n also be acquired by man from the association with
others.
D. Culture is an individual phenomenon, but it is the product of society. It develops in the

society through social interaction. NQ man. an acquire it without the association of others. Man
is man only among men. Culture is trans nitted from one generation to the next. Culture is
inherited biologically and it is learnt socia ly by man in a society. It is not an inborn tendency
but acquired by man from the association "ith others.

happening. Since people do not challeng their social position, they do not upset the class
structure.
B. Prepares people to play variOUS ro society. However, conflict theorists view

socialisation critically, emphasising the w s in which it controls people and ensures that social
inequalities are reproduced from one g eration to the next. Conflict perspective views
socialisation as toppling the status quo, tha is, keep things the same. For example, children are
socialised to accept their family's social cl ss which helps destroy the current class system and
people learn to accept their social status be re they have enough self-awareness to realize what
is happening. Since people do not "hallen· e their social position, they do not upset the class
structure.
C. Prepares people to play various ro s In society. However, contlict theorists view

socialisation critically, emphasising the wa . s in which it controls people and ensures that social
inequalities are reproduced from one g eration to the next. Conflict perspective views
socialisation as maintaining the status quo. For example, children are socialised to accept their
family's social class which helps preserve e current class system and people leam to accept
their social status before they have enoug self-awareness to realise what is happening. Since
people do not challenge their social positi ,they do not upset the class structure.
D. Prepares people to recreate innumerabl roles in society. However, conflict theorists view
socialisation critically, emphasising the wa s in which it controls people and ensures that social
inequalities are reproduced from one g eration to the next. Contlict perspective views
socialisation as overturning the status quo. For example, children are socialised to accept their
family'S social class which helps preserve he current class system and people leam to accept
their social status before they have enoug self-awareness to realise what is happening. Since
people do not challenge their social positi ,they do not upset the class structure.
5. Wbieb ofComte's 3 stages or eombin ion of stages of social development best describe
Gbana today and wby?
A. Comte's Law of Three Stages propo ed that all societies go through three stages of
evolution. He also asserts that any new system in the evolution stage is built upon the
destruction of the old. Based on Comte's a sertion, I am convinced that no society can possess
features of more than one of the evolution stages. Ghana is therefore in the Positivist stage of
societal evolution since our explanation of ocial phenomena are based on empirical evidence.
B. Most people in Ghana seek causal exp anations of ills and misfortunes from pastors and
traditional priests. Ghanaians are religio and highly superstitious. However, they do not
explain or attribute everything that happe in society to the will of God, they seek scientific
explanations too. In this respect, the char teristic of the metaphysical stage of evolution, or
ways of thinking currently exist in Ghana.
Examiners: Dr. K. AkpabH-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. . A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 3
EXAMINATION: 2020/2021
OF SOC IOLOGY
SOCI 121 OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
A SHEET
STUDENT NUMBER: ...................... ......... SIGNATURE: ........................
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14. =A= =B= =C= =D= 39. =A= =B= =C= =D=
15. =A= =B= =C= =D= 40. =A= =B= =C= =0=
16. =A= =B= =C= =D= 41. =A= =B= =C= =D=
17. =A= =B= =C= =D= 42. =A= =B= =C= =D=
18. =A= =B= =C= =D= 43. =A= =B= =C= =D=
19. =A= =B= =C= =D= 44. =A= =8= =C= =D=
20. =A= =B= =C= =D= 45. =A= =B= =C= =0=
21. =A= =B= =C= =D= 46. =A= =B= =C= =D=
22. =A= =8= =C= =D= 47. =A= =8= =C= =0=
23. =A= =8= =C= =0= 48. =A= =8= =C= =0=
24. =A= =8= =C= =D= 49. =A= =8= =C= =D=
25. =A= =8= =C= =0= 50. =A= =8= =C= =D=
"
~
1
I
C. According to Comte, the third and final phase of societal transformation is the positivist
stage which began around the 19th century and which has continued to: the present' day. He
argued that the positive stage represents the scientific way of thinking and it is based on
empirical facts gathered by observation and experience and not on any belief or sup'erstition.
Since Comte argues that the positivist stage has continued to the present day, it can be said that
the dominant way of understanding the world in Ghana is through positivism.
D. To make sense' of the world, both religious and scientific world views co-exist in Ghana.
This is because although Ghanaians sometimes depend on other supernatural explanations to
understand social reality, they equally rely on the positivists' worldview to make meaning of
their society. In this respect, Ghanaians subscribe to both the theological and scientific
explanations of the world. '
6. The following are some of the reasons why it is important for researchers to review
,
literature dealing with the subject of interest of their study except:
i
A. Literature review involves the selection of available documents (both published and !
unpublished) on the topic which contains information, ideas, data and evidence written from a
particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or 'express certainyiews on the nature of the topic
and how it is to be investigated. This will help the researcher to know work already ,done on
i
the topic or problem selected te avoid duplication. I.
B. Literature review involves the selection of available documents (both published and
particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic I,
and how it is to be investigated. This will help the researcher to narrow down the problem and L
I
identify areas that are already known and learn what areas need to be researched.
!
i
C. Literature review involves the selection of available documents (both published and I
F
unpublished) on the topic which contains information, ideas, data and evidence written from a !
pmicular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic
and how it is to be investigated. This will help the researcher to duplicate other people's work
to contribute to knowledge on that topic.
D. Literature review involves the selection of available documents (~oth published and
particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic
and how it is to be investigated. This will increase the researcher'S knowledge on the research
area, in order to know whether fo extend or revise what has been done already.
7. 'Sociologists stress the study of society other than the individual, bot they are exposed
by the sociological perspective, symbolic interaction ism.' Educate the non-sociology
student who holds this view about the sociologists' study of society.
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr., G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 4
I
A. The use of symbolic interactionism s a sociological perspective In explaining social
behaviour does not reduce the study of soc .ety to the individual; rather, it tries to explain how
society has become possible through t e shared understanding and experiences of the
individual. The theory sees the individual s a social being who lives his life in a group. Group
life begins from the individual's experienc s and understandings. In order to understand social
life which is made up of shared experience and the understandings of the individuals, we need
to walk in the shoes of the individual to Enable us have insight into the subjective meanings
and experiences he/she attaches to things. - hese are the things we share and do as our everyday
activities.
B. The use of symbolic interaction ism s a sociological perspective In explaining social

behaviour does not reduce the study of soc iety to the individual; rather, it tries to explain how
society has become possible through the ~ared understanding and experiences of the group.
The theory sees the individual and the g oup as social entities. Group life begins from the
individual's experiences and understandinps. Tn order to understand social life which is made
up of shared experiences and the underst ",dings of the individuals,. we need to walk in the
shoes of the individual to enable us have i sight into the subjective meanings and experiences
he/she attaches to things. These are the thO gs we share and do as our everyday activities.
C. The use of symbolic interactionism ~s a sociological perspective in explaining social

behaviour does not reduce the study of so iety to the individual; rather, it tries to explain how
society has become possible through t e shared understanding and experiences of the
individual. The theory sees the group as social system. Group life does not begin from the
individual's experiences and understandin s. In order to understand social life which is made
up of shared experiences and the understa dings of the group, we need to walk in the shoes of
the individuals within the group to enabl us have insight into the subjective meanings and
experiences all attach to things. These are e things we share and do as our everyday activities.
8. Explain why our biological endow ncnts are not sufficient to produce a normal
personality in the absence of social inte action?
A. A normal human being is a product c .. both heredity and environmental factors. Human
beings need nurturing to develop fully. N ture and nature interact to produce behaviour. We
act on and modify the world in which we live and alter our own actions. This dynamic interplay
of socialisation processes involving the i dividual, the social and natural world in which we
live is the foundation of human intellige ce, knowledge and culture. For these reasons, our
biological endowments are not sufficient to produce a normal personality in the absence of
social interaction.
B. A normal human being is a product (" both heredity and environmental factors. Human
beings need nurturing to develop fully. Na ure and nature interact to produce human behaviour.
We act on and modify the world in whic we live, we in tum are shaped and transformed by
our own actions. This dynamic interplay of socialisation processes involving the individual,
the social and the natural environment in VI hich we live is the foundation of human intelligence,

knowledge and culture. For these reaso'ns, our biological endowments are not sufficient to
produce a normal personality in the absence of social interaction.
C. A normal human being is a product of both heredity and environmental factors. Human
beings need nurturing to develop fully. Nature and nature interact to produce behaviour. We
act on and stagnate the world in which we live and are transformed by our own actions. This
dynamic interplay of socialisation processes involving the individual and ~e social arid natural
world in which we'live is the foundation of human intelligence knowledge and culture. For
these reasons, our biological endowments are not sufficient to produce a normal personality in
the absence of social interaction.
D. A normal human being is a product of both heredity and environmental factors. Human
beings need nurturing to develop fully. Nature and nature intermingle to produce human
behaviour. We act on and modifY the world in which we live, we in tum are shaped and
transformed by our own actions. This dynamic interplay of socialisationi processes involving
the individual, the social and the natural environment in which we live is the resolution of
human intelligence, knowledge and culture. For these reasons, our biolog'ical endowments are
not sufficient to produce a normal personality in tHe absence of social interaction.
9. What is your understanding of Charles Darwin's notion of "natural selectio~ among

organisms"?
A. Darwin was convinced that no one should intervene in the evolution of organisms. He
thought that organisms develop from simple to more complex forms, therefore, an int~rvention
would lead to a distortion of the process. '
B. Darwin's ideas on the mechanism for natural selection of organisms can be likened to the
functionalists' view of a society made up of different parts functioning together for the
•j
I
maintenance ofthe whole, The strongest or the fittest parts of society performs better while the
weakest components slow doWn the system.
C. Darwin opined that because resources are limited, organisms with heritable traits that favour
survival and reproduction would tend to leave more offspring than their peers with weak traits.
This means that organisms with good biological qualities would survive and would help
improving their environment while those with weak traits would perish.
D. Darwin maintained that like any system, some of its parts may become dysfunctio~al along
the line. The mechanism 'of nat~al selection appli~s to the functional co~ponents that must
perform beyond 'optimal levels in orde'r to augment the shortfalls brought about by the
dysfunctional parts of the system.
10. Which of the following statements best defines culture?
~, ...........
A. Culture is that complex whole which inc udes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs
and any other capabilities and habits acqui ed by man as a member of a society.
B. Culture is that complex whole which inc udes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs
and any other capabilities and habits innat in man as a member of a society.
C. Culture is that simple and complex whc e which includes wisdom, knowledge, beliefs, art,
morals, laws, customs and any other capab lities and innate abilities that make us members of
our society.
D. Culture is that complex whole which inc udes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs
and any other capabilities we are born witt as members of a society.
11. Which of the following statements b st explains Functionalism?
A. It is a theoretical perspective built on he ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and

Emile Durkheim: its basic tenets rest on th assumption that society is an inorganic system as
compared to the human body; and that though the parts of the social system are relatively
independent, they constitute a network of nter-dependent relationships, functioning together
for the survival of the whole system.
B. It is a theoretical perspective built on ihe ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and
Emile Durkheim: it compares society to a I ving organism such as a plant or human body; as a
system, society is made up of laws, custon s, values, and mores which together constitute the
inter-dependent parts functioning in an int rrelated manner for the wellbeing and survival of
society.
C. It is a theoretical perspective built on he ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and

Emile Durkheim: its basic tenets rest on t e assumption that society is an organic system as
compared to the human body; and that t e parts of the social system are interrelated and
interdependent; the parts constitute a n twork of interdependent relationships, working
together for the survival of the entire syste n.
D. It is a theoretical perspective built on he ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and

Emile Durkheim: it compares society to ann-living organism as compared to the human body;
and that the parts of the social system are . nterrelated and interdependent; the parts constitute
a network of interdependent relationship, working together for the survival of the entire
system.
12. What are reflexive behaviours in soci lisation according to the symbolic interactionist
perspective?
Examiners: Or. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. . A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 7
A. Reflexive behaviours are actions through which people observe, interpret, evaluate,
communicate with and attempt to control themselves. Reflexive behaviour involves people
observing their own behaviour from the perspective of others. For example, ill many cases
when you feel yourself becoming angry, you probably reflect on how your expression of anger
will be interpreted by others and then use this reflection to guide your actual expression of
anger.
B. Reflexive behaviours are actions through which people reflect on th~ir past behaviour to
interpret, evaluate, communicate with and attempt to control themselves., Reflexive behaviour
involves people observing their own behaviour from the perspective ofothers. For example, in
many cases when you feel yourself becoming angry, you probably reflect on how your
expression of anger will be interpreted by others and then use this reflection to guide your
actual expression of anger.
C. Reflexive behaviour are actions through which people observe, interpret, evaluate, j'
communicate with and attempt to control themselves. Reflexive behaviour involves people r
ignoring their own behaviour from the perspective of others. For example; in many cases when
!·
~:,
you feel yourself becoming angry you probably reflect on how your expression of anger will II~
be interpreted by others and then use this reflection to' guide your actual expression of anger. ~
D. Reflexive behaviours are actions through which people will reflect on their future
behaviours to control themselves. Reflexive behaviour involves people observing their own
behaviour from the perspective of others. For example, in many cases when you feel yourself
becoming angry you probably reflect on how your expression of anger will be interpreted by
others and then use this reflection to guide your actual expression of ang~r.
13. Andrew, a 24-year-old post-graduate student with political ambitions is not in I

I·
support of the government's social intervention policies. He kicked against policies such [.
as free Seuior High School (SHS) education, scholarships for brilliant but ueedy students,
student loans, and even the distribution of food and basic supplies for vulnerable groups
in Ghana during the COVID-19 lockdown. He argues that people wh'o are poor are lazy
and not responsible. Therefore, they do not deserve any social intervention programmes
designed to cushion them from poverty. For Andrew, such people are poor by nature.
Which one of the Founding fathers of Sociology's ideas do you think Andrew is
espousing? What is the name of the idea?
A. Karl Marx's ideas on the class struggle between the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. Marx
postulates that the Bourgeoisie own the means of production and employ the Proletariat who
have nothing to offer except their labour for siuvival. Marx believes that those who provide
their labour for a wage are poor because they do not take any initiative, and this has been the
underlying conflict between the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
I
B. The functionalists' perspective, particularly that of Herbert Spencer. Spencer likened society I
to that of a human body and suggests that society just like a human body has various parts, I
with each part performing specific functio' s to meet the basic requirements of society. Hence,
a dysfunctional (irresponsible) part will int rrupt the entire system, and no outside intervention
can help solve the problem except all the p rts of the system agree on an internal resolution.
C. Charles Darwin's view of natural selfFtion among organisms, which suggests that if a
weaker organism is assisted, it interferes v ith the natural selection of producing stronger and
fitter offspring. Stronger offspring can urvive under any condition thus, they become
beneficial to their environment.
D. Spencer's idea on the survival of the fitt st. In Spencer's view, as generations pass, the most
capable and intelligent (fittest) members s rvive, while the less capable die. Spencer believed
in individual responsibility, competition an struggle. He advised that governments should not
interfere with the natural processes by init ating special social protection schemes targeted at
vulnerable groups in society, since this gro p of people are unfit to live.
14. Judging the culture of a society bas d on the norms and values of another is called
A. egocentrism
B. ethnocentrism
C. ethno-criticism
D. ethno-determinism
15. From the interactionists' point of vi w, the sociologist'S understanding of social life
must begin from
A. studying shared cultural meanings that (~erge from the individual's social interactions.
B. responding to things in the individual's ocial environment based on their meanings.
C. understanding what people say and do f bm their own point of view.
D. understanding what people say and do tipm the perspective of others.
16. Explain how formal socialisation oc. prs in schools.
A. It occurs in schools through application i subjects such as science, mathematics, and others.
But the role of schools as agencies of so ialisation goes far beyond teaching the standard
subjects. Praise and reprimand in schools a structured to teach and enforce school rules, thus
socialising children to adapt to impersom bureaucratic requirements. Emphasis on grades
teaches individualistic values of compefion and achievements. The gender and ethnic
composition of teaching staff teaches les !Jns about what kinds of people are regarded as
knowledgeable and competent to wield aut ority and may thus reinforce social inequalities.
Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr. : A. Adiku & Or. S. Langmange 9

Manuel Life Shared Soci121 Past Questions 2

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STUDENT NUMBER...................... . .. SIGNATURE. ........................... .

B.A. FIRST SEME:STRR

SOCI 121: PRINCiPLES OF "'IV""''''''' ORGANISATION (3 CREDITS)

B. He recognised that an of society requires an investigation into both the

D. He wanted to have an appreciation functional pre-requisites of the social institutions

2. How do subcultures and rmmten'lIllll1 differ from the dominant culture?

Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabll-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. langmange 1

D. It occurs in schools through instructions in subjects such as science, mathematics, and

18. How can the' study of Sociology be useful to the individual?

22. Sociologists have a responsibility ~ protect their study participants by following

C. Recording of respondents' voices must e done with their consent.

D. Respondents must be remunerated for pimicipating in the research.

23. Sociological imagination is the brain hild of

A. Christian Wright Mills

24. What role docs Sociology play in th development process'!

A. IV; VI; I; V; II; VII; III

A. Christianity and African Traditional Re gion

C. Sacred and Profane.

30. What role does the media play in th socialisation process?

Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, D G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 19

3. How will you best explain theoretical perspective to non-sociology students.

34. Which Sociologist stressed the importance of Sociologists adopting a "Value-Frce

35. A questionnaire is a data collection 001 that constitutse:

A. several questions on a particular theme problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. These

B. several questions on a particular them , problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. The

C. several questions on a particular them , problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. The

D. several questions on a particular them, problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. The

Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 21

A. 'Conflict caD be both 6'eneficiai"and non-beneticial to society. Functionally, it helps unite

A. A researcher discovers a new and effec tive vaccine.

D. A financial services worker devises a'pew type of hedge fund.

A. I, II, III & IV.

Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, [ r. G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 23

41. Auguste Comte is a French Sociologist credited by modern so:ciologists to be the

C. Ghana needed to establish a Departmer of Sociology at the University of Ghana because

43. In what way is Sociology similar to t e other social sciences?

44. Identify tbe attributes of Sociology responsible for its scientificity,

A. Sociology of economics focuses on how production, distribution and c<;>Dsumption of goods

D. Sociology of Economics focuses on the production, distribution, and cqnsumptionof goods

D. Culture is an individual phenomenon, but it is the product of society. It develops in the

Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 29

B. Prepares people to play variOUS ro society. However, conflict theorists view

C. Prepares people to play various ro s In society. However, contlict theorists view

2. =A= =B= =C= =D= 27. =A= =B= =C= =D=

3.=A= =B= =C= =D= 28. =A= =B= =C= =0=

4. =A= =8= =C= =D= 29. =A= =8= =C= =D=

5. =A= =8= =C= = D= 30. =A= =8= =C= =D=

6.=A= =8= =C= =D= 31. =A= =8= =C= =D=

7. =A= =8= =c= =D= 32. =A= = B= =C= =D=

8. =A= =8= =C= =D= 33. =A= = B= =C= = 0=

9. =A= =B= =C= =D= 34. =A= =8= =C= =D=

13. =A= =B= =C= =D= 38. =A= = B= =C= =D=

B. The use of symbolic interaction ism s a sociological perspective In explaining social

C. The use of symbolic interactionism ~s a sociological perspective in explaining social

Examiners: Dr. K. Akpabli-Honu, Dr. S. E. Gyan, Dr G. A. Adiku & Dr. S. Langmange 5

9. What is your understanding of Charles Darwin's notion of "natural selectio~ among

10. Which of the following statements best defines culture?

11. Which of the following statements b st explains Functionalism?

A. It is a theoretical perspective built on he ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and

C. It is a theoretical perspective built on he ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and

D. It is a theoretical perspective built on he ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and

13. Andrew, a 24-year-old post-graduate student with political ambitions is not in I

B. responding to things in the individual's ocial environment based on their meanings.