Test Bank for Psychology Concepts and Connections 9th

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Chapter 1 Part A--What Is Psychology?

Student:

1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of

A. behavior and mental processes.
B. diagnosis and treatment of behavioral disorders.
C. conscious and unconscious mental processes.
D. the mind.
2. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describes
A. behaviorism.
B. psychoanalysis.
C. psychology.
D. clinical psychology.
3. Eduardo DeLeon is engaged in scientific research involving the study of behavior and mental processes.
DeLeon is a
A. psychotherapist.
B. psychoanalyst.
C. psychiatrist.
D. psychologist.
4. When a psychologist tells a client to use mental imagery in an attempt to help the person cope with a
problem, she is attempting to reach which goal of psychology?
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control
5. A satisfactory theory of alcohol addiction should allow us to predict

1
 A. the types of individuals who are at risk for developing this problem.
B. what type of intervention is successful for recovery.
C. both a and b.
D. none of the above.
6. An educational psychologist who advises teachers on how to establish classroom discipline is applying
which of the following goals of psychology?
A. prediction
B. control
C. explanation
D. description
7. An unsatisfactory psychological theory of thirst would not
A. be able to predict when people will or will not drink.
B. be able to describe age-related drinking behavior.
C. both a and b.
D. none of the above.

2
8. A conception of apparent relationships among observed events defines
A. science.
B. theory.
C. prediction.
D. the school of psychology.
9. When a psychologist forms conclusions regarding a client's chance of recovery, he is attempting to reach
which goal of psychology?
A. description
B. explanation
C. prediction
D. control
10. Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?
A. The study of human behavior.
B. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
C. The study of why people behave in abnormal and unique ways.
D. The study of how the mind works.
11. Mary is crying in her teacher's office. Which goal of psychology does this represent?
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control
12. Braden's score on his SAT suggests he will do very well in an advanced English class. Which goal of
psychology does this example represent?
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control
13. Psychologists often help judges and juries decide whether a criminal in jail will commit another crime if
released. Which goal of psychology does that example represent?
A. explain
B. describe
C. predict
D. control
14. Dr. Jones is interested in determining the effects of marijuana on learning in a classroom setting. This
type of research is:
A. pure.
B. applied.
C. natural.
D. situational.

3
15. research has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has been characterized as
research for its own sake.
A. Pure
B. Applied
C. Conceptual
D. Observational
16. Research examining how the nervous system works conducted for no other reason than to determine
"how it works" would be considered research.
A. applied
B. pure
C. experimental
D. explanatory
17. Dr. Garces is interested in assessing the driving reaction times of the elderly for the purpose of driving
improvement classes. She is doing what type of research?
A. clinical
B. pure
C. applied
D. naturalistic
18. Psychologists seek to formulate principles of human behavior through research such as
A. studies of memory disorders.
B. surveys and experiments.
C. introspection.
D. insight.
19. Which of the following is not true of psychological theories?
A. Theories make assumptions about behavior.
B. Theories explain behavior and mental processes.
C. Predictions are derived from theories.
D. Theories are always discarded as new observations are made.
20. The clinical psychologist's aim in applying prediction and control principles to a client's behavior is to
A. decide the treatment.
B. help the client meet his or her goals in treatment.
C. allow the client a narrow range of options for his or her behavior.
D. use a database to formulate a treatment for the client.
21. Dr. Rossini is developing a training program to help a young woman with mental retardation to sort
clothes in the laundry of the residential facility in which she lives. Whenever she performs her job
according to the protocol, she receives a reward. If she does not stay on task, she receives no reward.
Applying the principles of learning theory to the direct modification of human conduct is referred to as
A. pure research.
B. basic research.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. the practice of psychology.

4
22. The results of research in the study of the perceptual development of infants and lower animals is
often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.
A. pure
B. basic
C. controlled
D. action
23. Applied research is research undertaken
A. with humans.
B. with lower animals.
C. for its own sake.
D. to find solutions to specific problems.
24. The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between
A. prediction and control.
B. practice and theory.
C. research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems.
D. application and explanation.
25. Research using computers to understand artificial intelligence is considered research.
A. pure
B. applied
C. longitudinal
D. none of the above
26. Dr. Langer is treating a college student for depression in his private practice. Most likely Dr. Langer is
a(n) psychologist.
A. counseling
B. school
C. educational
D. clinical
27. Jean, a divorced mother with two children, married Harry, a widower with a teenage daughter. From the
onset of her relationship with Harry, Jean had difficulty in relating to the daughter. Once married, the
family problems between stepmother and stepdaughter became exacerbated. Who might be consulted?
A. a developmental psychologist
B. an educational psychologist
C. a counseling psychologist
D. a psychiatric social worker
28. Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the job of a(n)
psychologist.
A. clinical
B. counseling
C. school
D. educational

5
29. School psychologists are employed by school districts to
A. develop achievement and aptitude tests.
B. identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with their learning.
C. assess the development of children in the school system.
D. develop instructional methods for teachers to employ.
30. Interpretation of a client's symptoms is to a clinical psychologist as the development of an achievement
test is to a(n) psychologist.
A. social
B. developmental
C. educational
D. personality
31. Dr. Kendall is interested in the effects of teacher style (warm and supportive versus formal and
objective) on the learning of mathematics by sixth graders. Most likely, Dr. Kendall is a(n)
psychologist.
A. educational
B. personality
C. school
D. experimental
32. psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the
individual through the life span.
A. Biocultural
B. Personality
C. Developmental
D. Social
33. The study of human traits and characteristics is of interest to psychologists.
A. clinical
B. personality
C. community
D. social
34. psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.
A. Community
B. Personality
C. Forensic
D. Social
35. A theory that divides human behavior into two basic traits, introversion and extraversion, was probably
formulated by a psychologist.
A. developmental
B. personality
C. behavioral
D. clinical

6
36. How the individual is affected by the group and the effects of the individual on the group are the
concerns of psychologists.
A. clinical
B. sociological
C. community
D. social
37. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to conduct pure research?
A. experimental
B. organizational
C. consumer
D. human factors
38. The design of the instrument layout of a new helicopter was carried out by industrial engineers in
consultation with psychologists.
A. consumer
B. experimental
C. industrial
D. human factors
39. Dr. Wang has just prescribed antidepressants for her patient. She must be a:
A. clinical psychologist.
B. social psychologist.
C. marital counselor.
D. psychiatrist.
40. The following psychologists have clients with adjustment problems but not serious psychological
disorders.
A. clinical psychologists
B. counseling psychologists
C. educational psychologists
D. developmental psychologists
41. Dr. Correia is working with schizophrenics in a hospital setting. What type of psychologist is Dr.
Correia?
A. clinical psychologist
B. counseling psychologist
C. educational psychologist
D. developmental psychologist
42. Which of the following is a difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
A. Seeing people who have psychological problems.
B. Working in a hospital.
C. Having an MD.
D. Doing research on psychological therapies.

7
43. A main difference between educational psychologists and school psychologists is that school
psychologists focus on:
A. course planning.
B. instructional methods.
C. motivation research.
D. problems that interfere with learning.
44. Educational psychologists are most interested in research concerning:
A. personal problems.
B. instructional methods.
C. unconscious behavior.
D. problems that interfere with learning.
45. Worker satisfaction issues would most likely be studied by psychologists.
A. clinical
B. industrial
C. educational
D. health
46. Industrial psychologists are more likely to be involved in research examining which of the following
topics?
A. Designing factory workspace for better worker efficiency.
B. The memory of rats in learning a maze.
C. The effects of growth hormones on infant chimps.
D. Juror selection in cases involving white collar crimes.
47. Dr. Bonds helps people develop better exercise routines, nutritional strategies, and relaxation techniques.
What type of psychologist is Dr. Bonds?
A. educational
B. social
C. organizational
D. health
48. Shopping behavior would be studied by a psychologist.
A. health
B. clinical
C. consumer
D. organizational
49. Dr. Ippolito is interested in child rearing techniques of single parent families. She is most likely a/an
psychologist.
A. developmental
B. counseling
C. social
D. health

8
50. Dr. James has just completed a study examining the effects of aggressive television programs on 3-, 4-,
and 5-year-old children. She is most likely a psychologist.
A. developmental
B. counseling
C. social
D. health
51. Dr. Patil studies the development of attitudes among college students. He is a psychologist.
A. developmental
B. counseling
C. social
D. health
52. After an advertising campaign with a catchy jingle failed to generate sales for a new shampoo, the
advertising director hired Faith Broadside to analyze the defective campaign and to propose an
alternative approach. Faith is most likely a(n) psychologist.
A. consumer
B. social
C. organizational
D. human factors
53. As much as she tried to lose weight, Pauline could not achieve her goal of 15% weight loss.
Accordingly, she made an appointment to consult with Dr. Richman, a psychologist.
A. clinical
B. counseling
C. human factors
D. health
54. Club NoFat, a fitness center, introduced a new program that linked diet to the exercise program and was
looking for someone to run the program. The club's director especially wanted to hire someone with a
background in stress management in the control of health problems. Most likely, she was looking for
a(n)
A. personal trainer.
B. sports psychologist.
C. health psychologist.
D. aerobics instructor.
55. The psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle, habits, and attitudes are related to heart
disease, cancer and diabetes.
A. clinical
B. health
C. counseling
D. forensic
56. Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent
a "near-death" experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the
researcher are using is called
A. insight.
B. self-revelation.
C. recovered memory.
D. introspection.

9
57. Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called
A. functionalism.
B. psychoanalysis.
C. behaviorism.
D. structuralism.
58. Under the school of structuralism, an analytic study of objective sensations and subjective feelings is
accomplished through the method called
A. conditioning.
B. psychoanalysis.
C. introspection.
D. insight.
59. The very first psychological laboratory was established by
A. Wilhelm Wundt.
B. William James.
C. Charles Darwin.
D. Gustav Fechner.
60. What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt's contribution from other contributions to psychology?
A. He wrote the first textbook of psychology.
B. He defined psychology as the science of behavior.
C. He established psychology as a laboratory science.
D. He studied insight in lower animals.
61. Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that
the best way to approach the study of psychology was to
A. break down conscious experience into basic elements.
B. focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior.
C. analyze the relation between sensory stimuli and behavior.
D. determine the functions of conscious experience.
62. Structuralism defined experience in terms of
A. behavioral tendencies and habits.
B. the continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes.
C. the functions of consciousness.
D. sensations, feelings, and mental images.
63. The early roots of psychology can be traced to the:
A. Greek philosophers.
B. Roman generals.
C. German scientists.
D. American medical doctors.
64. One of the first recorded books examining the mind was written by the early Greek philosopher:
A. Hippocrates.
B. Aristotle.
C. Oedipus.
D. Plato.

10
65. The main method used in the school of structuralism was:
A. introspection.
B. stream of consciousness.
C. observation.
D. perception.
66. The founder of the American school of psychology known as functionalism was:
A. Wilhelm Wundt.
B. E.B. Titchner.
C. John B. Watson.
D. William James.
67. He was known as the first psychologist and the founder of structuralism.
A. Wilhelm Wundt
B. William James
C. John Watson
D. Aristotle
68. Functionalism was established by
A. G. Stanley Hall.
B. Wilhelm Wundt.
C. John Watson.
D. William James.
69. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?
A. The mind is composed of discrete elements.
B. Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
C. The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.
D. Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.
70. The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness
as a continuous, not discrete, process is called
A. functionalism.
B. behaviorism.
C. structuralism.
D. psychoanalysis.
71. A functionalist would agree with which of the following statements?
A. Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.
B. Consciousness is a continuous process.
C. Both a and b.
D. None of the above.
72. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were
than those less fit.
A. more intelligent
B. better adapted to the environment
C. more conscious of their surroundings
D. better at problem solving

11
73. The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and
asked how mental processes and behavior
A. were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.
B. were part of the unconscious.
C. led the individual to self-knowledge.
D. assisted the organism to adapt to the environment.
74. One similarity between structuralism and functionalism was:
A. unconscious behavior.
B. they both focused on real world situations.
C. introspection.
D. observable behavior.
75. The main method used in the school of behaviorism was:
A. introspection.
B. stream of consciousness.
C. observation.
D. perception.
76. John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of
A. stream of consciousness.
B. unconscious mental processes.
C. measurable behavior.
D. sensation, feelings, and mental images.
77. John B. Watson established as a school of psychology.
A. behaviorism
B. functionalism
C. structuralism
D. psychoanalysis
78. John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all except
A. mental processes.
B. behavior.
C. consciousness.
D. feelings and thoughts.
79. Which of the following psychologists would have most in common with John B. Watson?
A. B.F. Skinner
B. Sigmund Freud
C. William James
D. Wilhelm Wundt
80. Watson is to behaviorism as Wundt is to .
A. introspection
B. structuralism
C. functionalism
D. psychoanalysis

12
81. "Wholes are more than the sums of their parts" was the view of which of the following schools of
psychology?
A. behaviorism
B. functionalism
C. structuralism
D. gestalt
82. Which of the following schools of psychology used perception as its chief method?
A. behaviorism
B. functionalism
C. structuralism
D. gestalt
83. The German word Gestalt translates roughly to:
A. introspection.
B. reinforcement.
C. organized whole.
D. behavior pattern.
84. Mr. B.F. Skinner made major contributions to
A. structuralism.
B. functionalism.
C. behaviorism.
D. Gestalt psychology.
85. Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the
response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner's perspective the treat would be
considered a
A. bribe.
B. stimulus.
C. reinforcer.
D. control.
86. Mr. B.F. Skinner studied learning in lower animals through the method of
A. reinforcement.
B. insight.
C. introspection.
D. trial and error.
87. The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the
integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed
A. psychoanalysis.
B. functionalism.
C. structuralism.
D. Gestalt psychology.
88. Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to
A. psychotherapy.
B. adaptation to the environment.
C. perception.
D. habit.

13
89. Freud is to Wundt as unconscious is to:
A. perception.
B. conscious.
C. subconscious.
D. insight.
90. Psychoanalysis is to unconscious processes as behaviorism is to
A. perception
B. learning.
C. sensation.
D. introspection.
91. For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of
A. trial and error.
B. insight and understanding.
C. rote practice and repetition.
D. habit and environmental adaptation.
92. Watson and Skinner had one objective in common--the
A. treatment of disorders.
B. acquisition of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement.
C. use of mental imagery.
D. discovery of unconscious conflicts.
93. While historians rank as the most significant figure in the history of psychology, popular culture
places at the top of its list of psychologists.
A. John Watson; William James
B. William James; Sigmund Freud
C. Wilhelm Wundt; William James
D. Wilhelm Wundt; Sigmund Freud
94. The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior
is
A. psychoanalysis.
B. humanism-existentialism.
C. functionalism.
D. Gestalt psychology.
95. Lisa, while contemplating her fourth failed relationship, came to the conclusion that maybe all men
aren't jerks, but that she was making poor decisions. Gestalt psychologists would call this:
A. insight.
B. introspection.
C. oversight.
D. perceptual congruity.
96. Which of the following schools of psychology focused on unconscious conflict and ideas that originated
in early childhood?
A. Gestalt
B. Behaviorism C.
Functionalism D.
Psychoanalysis

14
97. The founder of psychoanalysis was:
A. Wilhelm Wundt.
B. William James.
C. Sigmund Freud.
D. John B. Watson.
98. Roger has just undergone several months of discussing his childhood events with his therapist. He talked
about toilet training and other significant early events to help understand his conflicts in his present life.
Roger was involved in:
A. insight training.
B. introspection.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. humanistic counseling.
99. Which one of the following perspectives of psychology no longer exists today?
A. psychoanalysis
B. humanism
C. cognitive
D. functionalism
100.At the center of psychodynamic theory of human motivation is
A. insight.
B. the unconscious.
C. behavior.
D. introspection.
101.Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method of
A. scientific inquiry.
B. introspection.
C. self-knowledge.
D. psychotherapy.
102.Freud's technique of psychotherapy is called
A. reality therapy.
B. insight therapy.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. behavior therapy.
103.That people are motivated to satisfy unconscious urges and to avoid guilt feelings at the same time is an
assumption of
A. psychodynamic theory.
B. the humanistic-existential approach.
C. behaviorism.
D. Gestalt psychology.
104.Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology?
A. Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior.
B. Learning is the basis of behavior.
C. Humans are potentially good.
D. The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts.

15
Another random document with
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 ²⁵And they trespassed against the God of
their fathers, and went a whoring after the
gods of the peoples of the land, whom God
destroyed before them.
25. they trespassed] The Hebrew verb has a special reference to
unlawful or idolatrous worship and also to the violation of a
consecrated thing; compare Joshua xxii. 16, 20, 31.

²⁶And the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of

Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgath-
pilneser king of Assyria, and he carried them
away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites,
and the half tribe of Manasseh, and brought
them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to
the river of Gozan, unto this day.
26. stirred up the spirit] Compare 2 Chronicles xxi. 16, where see
note; xxxvi. 22.

Pul ... and ... Tilgath-pilneser] Both here and in 2 Kings xv. 19, 29
(Pul ... Tiglath-pileser) the two names are used as though two
different persons were meant, but there is no doubt that Pul is the
earlier and Tiglath-pileser the royal name of the same king; compare
verse 6.

unto Halah, etc.] In 2 Kings xv. 29 it is said only, to Assyria; in 2

Kings xvii. 6 it is said that the Western tribes (“Samaria”) were
carried away and placed in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan
and in the cities of the Medes.

Halah] probably a district of Mesopotamia, but it has not yet been

convincingly identified.
 Habor] a river flowing into the Euphrates from the east, known to
the Greeks as Χαβώρας or Ἀβόρρας.

and Hara] No place of this name is known and the word is

omitted in LXX. The reading may be corrupt for and in the cities of
the Medes (2 Kings xvii. 6, compare LXX.; xviii. 11).

the river of Gozan] Gozan was a district of Mesopotamia.

 Chapter VI.
1‒81 (= v. 27‒vi. 66 according to the Hebrew division).
Genealogies and Settlements of Levi.

1‒15.
The Sons of Levi, and the High-Priests to the Captivity.

The identity of interests and standpoint between the Chronicler

and the Levitical order has been noted in the Introduction § 6 ad fin.
It follows that the contents of the present chapter were to him of
primary importance, and doubtless these lists represent not his own
view only but the developed and accepted opinion of the Levitical
and priestly classes as a whole, who believed that their institution,
duties, and privileges generally were of Mosaic origin, whilst to David
they ascribed the particular arrangements in connection with the
Temple and especially the development of the choral services. The
attempt to express their faith in concrete genealogical form was
inevitable and indeed commendable. But the actual facts regarding
the growth of the Levitical system (see the Additional Note at the end
of this chapter, pp. 51 f.) were so very different from this theory that
the artificiality of the lists is apparent to modern analysis, despite the
zeal and ingenuity with which they have been compiled. Some points
which indicate the unhistorical nature of the genealogies, together
with questions raised by the internal structure of the chapter, will be
indicated in the head-notes to the several sections. It must not be
thought that such inconsistencies were equally (if at all) present to
the mind of the Chronicler. For him the actual existence of the
pedigree uniting the priests and Levites of his day with Aaron and
finally with Levi was an axiom of thought; the one problem was to
trace it out: and he was not restrained in his search by the spirit of
scientific caution which is second nature to us. Thus in the ancestry
of the singers (verses 34‒47), where the lack of information to
supply the necessary links in the genealogy was acutely felt, Curtis
(p. 135) points out that current genealogical matter seems to have
been naïvely pressed into this particular service on the ground of the
identity of even a single name! Great allowance must be made for
the Chronicler and his contemporaries. Even if part of the lists was
consciously fabricated, that proves no more than that he was a man
of his age and under the dominance of a theory. As Torrey remarks
(Ezra Studies, p. 65), “he was not writing history for us but for the
good of his people.” There is no case for a charge of religious
insincerity. Rather the opposite is true, and his failings as a historian
constantly reveal the measure of his faith as a religious man. He was
so profoundly sure of the truth of the doctrine that its
presuppositions, if not discoverable in historical records, might (he
felt) legitimately be conjectured. For further information showing how
natural and how free was the manipulation of genealogies in ancient
times reference may be made to the Encyclopedia Britannica¹¹, s.v.
Genealogy, or to MᶜLennan, Studies in Ancient History (2nd series,
1896), chapter ix.

1‒15. In the finished system of the Jewish hierarchy, the Levitical

order is found to be in three main divisions, “families,” who in the
prevailing fashion, believed themselves to be descended from the
sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. In verses 1‒3 this view is
expressed, and the connection is traced from Levi to Aaron, the first
of the traditional line of high-priests, which in verses 4‒15 is given
through Zadok down to the time of the Captivity. (1) The intention of
the list in verses 4‒15 is clear. It is given to declare the legitimacy of
Jehozadak the high-priest who went into exile at the fall of Jerusalem
and was accounted the father of Jeshua the high-priest of the Return
(see Ezra iii. 2, etc.; Nehemiah xii. 26; Haggai i. 1; Zechariah vi. 11).
Thus upon Jehozadak’s legitimacy depended the legitimacy of the
post-exilic priesthood of Jerusalem. (2) The mechanical nature of the
list is very evident when it is considered chronologically. Allowing the
standard 40 years for each of the twenty-three priests in the list we
get 40 × 12 + 40 × 11 = 920 years. This is in agreement with the
unhistorical but beautifully regular chronology of the Priestly
conception of the history, which allowed 480 years from the Exodus
(Aaron) to Solomon’s Temple, and again 480 years to the foundation
of the second Temple (Jeshua)—the Captivity (Jehozadak) being
reckoned as taking place in the eleventh generation of the second
period. (3) The list presents some noteworthy features. The line of
high-priests from Eli to Abiathar is ignored, but this is natural, since
the ascendancy of the Zadokite line was ascribed to the Divine anger
against the house of Eli (1 Samuel iii. 12‒14; 1 Kings ii. 27). It is
curious, however, that this list of the high-priests omits Jehoiada
(mentioned in 2 Kings xi. 9; 2 Chronicles xxii. 11) and Urijah (2 Kings
xvi. 11 ff.) and an Azariah in the reign of Uzziah (2 Chronicles xxvi.
20) who should come between Amariah of Jehoshaphat’s reign and
Hilkiah in the time of Josiah. (4) Finally note that the list of high-
priests as far as the reign of David is repeated in verses 50‒53. It is
a very difficult problem to determine the relation between the two
lists (see the head-note to verse 50).

¹The sons of Levi; Gershon ¹, Kohath, and

Merari.
¹ In verse 16, Gershom.

1. The sons of Levi] So Genesis xlvi. 11; Exodus vi. 16; Numbers
iii. 17, xxvi. 57—all from P.

²And the sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, and

Hebron, and Uzziel.
2. the sons of Kohath] So Exodus vi. 18; Numbers iii. 19.

³And the children of Amram; Aaron, and

Moses, and Miriam. And the sons of Aaron;
Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar.
3. Aaron, and Moses] The same order in Exodus vi. 20. Aaron
was the elder (Exodus vii. 7).
 And the sons of Aaron] So Exodus vi. 23. Nadab and Abihu
perished childless; Leviticus x. 1 ff.

⁴Eleazar begat Phinehas, Phinehas begat

Abishua; ⁵and Abishua begat Bukki, and Bukki
begat Uzzi; ⁶and Uzzi begat Zerahiah, and
Zerahiah begat Meraioth; ⁷Meraioth begat
Amariah, and Amariah begat Ahitub;
4. Phinehas] Numbers xxv. 7 ff., xxxi. 6; Joshua xxii. 13 ff.

⁸and Ahitub begat Zadok, and Zadok begat

Ahimaaz;
8. Ahitub begat Zadok] So also xviii. 16, but wrongly. The
assertion that Ahitub was father of Zadok was derived by the
Chronicler from 2 Samuel viii. 17, but the text of that passage has
undoubtedly been altered (see Commentaries ad loc.) and it read
originally “and Zadok, and Abiathar the son of Ahimelech the son of
Ahitub.” Actually there were two leading priestly families in David’s
day represented respectively by Zadok and Abiathar. Of these
Solomon deposed Abiathar (thus fulfilling the curse which was laid
on the house of Eli, from whom Abiathar was descended—see 1
Kings ii. 27), and thereafter the line of Zadok became the sole
representatives of the supreme priestly office. See also the note on
xv. 11.

Ahimaaz] 2 Samuel xv. 27, xvii. 17‒21, xviii. 19 ff.

⁹and Ahimaaz begat Azariah, and Azariah

begat Johanan; ¹⁰and Johanan begat Azariah,
(he it is that executed the priest’s office in the
house that Solomon built in Jerusalem:)
 9. Azariah] This Azariah rather than the Azariah of verse 10
would have been contemporary with Solomon, and therefore the
notice attached to the name Azariah in verse 10 (he it is that
executed the priest’s office in the house that Solomon built in
Jerusalem) belongs to verse 9. Compare 1 Kings iv. 2.

¹¹and Azariah begat Amariah, and Amariah

begat Ahitub; ¹²and Ahitub begat Zadok, and
Zadok begat Shallum ¹;
¹ In chapter ix. 11, Meshullam.

11. Amariah] apparently the contemporary of Jehoshaphat

mentioned in 2 Chronicles xix. 11.

¹³and Shallum begat Hilkiah, and Hilkiah begat

Azariah;
13. Hilkiah] The high-priest in Josiah’s reign; 2 Kings xxii. 8; 2
Chronicles xxxiv. 14.

¹⁴and Azariah begat Seraiah, and Seraiah

begat Jehozadak; ¹⁵and Jehozadak went into
captivity, when the Lord carried away Judah
and Jerusalem by the hand of
Nebuchadnezzar.
14. Seraiah] slain soon after the capture of Jerusalem in 586 b.c.;
2 Kings xxv. 18‒21; Jeremiah lii. 24‒27.

Jehozadak] Jozadak in Ezra iii. 2, v. 2. His son Jeshua was the

first high-priest after the exile; Haggai i. 1, etc.
 16‒30 (= vi. 1‒15 according to the Hebrew division).
The three Sons of Levi and their clans.

16‒19.
The Sons of Levi.

¹⁶The sons of Levi; Gershom ¹, Kohath, and

Merari.
¹ In verse 1, Gershon.

16. Gershom] elsewhere Gershon. Gershom was the name of

Moses’ son; Exodus ii. 22.

¹⁷And these be the names of the sons of

Gershom; Libni and Shimei.
17. Libni and Shimei] Exodus vi. 17; Libni is called Ladan in xxiii.
7, xxvi. 21, and is to be connected with the Judean town Libnah.

¹⁸And the sons of Kohath were Amram, and

Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel.
18. Amram] through whom the line of high-priests is traced
above, verse 2 ff.

¹⁹The sons of Merari; Mahli and Mushi. And

these are the families of the Levites according
to their fathers’ houses.
19. Mahli and Mushi] xxiii. 21, xxiv. 26; Exodus vi. 19. Mushi is
probably a derivative of Moses. For discussion of this point and of
other evidence (compare verses 16, 17) indicating a relationship
between the Levites and clans from south Judah, see Encyclopedia
Britannica¹¹, s.v. Levites, vol. xvi. p. 513.
 20, 21.
A Pedigree from Gershom.

²⁰Of Gershom; Libni his son, Jahath his son,

Zimmah his son; ²¹Joah ¹ his son, Iddo ² his son,
Zerah his son, Jeatherai ³ his son.
¹ In verse 42, Ethan. ² In verse 41, Adaiah.

³ In verse 41, Ethni.

20, 21. See notes on verses 39‒43.

22‒28.
The Sons of Kohath to Samuel.

22‒28. See notes on verses 33‒38.

²²The sons of Kohath; Amminadab ¹ his son,

Korah his son, Assir his son;
¹ In verse 2, 18, 38, Izhar.

22. Amminadab] In Exodus vi. 23, the father-in-law of Aaron.

Perhaps an error here for Izhar (LXX.ᴬ), through whom the line is
traced in verse 38, as in Numbers xvi. 1.

²³Elkanah his son, and Ebiasaph his son, and

Assir his son;
23. Assir his son; Elkanah] perhaps redundant here, or omitted in
verse 37, where Ebiasaph is the son of Korah.
 ²⁴Tahath his son, Uriel ¹ his son, Uzziah his
son, and Shaul his son. ²⁵And the sons of
Elkanah; Amasai, and Ahimoth.
¹ In verse 36, Zephaniah, Azariah, Joel.

24. Shaul] apparently corresponds with Joel, verse 36. The

difference in Hebrew is slight, and might easily arise in transcription.
Shaul is to be taken as father of Elkanah (compare verse 36),
although the connection is strangely omitted.

²⁶As for Elkanah: the sons of Elkanah; Zophai ¹

his son, and Nahath ² his son;
¹ In verse 35, Zuph. ² In verse 34, Toah.

26. As for Elkanah: the sons of Elkanah; Zophai his son] Read
simply, following LXX., Elkanah his son; Zophai his son.

Zophai] From Zophai to Samuel’s sons the list can be compared

not only with verses 33‒35 but with 1 Samuel i. 1 and with viii. 2.
Such differences as appear in corresponding names are doubtless
due to transcriptional errors.

²⁷Eliab ¹ his son, Jeroham his son, Elkanah his

son.
¹ In verse 34, Eliel.

27. Elkanah his son] add probably, Samuel his son.

²⁸And the sons of Samuel; the firstborn Joel ¹,

and the second Abijah.
 ¹ So the Syriac. See verse 33, and 1 Samuel viii. 2. The
Hebrew text has, Vashni, and Abiah.

28. the firstborn Joel, and the second Abijah] See the marginal
note above. In the Hebrew text the name Joel has been accidentally
omitted, and Vashni is merely a corruption of the Hebrew for and the
second: an interesting example of error in textual transmission.

29, 30.
Sons of Merari.

²⁹The sons of Merari; Mahli, Libni his son,

Shimei his son, Uzzah his son; ³⁰Shimea his
son, Haggiah his son, Asaiah his son.
29, 30. See notes on verses 44‒47.

29. Libni and Shimei are given above (verse 17) as sons of
Gershom.

31‒47 (= 16‒32 in the Hebrew division).

The Singers appointed by David, and their ancestry.

31‒47. The three singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan (= Jeduthun

elsewhere except xv. 17 ff.) were the reputed founders of the three
choral guilds of the post-exilic period. That these guilds were very
gradually formed and in the form known to the Chronicler were a late
post-exilic development is certain, but the precise stages of their
growth are obscure, see Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible IV. 36 end‒
37. Possibly the singers for a considerable time were not necessarily
Levites, but eventually they all claimed Levitical origin, and the
pedigrees here given are the supposed justification of the claim. As
the elaborated system of the Temple service (xxiii. ff.) was thought to
have been instituted by David, the genealogies of the three singers
are so arranged as to make them contemporaries of David.
Comparing these verses with verses 4‒15, it is evident that the
genealogy from Korah has been used for constructing the pedigree
of Heman (33‒38), that of Gershom (20‒22) for Asaph (39‒43), and
to a less extent that of Merari (29, 30) for Ethan (44‒47). But in the
line of Gershom and in that of Merari further names were required,
five in the former and eight in the latter case, in order to make the
genealogies sufficiently long to reach down to the time of David and
thus make Asaph and Ethan his contemporaries. When these further
names are examined they are found to be of a definitely post-exilic
character; and it is evident that the Chronicler or whoever
constructed the pedigrees utilised recent genealogies of the singers,
which for some reason seemed to him suitable. The identity of a
single name in the two lists was apparently deemed sufficient cause
for making the connection (see note on verses 44‒47).

³¹And these are they whom David set over

the service of song in the house of the Lord,
after that the ark had rest.
31. the ark had rest] i.e. was brought into the city of David for a
permanent resting-place, compare Psalms cxxxii. 8, 14.

³²And they ministered with song before the

tabernacle of the tent of meeting, until
Solomon had built the house of the Lord in
Jerusalem: and they waited ¹ on their office
according to their order.
¹ Hebrew stood.

32. they waited ... order] a phrase characteristic of the Chronicler.

For waited render rather, as margin, stood (compare Psalms cxxxv.
2): i.e. Heman the leader stood in the central position, Asaph on his
right hand (verse 39) and Ethan on his left (verse 44).
 33‒38.
The descent of Heman, David’s singer, through Kohath from
Levi.

³³And these are they that waited ¹, and their

sons. Of the sons of the Kohathites: Heman
the singer, the son of Joel, the son of Samuel;
³⁴the son of Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the
son of Eliel, the son of Toah ²; ³⁵the son of
Zuph ³, the son of Elkanah, the son of Mahath,
the son of Amasai; ³⁶the son of Elkanah, the
son of Joel ⁴, the son of Azariah, the son of
Zephaniah;
¹ Hebrew stood. ² In verse 26, Nahath.

³ In verse 26, Zophai.

⁴ In verse 24, Shaul, Uzziah, Uriel.

33. Heman] the guild of Heman, as the present pedigree

indicates, is reckoned (with what measure of historical ground is
uncertain) to be of Levitical descent and of the Kohathite family: see
also Korah below, verse 37.

³⁷the son of Tahath, the son of Assir, the son

of Ebiasaph, the son of Korah;
37. Korah] the sons of Korah figure in the titles of various Psalms
(e.g. Psalms 44‒49, 84, 85) and probably represent an earlier stage
in the development of choral worship of the Temple. With this
Korahite guild the guild of Heman evidently was associated, though
whether by a process of development or of amalgamation it is
impossible to say. It is noteworthy that other references to Korah
(compare Genesis xxxvi. 5; 1 Chronicles ii. 43) indicate that the clan
was originally of Edomite (Calebite) blood.

³⁸the son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son

of Levi, the son of Israel.
38. Izhar] see note on Amminadab, verse 22.

39‒43.
The descent of Asaph, David’s singer, through Gershom from
Levi.

³⁹And his brother Asaph, who stood on his

right hand, even Asaph the son of Berechiah,
the son of Shimea; ⁴⁰the son of Michael, the
son of Baaseiah, the son of Malchijah;
39, 40. Berechiah ... Shimea ... Michael ... Baaseiah ... Malchijah]
these are the five additional names inserted to lengthen the pedigree
and so make Asaph contemporary with David (see head-note
above).

40. Baaseiah] Read, as LXX., Maaseiah.

⁴¹the son of Ethni, the son of Zerah, the son of

Adaiah; ⁴²the son of Ethan, the son of
Zimmah, the son of Shimei; ⁴³the son of
Jahath, the son of Gershom, the son of Levi.
41. Ethni] = Jeatherai, verse 21. Here, and in the following
names, the divergences from the corresponding names in verses 20,
21 are not nearly so great in Hebrew and can be easily accounted
for. The correspondence fails in the case of the son and father of
Jahath (compare verse 20 with 43). This however may be due simply
to the omission of the names in question, Shimei in 20, Libni in 43;
and other explanations could be given.

44‒47.
The descent of Ethan, David’s singer, through Merari from
Levi.

⁴⁴And on the left hand their brethren the sons

of Merari: Ethan ¹ the son of Kishi ², the son of
Abdi, the son of Malluch; ⁴⁵the son of
Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of
Hilkiah; ⁴⁶the son of Amzi, the son of Bani, the
son of Shemer;
¹ In chapter ix. 16, Jeduthun.

² In chapter xv. 17, Kushaiah.

44‒47. Only the first three names of the table of Merari in verse
29 are used by the compiler of Ethan’s pedigree. In place of the last
four names he utilised a late list of nine names, the point of
connection being found in the first, Shemer (verse 46), which was
identified with the Shimei of verse 29.

Ethan] = Jeduthun: see note on xvi. 41.

⁴⁷the son of Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of

Merari, the son of Levi.
47. Mahli, the son of Mushi] According to xxiii. 23, xxiv. 30, Mushi
had a son Mahli, named after Mahli, his brother (verse 19); and the
natural conclusion is that the names in these verses (44‒47) are the
line of descent from Merari through Mushi, as those in verses 29, 30
are through Mahli. Against this simple explanation is the late
character of several names from Kishi to Bani (44‒46), and therefore
the more complex statement made in the previous note may be
correct.

48, 49 (= 33, 34 according to the Hebrew division).

The distinction between Levites and Aaronites.

⁴⁸And their brethren the Levites were

appointed ¹ for all the service of the tabernacle
of the house of God.
¹ Hebrew given. See Numbers iii. 9.

48. their brethren the Levites] i.e. other Levites, who were neither
singers nor priests.

appointed] Hebrew, as margin, given, in allusion to Numbers iii.

9, xviii. 6.

⁴⁹But Aaron and his sons offered ¹ upon the

altar of burnt offering, and upon the altar of
incense, for all the work of the most holy
place, and to make atonement for Israel,
according to all that Moses the servant of God
had commanded.
¹ Or, burnt incense.

49. Aaron and his sons] i.e. the priests as opposed to the Levites,
in accordance with the distinction characteristic of the later
legislation. See the Additional Note, pp. 51, 52.

the altar of burnt offering] Exodus xxvii. 1‒8.

 the altar of incense] Exodus xxx. 1‒10.

to make atonement] compare Leviticus iv. 31, xvi.; 2 Chronicles

xxix. 24.

50‒53 (= 35‒38 according to the Hebrew division).

The Line of Aaron to Ahimaaz.

⁵⁰And these are the sons of Aaron; Eleazar his

son, Phinehas his son, Abishua his son;
⁵¹Bukki his son, Uzzi his son, Zerahiah his
son; ⁵²Meraioth his son, Amariah his son,
Ahitub his son; ⁵³Zadok his son, Ahimaaz his
son.
This is a fragment, slightly changed in wording, of the genealogy
given in verses 4‒14. It goes as far as the reign of David. Some
writers maintain that verses 4‒14 are an interpolation in the text of
Chronicles, and that the present passage is the primary list of high-
priests. But the arguments in favour of that view seem to the present
writer outweighed by the two considerations adduced by Curtis,
Chronicles, p. 127: (1) “that a list of high-priests thus inserted
between verse 49 (the duties of all the sons of Aaron) and verses 54
ff. (the cities of all the Aaronidae), seems out of place,” as it breaks
the thread of the Chronicler’s arrangement of the material; and
(2) that its insertion might well be due to a scribe who “expected a
list of the sons of Aaron after the verse describing their duties—just
as the list of Levites precedes the verse detailing their duties.”

54‒81 (= 39‒66 according to the Hebrew division).

The forty-eight Levitic cities.

This section has been adopted with some rearrangement from

the parallel passage in Joshua. In Joshua the number of cities taken
from each group of tribes and given to its respective division of the
Levites is first stated, no city being named; and next the names of
the cities are given under each division of the Levites and under the
name of the tribe from which the cities were taken. In Chronicles the
cities given to the Aaronites are first mentioned by name and
reckoned to be thirteen in number (verses 55‒60); next the cities
given to each remaining division of the Levites are reckoned shortly
by number only (verses 61‒63); lastly, these cities are separately
reckoned at length by name only (verses 66‒81). This
rearrangement is not happy; perhaps the Chronicler originally
intended to give the Aaronite cities only by name as well as number,
and so verses 66‒81 (containing the names of the non-Aaronite
cities) may be a supplement to the original text. Notice that no
names of cities taken from Simeon are given; but this apparently
arises through the Chronicler’s rearrangement of the parallel
passage in Joshua; for verse 65, which here follows the list of
Aaronite cities, mentions Simeon, and in the original context (Joshua
xxi. 9) it precedes the list.

(Critical Note on 54‒81.)

The text of the passage has suffered in transcription. In verses

55‒60 eleven names are given, but thirteen are reckoned (verse 60),
the explanation being that the names Juttah and Gibeon (Joshua xxi.
16, 17) have fallen out. In verse 61, after or before Manasseh, the
names of Ephraim and Dan have fallen out (compare verse 66 and
Joshua xxi. 5); Manasseh contributed only two out of the ten cities.
Before verse 69 we must restore from Joshua xxi. 23 the words, And
out of the tribe of Dan, Eltekeh with her suburbs, Gibbethon with her
suburbs. In verse 77 or immediately before verse 78 two names of
cities of Zebulun have fallen out; compare verse 63 (“twelve cities”)
with verses 77‒81 (ten cities only are named).

54‒60 (= Joshua xxi. 10‒19).

The [thirteen] cities of the Aaronites.

⁵⁴Now these are their dwelling places

according to their encampments in their
 borders: to the sons of Aaron, of the families
of the Kohathites, for theirs was the first lot,
54. Now these ... borders] the words are supplied by the
Chronicler. Owing to his rearrangement of the material, the original
introduction (i.e. Joshua xxi. 9) appears in this chapter as verse 65
(where see note).

encampments] Properly, the circular encampments of a nomadic

tribe; here used more freely = habitations.

⁵⁵to them they gave Hebron in the land of

Judah, and the suburbs thereof round about it;
55. suburbs] compare xiii. 2, note.

⁵⁶but the fields of the city, and the villages

thereof, they gave to Caleb the son of
Jephunneh.
56. to Caleb] Joshua xxi. 12; Judges i. 20.

⁵⁷And to the sons of Aaron they gave the cities

of refuge, Hebron; Libnah also with her
suburbs, and Jattir, and Eshtemoa with her
suburbs;
57. the cities of refuge, Hebron] Read, the city of refuge,
Hebron (compare Joshua xxi. 13), Hebron being the only city of
refuge here mentioned (Joshua xx. 7).

Libnah] in the south-west of Judah, Joshua x. 29; 2 Kings viii. 22,

xix. 8.
 Eshtemoa] the modern es-Semu‘a, south of Hebron. Compare iv.
17.

⁵⁸and Hilen ¹ with her suburbs, Debir with her

suburbs;
¹ In Joshua xxi. 15, Holon.

58. Hilen] In Joshua xxi. 15, Holon.

Debir] identified with modern Dāharījeh, south-west of Hebron. It

is called Kiriath-sepher (Judges i. 11) and Kiriath-sannah (Joshua xv.
49).

⁵⁹and Ashan ¹ with her suburbs, and Beth-

shemesh with her suburbs:
¹ In Joshua xxi. 16, Ain.

59. Ashan with her suburbs] Joshua xxi. 16 has Ain for Ashan,
and adds, and Juttah with her suburbs. Compare the Critical Note
above.

Beth-shemesh] Joshua xv. 10; 1 Samuel vi. 9; 2 Kings xiv. 11, 13

(= 2 Chronicles xxv. 21, 23). A town in the north-west of Judah, now
‘Ain Shems, situated at the point at which the hill-country of Judah
begins, as one goes by the railway from Jaffa to Jerusalem
(Bädeker, Palestine⁵, p. 14).

⁶⁰and out of the tribe of Benjamin; Geba with

her suburbs, and Allemeth ³ with her suburbs,
and Anathoth with her suburbs. All their cities
throughout their families were thirteen cities.