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Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 8th Edition Cengel

Solutions Manual
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Solutions Manual for

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
8th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2015

Chapter 5
MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF
CONTROL VOLUMES

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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 5-2
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 5-3
Conservation of Mass

5-1C Flow through a control volume is steady when it involves no changes with time at any specified position.

5-2C Mass flow rate is the amount of mass flowing through a cross-section per unit time whereas the volume flow rate is the
amount of volume flowing through a cross-section per unit time.

5-3C The amount of mass or energy entering a control volume does not have to be equal to the amount of mass or energy
leaving during an unsteady-flow process.

5-4C No, a flow with the same volume flow rate at the inlet and the exit is not necessarily steady (unless the density is
constant). To be steady, the mass flow rate through the device must remain constant.

5-5 The ventilating fan of the bathroom of a building runs continuously. The mass of air “vented out” per day is to be
determined.
Assumptions Flow through the fan is steady.
Properties The density of air in the building is given to be 1.20 kg/m3.
Analysis The mass flow rate of air vented out is

m air = V air = (1.20 kg/m3 )(0.030 m 3 /s) = 0.036 kg/s

Then the mass of air vented out in 24 h becomes

m=m air t = (0.036 kg/s)(24 3600 s) = 3110 kg

Discussion Note that more than 3 tons of air is vented out by a bathroom fan in one day.

5-6E The ducts of an air-conditioning system pass through an open area. The inlet velocity and the mass flow rate of air are
to be determined.
Assumptions Flow through the air conditioning duct is steady.
AIR
Properties The density of air is given to be 0.078 lbm/ft3 at the inlet. 450 ft3/min D = 10 in
Analysis The inlet velocity of air and the mass flow rate through the duct are

V1 V1 450 ft 3 /min
V1 = = = = 825 ft/min = 13.8 ft/s
A1  D2 / 4  (10/12 ft )2 / 4

m = 1V 1 = (0.078 lbm/ft 3 )(450 ft 3 / min) = 35.1 lbm/min = 0.585 lbm/s

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 5-4
5-7 Air flows through a pipe. Heat is supplied to the air. The volume flow rates of air at the inlet and exit, the velocity at the
exit, and the mass flow rate are to be determined.
Q
Air
200 kPa 180 kPa
20C 40C
5 m/s

Properties The gas constant for air is 0.287 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) (b) The volume flow rate at the inlet and the mass flow rate are

D 2 (0.28 m) 2
V =A = V = (5 m/s) = 0.3079m 3 /s
V
1 c 1 1
4 4
2 2
P1 D (200 kPa) (0.28 m)
m = A = V = (5 m/s) = 0.7318kg/s
V
1 c 1 1
RT1 4 (0.287 kJ/kg.K)(20 + 273 K) 4

(c) Noting that mass flow rate is constant, the volume flow rate and the velocity at the exit of the pipe are determined from
m m 0.7318 kg/s
V 2 = = = = 0.3654m3 /s
2 P2 (180 kPa)
RT2 (0.287 kJ/kg.K)(40 + 273 K)
3
V 0.3654 m / s
V2 = 2
= = 5.94 m/s
Ac  (0.28 m)2
4

5-8E Helium at a specified state is compressed to another specified state. The mass flow rate and the inlet area are to be
determined.
Assumptions Flow through the compressor is steady. 200 psia
600°F
Properties The gas cosntant of helium is R = 2.6809 psiaft3/lbmR (Table A-1E) 0.01 ft2
Analysis The mass flow rate is determined from
Compressor
AV AV P (0.01 ft 2 )(100 ft/s)(200 psia)
m = 2 2 = 2 2 2
= =
0.07038lbm/s
v2 RT2 (2.6809 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R)(1060 R)
15 psia
The inlet area is determined from 70°F
50 ft/s
3

m v 1 m RT1 (0.07038 lbm/s)(2.6809 psia ft /lbm R)(530 R)

A1 = = = = 0.1333ft 2
V1 V1 P1 (50 ft/s) (15 psia)

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 5-5
5-9 A rigid tank initially contains air at atmospheric conditions. The tank is connected to a supply line, and air is allowed to
enter the tank until the density rises to a specified level. The mass of air that entered the tank is to be determined.
Properties The density of air is given to be 1.18 kg/m3 at the beginning, and
5.30 kg/m3 at the end.
Analysis We take the tank as the system, which is a control volume since mass
crosses the boundary. The mass balance for this system can be expressed as
Mass balance:
min − mout = msystem → mi = m2 − m1 =  2V − 1V
V1 = 2 m3
Substituting, 1 = 1.18 kg/m3

mi = (  2 − 1 )V = [(5.30 -1.18) kg/m3 ](2 m 3 ) = 8.24kg

Therefore, 8.24 kg of mass entered the tank.

5-10 A cyclone separator is used to remove fine solid particles that are suspended in a gas stream. The mass flow rates at the
two outlets and the amount of fly ash collected per year are to be determined.
Assumptions Flow through the separator is steady.
Analysis Since the ash particles cannot be converted into the gas and vice-versa, the mass flow rate of ash into the control
volume must equal that going out, and the mass flow rate of flue gas into the control volume must equal that going out.
Hence, the mass flow rate of ash leaving is
m ash = yash m in = (0.001)(10 kg/s) = 0.01kg/s

The mass flow rate of flue gas leaving the separator is then
m flue gas =m in −m ash = 10 − 0.01 = 9.99kg/s

The amount of fly ash collected per year is

mash = m ash t = (0.01kg/s)(365 24 3600 s/year) = 315,400kg/year

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 5-6
5-11 A spherical hot-air balloon is considered. The time it takes to inflate the balloon is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPam3/kgK (Table A-1).
Analysis The specific volume of air entering the balloon is

RT (0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K)(20 +273 K)

v= = = 0.7008 m 3 /kg
P 120 kPa
The mass flow rate at this entrance is
A V D 2 V (1.0 m) 2 3 m/s
m = c = = = 3.362 kg/s
v 4 v 4 0.7008 m 3 /kg

The initial mass of the air in the balloon is

V i D3 (5 m) 3
mi = = = = 93.39 kg
v 6v 6(0.7008 m 3 /kg)

Similarly, the final mass of air in the balloon is

V f D 3 (15 m) 3
mf = = = = 2522 kg
v 6v 6(0.7008 m3/kg)

The time it takes to inflate the balloon is determined from

m f −mi (2522 −93.39) kg
t = = = 722 s = 12.0min
m 3.362 kg/s

5-12 A desktop computer is to be cooled by a fan at a high elevation where the air density is low. The mass flow rate of air
through the fan and the diameter of the casing for a given velocity are to be determined.
Assumptions Flow through the fan is steady.
Properties The density of air at a high elevation is given to be 0.7 kg/m3.
Analysis The mass flow rate of air is

m air = V air = (0.7 kg/m3 )(0.34 m 3 /min) = 0.238 kg/min= 0.0040 kg/s

If the mean velocity is 110 m/min, the diameter of the casing is

D 2 4V 4(0.34 m 3 /min)
V = AV = V D= = 0.063 m
→  (110 m/min)
4
=
V

Therefore, the diameter of the casing must be at least 6.3 cm to ensure that
the mean velocity does not exceed 110 m/min.
Discussion This problem shows that engineering systems are sized to satisfy certain constraints imposed by certain
considerations.

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 5-7
5-13 A water pump increases water pressure. The diameters of the inlet and exit openings are given. The velocity of the
water at the inlet and outlet are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Flow through the pump is steady. 2 The specific volume remains constant.
Properties The inlet state of water is compressed liquid. We approximate it as a saturated liquid at the given temperature.
Then, at 15°C and 40°C, we have (Table A-4)
T = 15C 
 v 1 = 0.001001 m /kg
3
x=0  900 kPa

 v 1 = 0.001008 m /kg Water

x=0  100 kPa

Analysis The velocity of the water at the inlet is 15C

m 4m 4(0.5 kg/s)(0.001001 m3 /kg)

V1 = = = = 6.37m/s
v1 v1  (0.01 m)2
A1 D12

Since the mass flow rate and the specific volume remains constant, the velocity at the pump exit is
2
A1 D  = 0.01m 
2

 1

V2 = V1 = V1 = (6.37 m/s)  = 2.83m/s

D  0.015 m
A
2  2   
Using the specific volume at 40°C, the water velocity at the inlet becomes
m v 1 4m v 1 4(0.5 kg/s)(0.001008 m 3 /kg)
V1 = = 6.42m/s
 (0.01 m) 2
= =
A1 D12

which is a 0.8% increase in velocity.

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 5-8
5-14 Refrigerant-134a flows through a pipe. Heat is supplied to R-134a. The volume flow rates of air at the inlet and exit,
the mass flow rate, and the velocity at the exit are to be determined.
Properties The specific volumes of R-134a at the inlet and exit are (Table A-13)
P1 = 200 kPa P1 = 180 kPa
v 1 = 0.1142 m /kg v 2 = 0.1374 m /kg
3 3

T1 = 20C  T1 = 40C 

Analysis
Q
R-134a
200 kPa 180 kPa
20C 40C
5 m/s

(a) (b) The volume flow rate at the inlet and the mass flow rate are
D 2 (0.28 m)2
V =A = V = (5 m/s) = 0.3079m3 /s
V
1 c 1 1
4 4
1 1 D2 1 (0.28 m) 2
m =V A = V = (5 m/s) = 2.696kg/s

v1 c 1
v1 4 1
0.1142 m3/kg 4

(c) Noting that mass flow rate is constant, the volume flow rate and the velocity at the exit of the pipe are determined from

V 2 =m = (2.696 kg/s)(0.1374 m3/kg) = 0.3705m3 /s

v2 3

V 0.3705 m / s
V2 = 2
= = 6.02m/s
Ac  (0.28 m)2
4

5-15 A smoking lounge that can accommodate 15 smokers is considered. The required minimum flow rate of air that needs
to be supplied to the lounge and the diameter of the duct are to be determined.
Assumptions Infiltration of air into the smoking lounge is negligible.
Properties The minimum fresh air requirements for a smoking lounge is given to be 30 L/s per person.
Analysis The required minimum flow rate of air that needs to be supplied to the lounge is determined directly from
V air =V air per person (No. of persons)
= (30 L/s  person)(15 persons) = 450 L/s = 0.45m 3 /s
The volume flow rate of fresh air can be expressed as Smoking
Lounge
V = VA = V (D 2 / 4)
15 smokers
Solving for the diameter D and substituting,
30 L/s person
3
4V
D= =
V
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 5-9
4(0.45 m /s)  (8 m/s)
= 0.268
m
Therefore, the diameter of the fresh air duct should be at least 26.8 cm if the velocity of air is not to exceed 8 m/s.

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 5-10
5-16 Warm water is withdrawn from a solar water storage tank while cold water enters the tank. The amount of water in the
tank in a 20-minute period is to be determined.
Properties The density of water is taken to be 1000 kg/m3 for
both cold and warm water. Cold water
Analysis The initial mass in the tank is first determined from 20C
5 L/min
m1 = V tank = (1000 kg/m 3 )(0.3 m 3 ) = 300 kg 300 L
45C Warm water
The amount of warm water leaving the tank during a 20-min 45C
period is 0.5 m/s
2

(0.02 m)
m e = AcVt = (1000 kg/m 3 ) (0.5 m/s)(20 60 s) = 188.5 kg
4
The amount of cold water entering the tank during a 20-min period is

mi = V c t = (1000 kg/m3 )(0.005 m3/min)(20 min) = 100 kg

The final mass in the tank can be determined from a mass balance as

mi − me = m2 − m1 ⎯
⎯→m2 = m1 + mi − me = 300 + 100 −188.5 = 211.5kg

Flow Work and Energy Transfer by Mass

5-17C Flow energy or flow work is the energy needed to push a fluid into or out of a control volume. Fluids at rest do not
possess any flow energy.

5-18C Flowing fluids possess flow energy in addition to the forms of energy a fluid at rest possesses. The total energy of a
fluid at rest consists of internal, kinetic, and potential energies. The total energy of a flowing fluid consists of internal,
kinetic, potential, and flow energies.

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 5-11
5-19 Warm air in a house is forced to leave by the infiltrating cold outside air at a specified rate. The net energy loss due to
mass transfer is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow of the air into and out of the house through the cracks is steady. 2 The kinetic and potential
energies are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPam3/kgK (Table A-1). The constant pressure specific heat of air at room
temperature is cp = 1.005 kJ/kgC (Table A-2).
Analysis The density of air at the indoor conditions and its mass flow rate are
P 101.325 kPa
= = = 1.189 kg/m 3
RT (0.287 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(24 + 273)K
m = V = (1.189 kg/m3 )(150 m 3 /h) = 178.35kg/h =
0.0495kg/s
Noting that the total energy of a flowing fluid is equal to its enthalpy
when the kinetic and potential energies are negligible, and that the rate Warm
of energy transfer by mass is equal to the product of the mass flow rate air
Cold air Warm air
and the total energy of the fluid per unit mass, the rates of energy
5C 24C 24C
transfer by mass into and out of the house by air are

E mass, in = m  in = m h1

E mass, out = m  out = m h2

The net energy loss by air infiltration is equal to the difference between the outgoing and incoming energy flow rates, which
is
E mass =E mass, out −E mass, in = m (h2 − h1 ) = m c p (T2 − T1 )
= (0.0495 kg/s)(1.005 kJ/kg  C)(24 - 5)C = 0.945 kJ/s
= 0.945kW
This quantity represents the rate of energy transfer to the refrigerant in the compressor.
Discussion The rate of energy loss by infiltration will be less in reality since some air will leave the house before it is fully
heated to 24C.

5-20E A water pump increases water pressure. The flow work required by the pump is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Flow through the pump is steady. 2 The state of water at the pump inlet is saturated liquid. 3 The specific
volume remains constant.
Properties The specific volume of saturated liquid water at 15 psia is

v = v f@15 psia = 0.01672 ft 3 /lbm (Table A-5E)

80 psia
Then the flow work relation gives
wflow = P2v 2 − P1v 1 = v (P2 − P1 ) Water
15 psia
 1 Btu 
= (0.01672 ft 3 /lbm)(80 − 15)psia  
 5.404 psia  ft 3 

= 0.201Btu/lbm

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 5-12
5-21 Refrigerant-134a enters a compressor as a saturated vapor at a specified pressure, and leaves as superheated vapor at a
specified rate. The rates of energy transfer by mass into and out of the compressor are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow of the refrigerant through the compressor is steady. 2 The kinetic and potential energies are
negligible, and thus they are not considered.
Properties The enthalpy of refrigerant-134a at the inlet and the exit are (Tables (2)
A-12 and A-13) 0.8 MPa
60C
P2 = 0.8 MPa 
h1 = hg@0.14 MPa = 239.19 kJ/kg h2 = 296.82 kJ/kg
T2 = 60C  R-134a

compressor
Analysis Noting that the total energy of a flowing fluid is equal to its enthalpy when the
kinetic and potential energies are negligible, and that the rate of energy transfer by
mass is equal to the product of the mass flow rate and the total energy of the fluid per
unit mass, the rates of energy transfer by mass into and out of the compressor are
(1)
E mass, in = m  in = m h1 = (0.06 kg/s)(239.19 kJ/kg) =14.35 kJ/s = 14.35kW 0.14 MPa

E mass, out = m  out = m h2 = (0.06 kg/s)(296.82 kJ/kg) =17.81kJ/s =

17.81kW

Discussion The numerical values of the energy entering or leaving a device by mass alone does not mean much since this
value depends on the reference point selected for enthalpy (it could even be negative). The significant quantity here is the
difference between the outgoing and incoming energy flow rates, which is

E mass =E mass, out −E mass, in =17.81 −14.35 = 3.46 kW

This quantity represents the rate of energy transfer to the refrigerant in the compressor.

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 5-13
5-22E Steam is leaving a pressure cooker at a specified pressure. The velocity, flow rate, the total and flow energies, and the
rate of energy transfer by mass are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady, and the initial start-up period is disregarded. 2 The kinetic and potential energies are
negligible, and thus they are not considered. 3 Saturation conditions exist within the cooker at all times so that steam leaves
the cooker as a saturated vapor at 20 psia.
Properties The properties of saturated liquid water and water vapor at 20 psia are vf = 0.01683 ft3/lbm, vg = 20.093 ft3/lbm,
ug = 1081.8 Btu/lbm, and hg = 1156.2 Btu/lbm (Table A-5E).
Analysis (a) Saturation conditions exist in a pressure cooker at all times after the steady operating conditions are established.
Therefore, the liquid has the properties of saturated liquid and the exiting steam has the properties of saturated vapor at the
operating pressure. The amount of liquid that has evaporated, the mass flow rate of the exiting steam, and the exit velocity
are
V liq u id 0.6 gal  0.13368 ft 3 
 
m= = = 4.766 lbm
vf 0.01683ft 3 /lbm  1 gal 
 H2O
m 4.766 lbm Sat. vapor Q
m = = = 0.1059 lbm/min = 1.765 10-3 lbm/s
t 45 min P = 20 psia
m m v (1.765 10 lbm/s)(20.093 ft /lbm)  144 in 
-3 3 2
g

V= = =   = 34.1ft/s
 g Ac Ac 0.15in 2  1ft 2 
 

(b) Noting that h = u + Pv and that the kinetic and potential energies are disregarded, the flow and total energies of the
exiting steam are
eflow = Pv = h − u = 1156.2 − 1081.8 = 74.4 Btu/lbm
 = h + ke + pe  h = 1156.2 Btu/lbm
Note that the kinetic energy in this case is ke = V2/2 = (34.1 ft/s)2 /2 = 581 ft2/s2 = 0.0232 Btu/lbm, which is very small
compared to enthalpy.
(c) The rate at which energy is leaving the cooker by mass is simply the product of the mass flow rate and the total energy of
the exiting steam per unit mass,
E mass = m  = (1.765 10 −3 lbm/s)(1156.2 Btu/lbm)= 2.04 Btu/s

Discussion The numerical value of the energy leaving the cooker with steam alone does not mean much since this value
depends on the reference point selected for enthalpy (it could even be negative). The significant quantity is the difference
between the enthalpies of the exiting vapor and the liquid inside (which is hfg) since it relates directly to the amount of
energy supplied to the cooker.

Steady Flow Energy Balance: Nozzles and Diffusers

5-23C It is mostly converted to internal energy as shown by a rise in the fluid temperature.

5-24C The kinetic energy of a fluid increases at the expense of the internal energy as evidenced by a decrease in the fluid
temperature.

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 5-14

5-25C Heat transfer to the fluid as it flows through a nozzle is desirable since it will probably increase the kinetic energy of
the fluid. Heat transfer from the fluid will decrease the exit velocity.

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 5-15
5-26E Air is accelerated in a nozzle from 150 ft/s to 900 ft/s. The exit temperature of air and the exit area of the nozzle are
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 Potential energy changes are negligible. 4 There are no work interactions.
Properties The enthalpy of air at the inlet is h1 = 143.47 Btu/lbm (Table A-17E).
Analysis (a) There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m 1 = m 2 = m . We take nozzle as the system, which is a
control
volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form
as
E in −E out Esystem0 (steady)
6.5 Btu/lbm
= Rate of changein internal,kinetic,
=0
potential,etc. energies
Rate of net energy transfer AIR
by heat, work,and mass 1 2

E in =
E
+m  pe  0)
out
m (h + V 2 /2) (since
(h W
+ V / 2) = Q
2

1 1 out 2 2

 V 2 −V 2 
−Q = m  h2 − h1 + 2 1 
out  2 
 
or,
V 22 −V12
h 2 = −q out + h1 −
2

(900 ft/s ) 2 − (150 ft/s ) 2  1 Btu/lbm 

= −6.5 Btu/lbm+143.47 Btu/lbm−  
2  25,037 ft 2 /s 2 
 
= 121.2 Btu/lbm
Thus, from Table A-17E, T2 = 507 R
(b) The exit area is determined from the conservation of mass relation,
1 1 v V  RT / P  V
AV = AV ⎯⎯→ A = 2
A = 2 2  1 A
1
2 2 1 1 2 1   1
v2 v1 v1 V2  RT1 / P1  V2
(508/14.7)(150 ft/s )
A2 =
(600/50)(900 ft/s )
(0.1 ft ) = 0.048 ft 2 2

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“I insist on having them.”
“Then what will you say, sir, when I inform you, and declare my
readiness to depone to the truth of it, that I saw the ghost myself?
Yes, sir, that I saw the ghost of your late worthy father-in-law myself,
sir; and though I said no such thing to that decimal fraction, yet it
told me, sir,—yes, the spirit of your father-in-law told me, sir, that
you are a murderer.”
“Lord, now, what think ye o’ that?” quoth the smith. “Ye had better
hae letten him alane; for, ’od, ye ken, he’s the deevil of a body as ever
was made. He just beats the world!”
The doctor grew as pale as death, but whether from fear or rage, it
was hard to say.
“Why, sir,” said he, “you are mad! stark, raving mad; therefore, for
your own credit, and for the peace and comfort of my wife and
myself, and our credit among our retainers, you must unsay every
word that you have now said.”
“I’ll just as soon say that the parabola and the ellipsis are the
same,” said the dominie; “or that the diameter is not the longest line
that can be drawn in the circle. And now, sir, since you have forced
me to divulge what I was much in doubt about, I have a great mind to
have the old laird’s grave opened to-night, and have the body
inspected before witnesses.”
“If you dare disturb the sanctuary of the grave,” said the doctor
vehemently, “or with your unhallowed hands touch the remains of
my venerable and revered predecessor, it had been better for you,
and all who make the attempt, that you never had been born. If not
then for my sake, for the sake of my wife, the sole daughter of the
man to whom you have all been obliged, let this abominable and
malicious calumny go no farther, but put it down; I pray of you to put
it down, as you would value your own advantage.”
“I have seen him, and spoke with him—that I aver,” said the
dominie. “And shall I tell you what he said to me?”
“No, no! I’ll hear no more of such absolute and disgusting
nonsense,” said the doctor.
“Then, since it hath come to this, I will declare it in the face of the
whole world, and pursue it to the last,” said the dominie, “ridiculous
as it is, and I confess that it is even so. I have seen your father-in-law
within the last twenty-four hours; at least a being in his form and
habiliments, and having his aspect and voice. And he told me that he
believed you were a very great scoundrel, and that you had helped
him off the stage of time in a great haste, for fear of the operation of a
will, which he had just executed, very much to your prejudice. I was
somewhat aghast, but ventured to remark, that he must surely have
been sensible whether you murdered him or not, and in what way.
He replied that he was not very certain, for at the time you put him
down, he was much in his customary way of nights—very drunk; but
that he greatly suspected you had hanged him, for ever since he had
died, he had been troubled with a severe crick in his neck. Having
seen my late worthy patron’s body deposited in the coffin, and
afterwards consigned to the grave, these things overcame me, and a
kind of mist came over my senses; but I heard him saying as he
withdrew, what a pity it was that my nerves could not stand this
disclosure! Now, for my own satisfaction, I am resolved that, to-
morrow, I shall raise the village, with the two ministers at the head of
the multitude, and have the body, and particularly the neck of the
deceased, minutely inspected.”
“If you do so, I shall make one of the number,” said the doctor.
“But I am resolved that, in the first place, every means shall be tried
to prevent a scene of madness and absurdity so disgraceful to a well-
regulated village and a sober community.”
“There is but one direct line that can be followed, and any other
would either form an acute or obtuse angle,” said the dominie;
“therefore I am resolved to proceed right forward, on mathematical
principles;” and away he went, skipping on his crutch, to arouse the
villagers to the scrutiny.
 The smith remained behind, concerting with the doctor how to
controvert the dominie’s profound scheme of unshrouding the dead;
and certainly the smith’s plan, viewed professionally, was not amiss
—
“O, ye ken, sir, we maun just gie him another heat, and try to
saften him to reason, for he’s just as stubborn as Muirkirk airn. He
beats the world for that.”
While the two were in confabulation, Johnston, the old house
servant, came in, and said to the doctor—
“Sir, your servants are going to leave the house, every one, this
night, if you cannot fall on some means to divert them from it. The
old laird is, it seems, risen again, and come back among them, and
they are all in the utmost consternation. Indeed, they are quite out of
their reason. He appeared in the stable to Broadcast, who has been
these two hours dead with terror, but is now recovered, and telling
such a tale downstairs as never was heard from the mouth of man.”
“Send him up here,” said the doctor. “I will silence him. What does
the ignorant clown mean by joining in this unnatural clamour?”
John came up, with his broad bonnet in his hand, shut the door
with hesitation, and then felt thrice with his hand if it was really
shut.
“Well, John,” said the doctor, “what absurd lie is this that you are
vending among your fellow-servants, of having seen a ghost?”
John picked some odds and ends of threads out of his bonnet, and
said nothing.
“You are an old superstitious dreaming dotard,” continued the
doctor; “but if you propose in future to manufacture such stories, you
must, from this instant, do it somewhere else than in my service, and
among my domestics. What have you to say for yourself?”
“Indeed, sir, I hae naething to say but this, that we hae a’ muckle
reason to be thankfu’ that we are as we are.”
“And whereon does that wise saw bear? What relation has that to
the seeing of a ghost? Confess then, this instant, that you have forged
and vended a deliberate lie.”
“Indeed, sir, I hae muckle reason to be thankfu’—”
“For what?”
 “That I never tauld a deliberate lie in my life. My late master came
and spoke to me in the stable; but whether it was his ghaist or
himself—a good angel or a bad ane—I hae reason to be thankfu’ I
never said; for I do—not—ken.”
“Now, pray let us hear from that sage tongue of yours, so full of
sublime adages, what this doubtful being said to you?”
“I wad rather be excused, an’ it were your honour’s will, and wad
hae reason to be thankfu’.”
“And why should you decline telling this?”
“Because I ken ye wadna believe a word o’t, it is siccan a strange
story. O, sirs, but folks hae muckle reason to be thankful that they
are as they are!”
“Well, out with this strange story of yours. I do not promise to
credit it, but shall give it a patient hearing, providing you swear that
there is no forgery in it.”
“Weel, as I was suppering the horses the night, I was dressing my
late kind master’s favourite mare, and I was just thinking to mysel,
an’ he had been leeving, I wadna hae been my lane the night, for he
wad hae been standing ower me, cracking his jokes, and swearing at
me in his good-natured hamely way. Ay, but he’s gane to his lang
account, thinks I, and we puir frail dying creatures that are left ahint,
hae muckle reason to be thankfu’ that we are as we are; when I looks
up, and behold there’s my auld master standing leaning against the
trivage as he used to do, and looking at me. I canna but say my heart
was a little astoundit, and maybe lap up through my midriff into my
breath-bellows—I couldna say; but in the strength o’ the Lord I was
enabled to retain my senses for a good while. ‘John Broadcast,’ said
he, with a deep angry tone,—‘John Broadcast, what the d—l are you
thinking about? You are not currying that mare half. What lubberly
way of dressing a horse is that?’
“‘Lord make us thankfu’, master,’ says I; ‘are you there?’
“‘Where else would you have me be at this hour of the night, old
blockhead?’ says he.
“‘In another hame than this, master,’ says I; ‘but I fear it is nae
good ane, that ye are sae soon tired o’t.’
“‘A d—d bad one, I assure you,’ says he.
 “‘Ay, but master,’ says I, ‘ye hae muckle reason to be thankfu’ that
ye are as ye are.’
“‘In what respect, dotard?’ says he.
“‘That ye hae liberty to come out o’t a start now and then to get the
air,’ says I; and oh, my heart was sair for him when I thought o’ his
state! And though I was thankfu’ that I was as I was, my heart and
flesh began to fail me, at thinking of my speaking face to face wi’ a
being frae the unhappy place. But out he breaks again wi’ a great
round o’ swearing, about the mare being ill-keepit; and he ordered
me to cast my coat and curry her weel, for he had a lang journey to
take on her the morn.
“‘You take a journey on her!’ says I; ‘I doubt my new master will
dispute that privilege wi’ you, for he rides her himsel the morn.’
“‘He ride her!’ cried the angry spirit; and then he burst out into a
lang string of imprecations, fearsome to hear, against you, sir; and
then added, ‘Soon, soon, shall he be levelled with the dust!—the dog!
the parricide! First to betray my child, and then to put down myself!
But he shall not escape—he shall not escape!’ he cried with such a
hellish growl that I fainted, and heard no more.”
“Weel, that beats the world,” exclaimed the smith. “I wad hae
thought the mare wad hae luppen ower yird and stane, or fa’en down
dead wi’ fright.”
“Na, na,” said John, “in place o’ that, whenever she heard him fa’ a
swearing, she was sae glad that she fell a nichering.”
“Na, but that beats the hale world a’ thegither!” quoth the smith.
“Then it has been nae ghaist ava, ye may depend on that.”
“I little wat what it was,” replied John, “but it was a being in nae
gude or happy state o’ mind, and is a warning to us how muckle
reason we hae to be thankfu’ that we are as we are.”
The doctor pretended to laugh at the absurdity of John’s narration,
but it was with a ghastly and doubtful expression of countenance, as
though he thought the story far too ridiculous for any clodpoll to
have contrived out of his own head; and forthwith he dismissed the
two dealers in the marvellous, with very little ceremony, the one
protesting that the thing beat the world, and the other that they had
both reason to be thankful that they were as they were.
 Next morning the villagers, small and great, were assembled at an
early hour to witness the lifting of the body of the late laird, and,
headed by the established and dissenting clergymen, and two
surgeons, they proceeded to the tomb, and soon extracted the
splendid coffin, which they opened with all due caution and
ceremony. But instead of the murdered body of their late benefactor,
which they expected in good earnest to find, there was nothing in the
coffin but a layer of gravel, of about the weight of a corpulent man.
The clamour against the new laird then rose all at once into a
tumult that it was impossible to check, every one declaring that he
had not only murdered their benefactor, but, for fear of discovery,
had raised the body, and given, or rather sold it, for dissection. The
thing was not to be tolerated; so the mob proceeded in a body to
Wineholm Place, to take out their poor deluded lady, and burn the
doctor and his basely acquired habitation to ashes. It was not till the
multitude had surrounded the house that the ministers and two or
three other gentlemen could stay them, which they only did by
assuring the mob that they would bring out the doctor before their
eyes, and deliver him up to justice. This pacified the throng; but on
inquiry at the hall, it was found that the doctor had gone off early
that morning, so that nothing further could be done for the present.
But the coffin, filled with gravel, was laid up in the aisle, and kept
open for inspection.
Nothing could now exceed the consternation of the simple villagers
of Wineholm at these dark and mysterious events. Business, labour,
and employment of every sort, were at a stand, and the people
hurried about to one another’s houses, and mingled their conjectures
together in one heterogeneous mass. The smith put his hand to his
bellows, but forgot to blow till the fire went out; the weaver leaned on
his loom, and listened to the legend of the ghastly tailor. The team
stood in mid-furrow, and the thrasher agape over his flail; and even
the dominie was heard to declare that the geometrical series of
events was increasing by no common ratio, and therefore ought to be
calculated rather arithmetically than by logarithms; and John
Broadcast saw more and more reason for being thankfu’ that he was
as he was, and neither a stock, nor a stone, nor a brute beast.
Every new thing that happened was more extraordinary than the
last; and the most puzzling of all was the circumstance of the late
laird’s mare, saddle, bridle, and all, being off before daylight next
morning; so that Dr Davington was obliged to have recourse to his
own, on which he was seen posting away on the road towards
Edinburgh. It was thus but too obvious that the late laird had ridden
off on his favourite mare,—but whither, none of the sages of
Wineholm could divine. But their souls grew chill as an iceberg, and
their very frames rigid, at the thought of a spirit riding away on a
brute beast to the place appointed for wicked men. And had not John
Broadcast reason to be thankfu’ that he was as he was?
However, the outcry of the community became so outrageous of
murder and foul play, in so many ways, that the officers of justice
were compelled to take note of it; and accordingly the sheriff-
substitute, the sheriff-clerk, the fiscal, and two assistants, came in
two chaises to Wineholm to take a precognition; and there a court
was held which lasted the whole day, at which Mrs Davington, the
late laird’s only daughter, all the servants, and a great number of the
villagers, were examined on oath. It appeared from the evidence that
Dr Davington had come to the village and set up as a surgeon; that he
had used every endeavour to be employed in the laird’s family in
vain, as the latter detested him; that he, however, found means of
inducing his only daughter to elope with him, which put the laird
quite beside himself, and from thenceforward he became drowned in
dissipation; that such, however, was his affection for his daughter,
that he caused her to live with him, but would never suffer the doctor
to enter his door; that it was, nevertheless, quite customary for the
doctor to be sent for to his lady’s chamber, particularly when her
father was in his cups; and that on a certain night, when the laird had
had company, and was so overcome that he could not rise from his
chair, he had died suddenly of apoplexy; and that no other skill was
sent for, or near him, but this his detested son-in-law, whom he had
by will disinherited, though the legal term for rendering that will
competent had not expired. The body was coffined the second day
after death, and locked up in a low room in one of the wings of the
building; and nothing farther could be elicited. The doctor was
missing, and it was whispered that he had absconded; indeed it was
evident, and the sheriff acknowledged that, according to the evidence
taken, the matter had a very suspicious aspect, although there was no
direct proof against the doctor. It was proved that he had attempted
to bleed the patient, but had not succeeded, and that at that time the
old laird was black in the face.
When it began to wear nigh night, and nothing further could be
learned, the sheriff-clerk, a quiet considerate gentleman, asked why
they had not examined the wright who had made the coffin, and also
placed the body in it. The thing had not been thought of; but he was
found in court, and instantly put into the witness-box, and examined
on oath. His name was James Sanderson, a little, stout-made,
shrewd-looking man, with a very peculiar squint. He was examined
thus by the procurator-fiscal:—
“Were you long acquainted with the late Laird of Wineholm,
James?”
“Yes, ever since I left my apprenticeship; for, I suppose, about
nineteen years.”
“Was he very much given to drinking of late?”
“I could not say; he took his glass geyan heartily.”
“Did you ever drink with him.”
“O yes, mony a time.”
“You must have seen him very drunk, then? Did you ever see him
so drunk, for instance, that he could not rise?”
“Never; for long afore that, I could not have kenned whether he
was sitting or standing.”
“Were you present at the corpse-chesting?”
“Yes, I was.”
“And were you certain the body was then deposited in the coffin?”
“Yes; quite certain.”
“Did you screw down the coffin lid firmly then, as you do others of
the same make?”
“No, I did not.”
“What were your reasons for that?”
“They were no reasons of mine; I did what I was ordered. There
were private reasons, which I then wist not of. But, gentlemen, there
are some things connected with this affair, which I am bound in
honour not to reveal. I hope you will not compel me to divulge them
at present.”
 “You are bound by a solemn oath, James, the highest of all
obligations; and, for the sake of justice, you must tell everything you
know; and it would be better if you would just tell your tale
straightforward, without the interruption of question and answer.”
“Well, then, since it must be so:—That day, at the chesting, the
doctor took me aside and said to me, ‘James Sanderson, it will be
necessary that something be put into the coffin to prevent any
unpleasant odour before the funeral; for owing to the corpulence,
and the inflamed state of the body by apoplexy, there will be great
danger of this.’
“‘Very well, sir,’ says I; ‘what shall I bring?’
“‘You had better only screw down the lid lightly at present, then,’
said he; ‘and if you could bring a bucketful of quicklime a little while
hence, and pour it over the body, especially over the face, it is a very
good thing, an excellent thing, for preventing any deleterious effluvia
from escaping.’
“‘Very well, sir,’ said I; and so I followed his directions. I procured
the lime; and as I was to come privately in the evening to deposit it in
the coffin, in company with the doctor alone, I was putting off the
time in my workshop, polishing some trifle, and thinking to myself
that I could not find in my heart to choke up my old friend with
quicklime, even after he was dead, when, to my unspeakable horror,
who should enter my workshop but the identical laird himself,
dressed in his dead-clothes in the very same manner in which I had
seen him laid in the coffin, but apparently all streaming in blood to
the feet. I fell back over against a cart-wheel, and was going to call
out, but could not; and as he stood straight in the door, there was no
means of escape. At length the apparition spoke to me in a hoarse
trembling voice, and it said to me, ‘Jamie Sanderson! O, Jamie
Sanderson! I have been forced to appear to you in a d—d frightful
guise!’ These were the very first words it spoke, and they were far
from being a lie; but I halfflins thought to mysel that a being in such
circumstances might have spoken with a little more caution and
decency. I could make no answer, for my tongue refused all attempts
at articulation, and my lips would not come together; and all that I
could do was to lie back against my new cart-wheel, and hold up my
hands as a kind of defence. The ghastly and blood-stained
apparition, advancing a step or two, held up both its hands, flying
with dead ruffles, and cried to me in a still more frightful voice, ‘Oh,
my faithful old friend, I have been murdered! I am a murdered man,
Jamie Sanderson! And if you do not assist me in bringing upon the
wretch due retribution, dire will be your punishment in the other
world.’
“This is sheer raving, James,” said the sheriff, interrupting him.
“These words can be nothing but the ravings of a disturbed and
heated imagination. I entreat you to recollect that you have appealed
to the Great Judge of heaven and earth for the truth of what you
assert here, and to answer accordingly.”
“I know what I am saying, my Lord Sheriff,” said Sanderson; “and
I am telling naething but the plain truth, as nearly as my state of
mind at the time permits me to recollect. The appalling figure
approached still nearer and nearer to me, breathing threatenings if I
would not rise and fly to his assistance, and swearing like a sergeant
of dragoons at both the doctor and myself. At length it came so close
to me that I had no other shift but to hold up both feet and hands to
shield me, as I had seen herons do when knocked down by a
goshawk, and I cried out; but even my voice failed, so that I only
cried like one through his sleep.”
“‘What the d—l are you lying gaping and braying at there?’ said he,
seizing me by the wrist and dragging me after him. ‘Do you not see
the plight I am in, and why won’t you fly to succour me?’
“I now felt, to my great relief, that this terrific apparition was a
being of flesh, blood, and bones like myself;—that, in short, it was
indeed my kind old friend the laird popped out of his open coffin,
and come over to pay me an evening visit, but certainly in such a
guise as earthly visit was never paid. I soon gathered up my scattered
senses, took my old friend into my room, bathed him all over, and
washed him well with lukewarm water; then put him into a warm
bed, gave him a glass or two of hot punch, and he came round
amazingly. He caused me to survey his neck a hundred times, I am
sure; and I had no doubt he had been strangled, for there was a
purple ring round it, which in some places was black, and a little
swollen; his voice creaked like a door-hinge, and his features were
still distorted. He swore terribly at both the doctor and myself; but
nothing put him half so mad as the idea of the quicklime being
poured over him, and particularly over his face. I am mistaken if that
experiment does not serve him for a theme of execration as long as
he lives.”
“So he is alive, then, you say?” asked the fiscal.
“O yes, sir, alive, and tolerably well, considering. We two have had
several bottles together in my quiet room; for I have still kept him
concealed, to see what the doctor would do next. He is in terror for
him, somehow, until sixty days be over from some date that he talks
of, and seems assured that the dog will have his life by hook or crook,
unless he can bring him to the gallows betimes, and he is absent on
that business to-day. One night lately, when fully half seas over, he
set off to the schoolhouse, and frightened the dominie; and last night
he went up to the stable, and gave old Broadcast a hearing for not
keeping his mare well enough.
“It appears that some shaking motion in the coffining of the laird
had brought him back to himself, after bleeding abundantly both at
mouth and nose; that he was on his feet ere he knew how he had
been disposed of, and was quite shocked at seeing the open coffin on
the bed, and himself dressed in his grave-clothes, and all in one bath
of blood. He flew to the door, but it was locked outside; he rapped
furiously for something to drink, but the room was far removed from
any inhabited part of the house, and none regarded; so he had
nothing for it but to open the window, and come through the garden
and the back lane leading to my workshop. And as I had got orders to
bring a bucketful of quicklime, I went over in the forenight with a
bucketful of heavy gravel, as much as I could carry, and a little white
lime sprinkled on the top of it; and being let in by the doctor, I
deposited it in the coffin, screwed down the lid, and left it. The
funeral followed in due course, the whole of which the laird viewed
from my window, and gave the doctor a hearty day’s cursing for
daring to support his head and lay it in the grave. And this,
gentlemen, is the substance of what I know concerning this
enormous deed, which is, I think, quite sufficient. The laird bound
me to secrecy until such time as he could bring matters to a proper
bearing for securing the doctor; but as you have forced it from me,
you must stand my surety, and answer the charges against me.”
The laird arrived that night with proper authority, and a number of
officers, to have the doctor, his son-in-law, taken into custody; but
the bird had flown; and from that day forth he was never seen, so as
to be recognised, in Scotland. The laird lived many years after that;
and though the thoughts of the quicklime made him drink a great
deal, yet from that time he never suffered himself to get quite drunk,
lest some one might take it into his head to hang him, and he not
know anything about it. The dominie acknowledged that it was as
impracticable to calculate what might happen in human affairs as to
square the circle, which could only be effected by knowing the ratio
of the circumference to the radius. For shoeing horses, vending news,
and awarding proper punishments, the smith to this day just beats
the world. And old John Broadcast is as thankfu’ to heaven as ever
that things are as they are.
 AN INCIDENT IN THE GREAT MORAY
FLOODS OF 1829.

By Sir Thomas Dick Lauder.

The flood, both in the Spey and its tributary burn, was terrible at
the village of Charlestown of Aberlour. On the 3d of August, Charles
Cruickshanks, the innkeeper, had a party of friends in his house.
There was no inebriety, but there was a fiddle; and what Scotsman is
he who does not know that the well-jerked strains of a lively
strathspey have a potent spell in them that goes beyond even the
witchery of the bowl? On one who daily inhales the breezes from the
musical stream that gives name to the measure, the influence is
powerful, and it was that day felt by Cruickshanks with a more than
ordinary degree of excitement. He was joyous to a pitch that made
his wife grave. Mrs Cruickshanks was deeply affected by her
husband’s jollity. “Surely my goodman is daft the day,” said she
gravely; “I ne’er saw him dance at sic a rate. Lord grant that he binna
fey!”[12]
12. “‘I think,’ said the old gardener to one of the maids, ‘the gauger’s fie’—by
which word the common people express those violent spirits, which they think a
presage of death.”—Guy Mannering.
When the river began to rise rapidly in the evening, Cruickshanks,
who had a quantity of wood lying near the mouth of the burn, asked
two of his neighbours to go and assist him in dragging it out of the
water. They readily complied, and Cruickshanks getting on the loose
raft of wood, they followed him, and did what they could in pushing
and hauling the pieces of timber ashore, till the stream increased so
much, that, with one voice, they declared they would stay no longer,
and, making a desperate effort, they plunged over-head, and reached
the land with the greatest difficulty. They then tried all their
eloquence to persuade Cruickshanks to come away, but he was a bold
and experienced floater, and laughed at their fears; nay, so utterly
reckless was he, that having now diminished the crazy ill-put-
together raft he stood on, till it consisted of a few spars only, he
employed himself in trying to catch at and save some haycocks
belonging to the clergyman, which were floating past him. But while
his attention was so engaged, the flood was rapidly increasing, till, at
last, even his dauntless heart became appalled at its magnitude and
fury. “A horse! a horse!” he loudly and anxiously exclaimed; “run for
one of the minister’s horses, and ride in with a rope, else I must go
with the stream.” He was quickly obeyed, but ere a horse arrived, the
flood had rendered it impossible to approach him.
Seeing that he must abandon all hope of help in that way,
Cruickshanks was now seen as if summoning up all his resolution
and presence of mind to make the perilous attempt of dashing
through the raging current, with his frail and imperfect raft.
Grasping more firmly the iron-shod pole he held in his hand—called
in floater’s language a sting—he pushed resolutely into it; but he had
hardly done so when the violence of the water wrenched from his
hold that which was all he had to depend on. A shriek burst from his
friends, as they beheld the wretched raft dart off with him down the
stream, like an arrow freed from the bowstring. But the mind of
Cruickshanks was no common one to quail before the first approach
of danger. He poised himself, and stood balanced, with
determination and self-command in his eye, and no sound of fear, or
of complaint, was heard to come from him.
At the point where the burn met the river, in the ordinary state of
both, there grew some trees, now surrounded by deep and strong
currents, and far from the land. The raft took a direction towards one
of these, and seeing the wide and tumultuous waters of the Spey
before him, in which there was no hope that his loosely-connected
logs could stick one moment together, he coolly prepared himself,
and, collecting all his force into one well-timed and well-directed
effort, he sprang, caught a tree, and clung among its boughs, whilst
the frail raft, hurried away from under his foot, was dashed into
fragments, and scattered on the bosom of the waves. A shout of joy
arose from his anxious friends, for they now deemed him safe; but he
uttered no shout in return. Every nerve was strained to procure help.
“A boat!” was the general cry, and some ran this way, and some that,
to endeavour to procure one. It was now between seven and eight
o’clock in the evening. A boat was speedily obtained, and though no
one was very expert in its use, it was quickly manned by people eager
to save Cruickshanks from his perilous situation. The current was too
terrible about the tree to admit of their nearing it, so as to take him
directly into the boat; but their object was to row through the
smoother water, to such a distance as might enable them to throw a
rope to him, by which means they hoped to drag him to the boat.
Frequently did they attempt this, and as frequently were they foiled,
even by that which was considered as the gentler part of the stream,
for it hurried them past the point whence they wished to make the
cast of their rope, and compelled them to row up again by the side, to
start on each fresh adventure.
Often were they carried so much in the direction of the tree as to
be compelled to exert all their strength to pull themselves away from
him they would have saved, that they might avoid the vortex that
would have caught and swept them to destruction. And often was
poor Cruickshanks tantalized with the approach of help, which came
but to add to the other miseries of his situation that of the bitterest
disappointment. Yet he bore all calmly. In the transient glimpses
they had of him, as they were driven past him, they saw no blenching
on his dauntless countenance—they heard no reproach, no
complaint, no sound, but an occasional short exclamation of
encouragement to persevere in their friendly endeavours. But the
evening wore on, and still they were unsuccessful. It seemed to them
that something more than mere natural causes was operating against
them. “His hour is come!” said they, as they regarded one another
with looks of awe; “our struggles are vain.” The courage and the hope
which had hitherto supported them began to fail, and the descending
shades of night extinguished the last feeble sparks of both, and put
an end to their endeavours.
Fancy alone can picture the horrors that must have crept on the
unfortunate man, as, amidst the impenetrable darkness which now
prevailed, he became aware of the continued increase of the flood
that roared around him, by its gradual advance towards his feet,
whilst the rain and the tempest continued to beat more and more
dreadfully upon him. That these were long ineffectual in shaking his
collected mind, we know from the fact, afterwards ascertained, that
he actually wound up his watch while in this dreadful situation. But,
hearing no more the occasional passing exclamations of those who
had been hitherto trying to succour him, he began to shout for help
in a voice that became every moment more long-drawn and piteous,
as, between the gusts of the tempest, and borne over the thunder of
the waters, it fell from time to time on the ears of his clustered
friends, and rent the heart of his distracted wife. Ever and anon it
came, and hoarser than before, and there was an occasional wildness
in its note, and now and then a strange and clamorous repetition for
a time, as if despair had inspired him with an unnatural energy; but
the shouts became gradually shorter,—less audible and less frequent,
—till at last their eagerly listening ears could catch them no longer.
“Is he gone?” was the half-whispered question they put to one
another; and the smothered responses that were muttered around
but too plainly told how much the fears of all were in unison.
“What was that?” cried his wife in a delirious scream; “that was his
whistle I heard!” She said truly. A shrill whistle, such as that which is
given with the fingers in the mouth, rose again over the loud din of
the deluge and the yelling of the storm. He was not yet gone. His
voice was but cracked by his frequent exertions to make it heard, and
he had now resorted to an easier mode of transmitting to his friends
the certainty of his safety. For some time his unhappy wife drew
hope from such considerations, but his whistles, as they came more
loud and prolonged, pierced the ears of his foreboding friends like
the ill-omened cry of some warning spirit; and it may be matter of
question whether all believed that the sounds they heard were really
mortal. Still they came louder and clearer for a brief space; but at last
they were heard no more, save in his frantic wife’s fancy, who
continued to start, as if she still heard them, and to wander about,
and to listen, when all but herself were satisfied that she could never
hear them again.
Wet and weary, and shivering with cold, was this miserable
woman, when the tardy dawn of morning beheld her straining her
eye-balls through the imperfect light, towards the trees where
Cruickshanks had been last seen. There was something there that
looked like the figure of a man, and on that her eyes fixed. But those
around her saw, alas! too well, that what she fondly supposed to be
her husband was but a bunch of wreck gathered by the flood into one
of the trees,—for the one to which he clung had been swept away.
The body of poor Cruickshanks was found in the afternoon of next
day, on the Haugh of Dandaleith, some four or five miles below. As it
had ever been his uniform practice to wind up his watch at night, and
as it was discovered to be nearly full wound when it was taken from
his pocket, the fact of his having had self-possession enough to obey
his usual custom, under circumstances so terrible, is as
unquestionable as it is wonderful. It had stopped at a quarter of an
hour past eleven o’clock, which would seem to fix that as the fatal
moment when the tree was rent away; for when that happened, his
struggles amidst the raging waves of the Spey must have been few
and short.
When the men, who had so unsuccessfully attempted to save him,
were talking over the matter, and arguing that no human help could
have availed him,—
“I’m thinkin’ I could hae ta’en him out,” said a voice in the circle.
All eyes were turned towards the speaker, and a general expression
of contempt followed; for it was a boy of the name of Rainey, a
reputed idiot, from the foot of Benrinnes, who spoke.
“You!” cried a dozen voices at once; “what would you have done,
you wise man?”
“I wud hae tied an empty anker-cask to the end o’ a lang, lang tow,
an’ I wud hae floated it aff frae near aboot whaur the raft was ta’en
first awa; an’ syne, ye see, as the stream teuk the raft till the tree,
maybe she wud hae ta’en the cask there too; an’ if Charlie
Cruickshanks had ance gotten a haud o’ this rope——”
He would have finished, but his auditors were gone: they had
silently slunk away in different directions, one man alone having
muttered, as he went, something about “wisdom coming out of the
mouth of fools.”
 CHARLIE GRAHAM, THE TINKER.

By George Penny.

The notorious Charlie Graham belonged to a gang of tinkers, who

had for a long time travelled through the country, and whose
headquarters were at Lochgelly, in Fife. They were to be found at all
markets, selling their horn spoons, which was their ostensible
occupation. But there was a great deal of business done in the
pickpocket line, and other branches of the thieving art. About Charlie
there were some remarkable traits of generosity. In the midst of all
the crimes he committed, he was never known to hurt a poor man,
but often out of his plunder helped those in a strait. His father was in
the same line, and was long at the head of the gang; but being
afterwards imprisoned for theft, housebreaking, &c., he was
banished the county, banished Scotland, and publicly whipped. On
one occasion he was banished, with certification that if he returned,
he was to be publicly whipped the first market-day, and thereafter to
be banished. Old Charlie was not long away when he returned, and
was apprehended and conveyed to Perth jail. A vacancy having
occurred in the office of executioner, the first market-day was
allowed to pass without inflicting the sentence, upon which Charlie
entered a protest, and was liberated. In various ways he eluded
justice,—sometimes by breaking the prison, and sometimes for want
of evidence. The last time he was brought in, he was met by an old
acquaintance, who asked, “What is the matter now?” to which old
Charlie replied, “Oh, just the auld thing, and nae proof;” which
saying has since become a proverb. But this time they did find proof,
and he was again publicly whipped, and sent out of the country. One
of his daughters, Meg Graham, who had been bred from her infancy
in the same way, was every now and then apprehended for some
petty theft. Indeed, she was so often in jail, that she got twenty-eight
dinners from old John Rutherford, the writer, who gave the
prisoners in the jail a dinner every Christmas. Meg, in her young
days, was reckoned one of the first beauties of the time; but she was a
wild one. She had been whipped and pilloried, but still the root of the
matter remained.
Young Charlie was a man of uncommon strength and size, being
about six feet high, and stout in proportion. His wrist was as thick as
that of two ordinary men; he had long been the terror of the country,
and attended all markets at the head of his gang, where they were
sure to kick up a row among themselves. Two of their women would
commence a battle-royal in the midst of the throng, scratch and tear
one another’s caps, until a mob was assembled, when the rest were
very busy in picking pockets. In this way they were frequently very
successful.
At a market to the west of Crieff a farmer got his pocket-book
taken from him. It being ascertained that Charlie Graham and his
gang were in the market,—who were well known to several of the
respectable farmers, who frequently lodged them on their way to the
country,—it was proposed to get Charlie and give him a glass, and tell
him the story. Charlie accepted the invitation; and during the
circulation of the glass, one of the company introduced the subject,
lamenting the poor man’s loss in such a feeling way, that the right
chord was struck, and Charlie’s generosity roused. An appeal was
made to him to lend the poor man such a sum, as his credit was at
stake. Charlie said they had done nothing that day, but if anything
cast up, he would see what could be done. During this conversation
another company came into the room; amongst whom was a man
with a greatcoat, a Highland bonnet, and a large drover whip. After
being seated, this personage was recognised as belonging to the gang,
and they were invited to drink with them, whilst the story of the
robbery was repeated. On this Charlie asked his friend if he could
lend him forty pounds to give to the poor man, and he would repay
him in a few days. The man replied that he had forty pounds which
he was going to pay away; but if it was to favour a friend, he would
put off his business and help him; when, to their astonishment, the
identical notes which the man had lost were tossed to him; and
Charlie said that that would relieve him in the meantime, and he
could repay him when convenient. It was evident that Charlie smelt a
rat, and took this method to get off honourably. Of course, the forty
pounds were never sought after.
Charlie was one day lodged with a poor widow, who had a few
acres of ground, and kept a public-house. She complained to him
that she was unable to raise her rent, that the factor was coming that
night for payment, and that she was considerably deficient. Charlie
gave her what made it up, and in the evening went out of the way,
after learning at what time the factor would be there. The factor
came, received payment, and returned home; but on the way he was
met by Charlie, who eased him of his cash, and returned the rent to
the poor widow.
The Rev. Mr Graham of Fossoway came one day to Perth to
discount some bills in the Bank of Scotland. Having got his bills
cashed, his spirits rose to blood-heat, and a hearty glass was given to
his friends, until the parson got a little muddy. His friends, loth to
leave him in that state, hired a horse each to convey him home. It
was dark and late when they set out, and by the time they reached
Damhead, where they put up their horses, it was morning. The house
was re-building at the time, and the family living in the barn when
the parson and his friends were introduced. Here they found Charlie
and some of his friends over a bowl, of which the minister was
cordially invited to partake. His companions also joined, and kept it
up with great glee for some time—the minister singing his song, and
Charlie getting very big. One of the friends, knowing how the land
lay, was very anxious to be off, for fear of the minister’s money, and
ordered out the horses; but to this Charlie would by no means
consent. This alarmed the friends still more; as for the minister, he
was now beyond all fear. However, in a short time a number of men
came in and called for drink, and then Charlie, after the glass had
gone round, said he thought it was time for the minister to get home,
and went out to see them on their horses; when he told them he had
detained them till the return of these men, who, if they had met
them, might have proved dangerous neighbours; but now they could
go home in safety.
He was one day on his way to Auchterarder market, when he met a
farmer going from home, in whose barn he had frequently lodged,
when Charlie told him he was to lodge with him that night. The