SUBMITTED TO :

DR.IHSAN ULLAH

SUBMITTED BY :

MUHAMMAD IKRAM SHAH

CLASS NO : 123

BS CHEMISTRY

7Th SEMESTER
Govt Post Graduate College Mardan
 GREEN REVOLUTION
Introduction of GR History of GR
Method used in GR. Advantages of GR

INTRODUCTION

Definition :
The increase in agricultural production that has been made possible by the
use of new type of crops and new farming methods,especially in developing
countries is called green revolution.
 EXPLANATION :
Green revolution, great increase in production of food
grains (especially wheat and rice) that resulted in large
part from the introduction into developing countries of
new, high-yielding varieties, beginning in the mid-20th
century. Its early dramatic successes were in Mexico
and the Indian subcontinent. The new varieties require
large amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to
produce their high yields, raising concerns about cost
and potentially harmful environmental effects. Poor
farmers, unable to afford the fertilizers and pesticides,
have often reaped even lower yields with these grains
than with the older strains, which were better adapted
to local conditions and had some resistance to pests
and diseases.
 HISTORY OF GR
The beginning of the green Revolution are often
attributed to Norman Borlauge (March
25,1914-September 12, 2009), an American
scientist interested in agriculture.Dr Norman
Borlaug receive the congressional Gold Medal in
2007.
Burlaug, a 1970 Nobel Laureate , was
honored for his work in the ‘Green Revolution,’
saving millions of lives from famine in India,
Mexico, and the Middle East.
Borlaug was often called “the father of the
Green Revolution “.
Norman Borlaug
 Borlaug was awarded multiple honors for his work, including the Nobel Peace
Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal,
one of only seven people to have received all three awards.

METHODS USED IN GR
1) Expansion of farming areas :
The increase in production also had an
impact on the land.To meet the growing
demand, farmers started to cultivate
larger area of land.This expansion often
involved clearing forests or converting
natural ecosystem into farmland.
2) Use of modern machinery:
 Plough: Plough, a primary tillage
equipment works as a tractor
implement attached with a tractor and
helps in tilling the land efficiently. This
remarkable piece of agricultural
machinery is used for preparing the
land in the planting season. Either its
about turning an all new land into a
farm or just preparing existing farm to
sow seeds, various types of plough
allow farmers to turn the soil into a
nutrient rich seedbed for better plant
growth.
 Combine Harvester: Bigger in
size a Combine works like a
comb cutter for cutting the
mature crops with threshing at
the same time. A combine is
one of the most upgraded
machinery that helps farmers
by saving long hours of the day
wasting in harvesting activities
The multi-crop combine harvester is designed in such a way that it is compatible
for harvesting multiple grain crops such as wheat, corn, barley, grain sorghum,
soybeans, oats, sunflower, rice. A modern multi-crop harvester makes
harvesting faster so that the fields can be open for the next crop in minimum
period of time, and the probability of production increases within the period.
 Rotavator or Rotary Tiller:
A rotary tiller is a versatile
tillage equipment that uses a
series of blades, to turn up
the soil. Rotary tillers are
quite popular among farmers
to make easy the preparation
of seedbed in the farms. The
equipment is mainly used for
breaking soil in lawns, farms, gardens, etc. The use of rotary tillers has significantly
increased in agricultural operations because of its simple built and high-end
efficiency as a tillage implement.
3) Use of pesticides and fertilizers :
The green revolution prominently involved
the widespread use of pesticides and
fertilizers. Pesticides were employed to
control and mitigate crop losses caused by
pests and diseases, while fertilizers were
used to enhance soil fertility and promote
higher crop yields.the introduction of
chemical inputs, including synthetic
pesticides and nitrogen-based fertilizers,
played a crucial role in increasing
agricultural productivity.
However, the overreliance on these ,inputs
has raised environmental concerns over
time, such as soil degradation, water
pollution, and adverse effects on non-target organisms.the balance between
increased food production and sustainable agricultural practices remains a key
consideration in ongoing agricultural development.

4) High yielding variety (HyV) of seeds:

High-yielding variety of seeds were a
central element of the green
revolution.these seeds were developed
through scientific breeding program to
have improved characteristics, such as
higher yields, diseases resistance, and
adaptability to specific growing
conditions. The introduction of HYV
seeds, particularly for staple
5) Seeds with superior genetics:
In the Green Revolution, the introduction of seeds with superior genetics played
a pivotal role in increasing agricultural productivity. Scientists selectively bred
high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of crops, focusing on traits such as improved yield,
resistance to diseases, and adaptability to specific growing conditions. These
genetically improved seeds were designed to outperform traditional varieties,
leading to significant increases in crop production.

The development and widespread adoption of seeds with superior genetics,

particularly for staple crops like wheat, rice, and maize, contributed to substantial
improvements in food security and the overall economy. However, it also brought
challenges, including concerns about genetic diversity and the long-term
sustainability of relying on a limited set of high-yielding varieties.
6) Proper irrigation system:
The Green Revolution also emphasized the
implementation of proper irrigation systems to
enhance agricultural productivity. Improved
irrigation played a crucial role in supporting the
growth of high-yielding crop varieties introduced
during this period. Efficient irrigation methods,
such as drip irrigation or sprinkler systems, were
employed to ensure consistent water supply to
crops, reducing dependence on unpredictable
rainfall.
The development of irrigation infrastructure,
including dams, canals, and tube wells, helped
farmers manage water resources more effectively.
These advancements in irrigation contributed to increased crop yields and
provided a more reliable water supply, a key factor in the success of the Green
Revolution.
7) Double/Multiple Cropping system:
The Green Revolution introduced double cropping as a key agricultural practice.
It involves growing two or more crops in the same field in a single year,
significantly increasing productivity. This system often includes the cultivation of
a high-yield variety during the primary crop season, followed by a short-duration
crop in the same field during the off-season. Double cropping enhances overall
food production and helps meet the growing demand for food in rapidly
expanding populations.
 Importance
The Green Revolution holds several significant importance in the context of
agriculture and global food production:

 Increased Food Production: The adoption of high-yielding varieties, modern

agricultural techniques, and improved irrigation systems led to a substantial
increase in crop yields. This helped address food shortages and contributed to
global food security.
 Alleviation of Hunger: By boosting agricultural productivity, the Green
Revolution played a crucial role in alleviating hunger and reducing poverty in
many parts of the world. It provided a solution to the challenge of feeding
growing populations.
 Economic Development: Higher agricultural productivity resulted in
increasedincome for farmers, contributing to economic development in r…
The Green Revolution brought several advantages, contributing to significant
improvements in agriculture and food production:

Advantages of GR
The Green Revolution brought several advantages, contributing to significant
improvements in agriculture and food production:

 Increased Crop Yields:The adoption of high-yielding varieties of crops resulted

in substantial increases in agricultural productivity, addressing the challenge of
feeding growing populations.

 Food Security: By enhancing crop yields, the Green Revolution played a crucial
role in ensuring food security, reducing the risk of famine and improving
access to sufficient and nutritious food.
 Economic Growth: Higher agricultural productivity translated into increased
income for farmers, contributing to economic growth in rural areas. This, in
turn, had positive effects on overall economic development
Disadvantages
The Green Revolution, while bringing significant benefits, also had its share of disadvantages
and challenges:

 Environmental Impact: The widespread use of chemical inputs, such as fertilizers and
pesticides, raised environmental concerns. Soil degradation, water pollution, and harm to
non-target organisms were consequences of intensive agricultural practices.

 Loss of Biodiversity: The focus on a limited set of high-yielding varieties led to a reduction
in crop diversity, risking the loss of genetic resources. This lack of diversity can make
agriculture more vulnerable to pests, diseases, and changing environmental conditions.

 Water Depletion: Intensive irrigation practices, a key component of the Green Revolution,
often led to over-extraction of …