Title: Mastering the Art of Writing a Literature Review on Football Hooliganism

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According to Clark (2009), “By far the most contributing and important factor into the public’s view
of football hooliganism is the media’s coverage of disruptions and matches” (Clark, 1). The FIO
respondents contended that the developments in legislation have been vital in helping the police
control football hooliganism. The aim of this essay is to critically analyse the issue of football
hooliganism, it is. This may be on supporters of the opposing side, the authorities or vandalism of
public property. Football hooliganism has arisen in this situation, he suggests, as an attempt by
young working-class fans, in the face of changes that have been externally imposed, to assert a form
of control that they believe members of their class were able formerly to exert. This may have been
because the camera needed to be hidden, or it could. It is the only nation to have received a blanket
expulsion from all European Football competitions - a ban that was initially made for an indefinite
period following the Heysel Stadium. King, A., 2002. The End of the Terraces. 2nd edition. London:
Leicester University. This unsteady family rearing is burdened with a low self esteem mainly due to
exposure to brutality during the formative years hence less training on good behaviour. The
Skinheads were basically anti-fashion, which became a style in itself, their tough-guy, working-class
image and almost fascist patriotic zeal adding to their coolness quotient in the eyes of a youth in
need of an ideal. Spaaj, R., 2007. Football Hooliganism as a Transnational Phenomenon: Past and.
There have been numerous attempts at stamping out football violence amongst fans through various
administrative and legislative measures over the years. The interview was very useful in that it helped
me back up some points I made with real-life experiences or opinions. Reports of football
hooliganism during the peak era describe mass fighting and. Although this scheme was promoted as
being entirely new, similar schemes have been in existence since 1988, when the West Midlands
police set up a 24-hour hotline. According to Pearson (2008), “this sensationalist style of reporting
often relies on powerful headlines grounded in violent imagery and war metaphors whilst articles are
regularly edited for impact” (Pearson, 1). Because the photograph is darker at the top, it appears that
the experienced hooligans seem to be hiding under the cover of darkness and getting away with
abusing Cantona, while the louder, inexperienced hooligans continually abuse Cantona and draw the
attention of the target. In response to questions, fans argued that policing in the UK is different to
that experienced in European football, with the largely covert and intelligence-led approach in the
former considered more appropriate than the more aggressive overt style of the latter. The picture is
lighter at the bottom and fades into black at the top. The nature of football hooliganism, which
includes rowdysim, horseplay and threatening behavior, foul support, soccermania, football riots, and
vandalism are also reviewed in detail. The presence and absence of hooliganism or differences in its
incidence level in various parts of the world result in a social anthropology study of the aspect. They
often encourage drunken supporters into joining in with there trouble making. Berkshire Media
Group, publisher of the Reading Chronicle, has confirmed today editor Maurice O'Brien has been
suspended pending an investigation. They suggest that the police understand and show tolerance of
this. Effective policies are urgently needed if the great social invention of football is to be protected
from the serious threat posed by a combination of hooligan fans, complacent politicians and money-
grabbing owners, managers and players. Armstrong 1997, supports Taylor’s argument and further
believes that explanations based on social class is a over generalised and over simplistic view of
football hooliganism. Hooliganism has been around since medieval times when sport had little if any
rules it was played at festivals and just had an aim. Such schemes, which involve social workers
deployed with groups of fans, provide useful models for other countries. I would like to analyse a
key social problem such as 'football hooliganism'.
Book Book The Roots of Football Hooliganism (RLE Sports Studies) DOI link for The Roots of
Football Hooliganism (RLE Sports Studies) The Roots of Football Hooliganism (RLE Sports
Studies) An Historical and Sociological Study. Other measures involve less use of security tactics but
incorporating people: involving stewards to spot potential trouble makers, club supporters’ fan clubs
that identify delinquent among them and consequently barred from the stadiums, club officials and
players are also indoctrinated into altering their offensive behaviour patterns to portray a grander
image amongst the fans. The British Government has also introduced specific legislation to cover
acts of 'hooliganism'. In it she asked a couple of Man City fans who indulged in violence during the
match. The Marxist theories of Taylor (1971), Clarke (1978) and Hargreaves (1986) form. This
subculture was all about being tough, talking tough, and even dressing tough. Furthermore Cowie,
1989 described then as noisy, young, violent ad generally destructive. Smith, P.(1991).Playing for
England.Cultural Studies and Critical Theory. In the mid 1960’s the media’s portrayal of football
hooliganism drew many more young males from the rough sections of the working class to the sport,
this in turn encouraged many of the respectable supporters to withdraw their support, leaving behind
the rough working class. The 1980s however, saw another youth culture developing parallel to
football. This includes deterrent sentencing, tighter security measures, the passing of The Football
Offences Act in 1991, the formation of the Football Intelligence Unit (FIU), and the controversial
I.D. Card Scheme. After the Hillsborough disaster draconian legislation was introduced following
the Lord Taylor Report which culminated in the Football Disorder Act of 2000 mainly aimed at fans
travelling abroad. Where Dunning et al 1990 found that 65% of hooligans came from social class 3,
whereas only 13-15% were from social class 2, 2-6% social class 1. Authorities have used a surplus
amount of policies in an attempt to eradicate. Football has largely been regarded as a Working class
sport. The exact date of origin of this phenomenon in soccer cannot be easily ascertained. However,
it was not until the 1960s that the media coverage of football began once more regularly to report
hooliganism at matches. Germany discusses football hooliganism with UK ahead of World Cup.
Pearson, Dr G. (2001). Fig Fact-sheet Four: Hooliganism. King, A., 2002. The End of the Terraces.
2nd edition. London: Leicester University. The panic is based on an outraged sense of offence
against apparently accepted standards of behaviour. Minister, at the time Margaret Thatcher, had
direct involvement in discussing the. He was the first sociologist to research and write about it in
1964-1965. Although no accurate figures are available on the frequency of such episodes, the
reported levels of violence and mayhem should be enough to expel any nostalgia about the
behaviour of gentlemanly fans. This paper uses cultural theory to analyze ethnography from, and
literature relating to, public safety risk management and British stadia disasters. There have been
numerous attempts at stamping out football violence amongst fans through various administrative
and legislative measures over the years. However this analysis has been faulted due to the
contradiction of fans from Scotland, Ireland and Denmark who drink heavily but are largely
peaceful during games while the Italian football fans are known to rarely indulge in drunkenness but
are very violent during football games. It is a subculture that celebrates very narrow, rigid and
exclusive notions of locality, community and nation, notions that involve an ambivalent mixture of
contempt for and fear of anything or anybody that is 'different', 'foreign', 'strange'. (Dunning,
Murphy, Williams, 1990). This may have been because the camera needed to be hidden, or it could.
Although I will also use the Internet when I am emailing Metropolitan Police, I am also going to
search for newspaper archives which will enable me to look at specific episodes or incidents where I
can see how they are reported. However, the suggestion that football hooliganism has declined since
the formation.
This essay has looked into the issue of football hooliganism from the period of the. Although some
sociologist criticise this, the enjoyment generated by football disorder as a motivating force for
being involved is also a reason why fans indulge in violence. Although no accurate figures are
available on the frequency of such episodes, the reported levels of violence and mayhem should be
enough to expel any nostalgia about the behaviour of gentlemanly fans. The media’s insatiable drive
for higher circulation figures though has seen them degenerate to despicable levels. Lets see what
football is and how did it trace its origin. Carnibella et al (1996) object to the theory of Marxism to
explain the issue of. They have been seen as purely violent individuals who simply use football
matches as a stage in which to participate in violent behaviour. Three fallacies provide themes which
run through the the notion that football hooliganism is new; that it is a uniquely football problem;
and that it is predominantly an English phenomenon. Due to recent site changes you may encounter
the occasional link from external sources which is no longer working. Or by navigating to the user
icon in the top right. Minister, at the time Margaret Thatcher, had direct involvement in discussing
the. Riots assaults and general uncivilised behaviour took place. The world of soccer hooliganism is
almost exclusively the domain of men, with only 10 to 15% of the audience consisting of women.
However, the suggestion that football hooliganism has declined since the formation. It must be the
result of “animal instinct” or the uncontrolled impulse of the insane “. Here is the inside story of that
phenomenon from those that were there, taking part in the mayhem. 'Yob Laureate' Dougie Brimson
and his brother Eddy offer a compelling description of match-day madness; Colin Ward goes
steaming in, while other pieces detail the irresistible aggro of the local Derby, the tragedy inside
Heysel Stadium and the violence surrounding England's 1998 World Cup match against Tunisia. Not
only does the media end up supplementing hooliganism, it also facilitates a cultural climate, where
football's appeal as a fashion statement for the youth become strong, especially in the era of the
Mods, teddy Boys and the Skinheads. It is a subculture that celebrates very narrow, rigid and
exclusive notions of locality, community and nation, notions that involve an ambivalent mixture of
contempt for and fear of anything or anybody that is 'different', 'foreign', 'strange'. (Dunning,
Murphy, Williams, 1990). Football hooliganism was rife in the 1980s; as a result The Public Order
Act (1986). The Skinheads were basically anti-fashion, which became a style in itself, their tough-
guy, working-class image and almost fascist patriotic zeal adding to their coolness quotient in the
eyes of a youth in need of an ideal. Reading Header: Football Hooliganism is a Moral Panic Fuelled
by Media Amplification And Populist Misconception number: Lecturer. All rights are reserved,
including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. However although I
believe hooliganism will always exist I believe that there are things that increase the likelihood of
such acts occurring these include. Therefore, the troubled state of English masculinity which affects
individuals from across all social classes regardless of subculture and past experiences is a more
plausible explanation of football hooliganism. The next government step was to introduce the
Football Spectators Act (1989), as. This encompass construction of fences, installation of close circuit
cameras that monitor fans behaviour, implementation of the new rules proclamation of an all-seater
stadium, and appropriate ticketing procedures that ensure most tickets are not sold on match days.
King, A., 1997. The lads: Masculinity and the New Consumption of Football. Involvement in
football violence can be explained in relation to a number of factors, relating to interaction, identity,
legitimacy and power. Championships. The aim of the act was to combine domestic and international.
Furthermore Cowie, 1989 described then as noisy, young, violent ad generally destructive.
Carnibella et al (1996) object to the theory of Marxism to explain the issue of. One thing that is
recurrent within the research of football hooliganism is the. Clubs are fined heavily in case of fan
trouble emanating from their side. On one occasion, a football fan hits a fan from a rival football
club with a large iron bar, giving the impression that he is strong and powerful. The paper also
appeared to link football hooliganism with the Hillsborough disaster in which 96 Liverpool
supporters lost their lives in 1989. Although some sociologist criticise this, the enjoyment generated
by football disorder as a motivating force for being involved is also a reason why fans indulge in
violence. Another scheme introduced was a 'hooligan hotline' whereby supporters could phone in
and report incidents of hooliganism and perhaps even identify perpetrators. Although these policies
seem appropriate for the extent of which football. Bryan Drew, Head of Strategic and Specialist
Intelligence and NCIS said: “There’s a nasty, ugly, anti-social element in society that clings to
football that just won’t give up.” This aptly describes not only the football hooligans but the caustic
press corps. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. There have been numerous
attempts at stamping out football violence amongst fans through various administrative and
legislative measures over the years. German clubs are involved to an extent in the fan coaching
schemes; elsewhere there is little contact between club officials and the fan groups. There is also a lot
of diegetic sound that has been included; when the hooligans are being interviewed in the pub there
is a lot of shouting and cheering in the background. Once dubbed 'the English disease', British
match-day thuggery has spread right across Europe and beyond. The book has three parts; I, II and
III, part I talks about football hooliganism as a transitional phenomena. Football is just a game that
should be enjoyed by both the players and fans alike rather than be depicted as a battlefield of
competing set of bloodthirsty antagonists. This game was extremely ruff and was often used to settle
arguments, which resulted in many injures and in some sever cases 'death'. By continuing, you agree
to our Terms and Conditions. The 1985 Heysel stadium disaster, in which thirty-nine fans were
killed, serves as one of the most significant tragedies in this regard involving English hooligans
(Young, 1986). Post-war sub-cultures, such as those of the Teddy Boys, Mods and Rockers,
Skinheads and, in more recent years, Glamrock, Punk, House etc., have all been examples of these
symbolic attempts to resolve structural and material problems.( Theoretical and research perspectives,
1997). And to sum up the obnoxious altitude of the media The Sun the largest selling tabloid
newspaper subsequent headline on 19th June 2000 read, “England’s real Waterloo still to come”.
Giulianotti. Dr R. (1997).Football Media in the UK: A Cultural Studies Perspective. Dr. Hepworth,
M. (1994).Football, Violence and Social Identity. Routledge. New York.91. The relationship between
youth culture and football. By continuing, you agree to our Terms and Conditions. Minister, at the
time Margaret Thatcher, had direct involvement in discussing the. Although their team had won an
epic game, the tabloids were only interested in the gory facts rather than the glory of their English
team winning against a tough opponent. When people drink they stop thinking rationally and do
things that they otherwise wouldn't do. The hooligans were portrayed in the tabloids as animals, and
deserving of harsh punishments. Some historians suspect that because there is not many reports of
crowd misbehaviour during the pre-war era, relative to the abundance of reported assaults on players
and officials.
Since the early 1980s tactics such as undercover police operations, en masse. Armstrong, G., 1998.
Football Hooligans: Knowing the score. Under cover operations have revelled that hooliganism has
become more organised where the ringleaders of sets of troublemakers on opposing sides have been
in contact with each other and meet at a predetermined destination to fight. Carnibella et al (1996)
object to the theory of Marxism to explain the issue of. Methods of Inquiry Opinion Poll by
Questionnaires Information Given by Police Other Methods2. Similarly to the Marxist approach, the
figurationalism theory also relates the issue. Similarly to the Marxist approach, the figurationalism
theory also relates the issue. This report moreover serves to reinforce the stereo type of the typical
English football fan as depicted in the Daily Mirror (June18th, 2000) during the Euro 2000
tournament as a “drunken, tattooed, crop-headed oaf who only follows the national team to have a
fight and not support the team”. Best, S. 2010. The Leicester School of Football Hooliganism: an
evaluation. Soccer. Chaudhary, V. (2002)On the Road with the Amiable Army. Causes of
Hooliganism Individual Psychological Factors Alcohol Crowd Psychology Fan Groups Violent
Gangs Chanting and Chant Leaders6. Armstrong 1997, supports Taylor’s argument and further
believes that explanations based on social class is a over generalised and over simplistic view of
football hooliganism. If I were to research in this field I would set up a few tests I would go to two
football stadiums renowned for hooliganism and in one of them I would ban any alcohol and in
another stadium I would make it freely available. Riots assaults and general uncivilised behaviour
took place. This encompass construction of fences, installation of close circuit cameras that monitor
fans behaviour, implementation of the new rules proclamation of an all-seater stadium, and
appropriate ticketing procedures that ensure most tickets are not sold on match days. More and more
football events are now peaceful, for example the 2002 World Cup in Japan and Korea, and the 2004
European Championship in Portugal. International Journal of the History of Sport, 24 (4), p411-431.
I would like to analyse a key social problem such as 'football hooliganism'. This increased control
creates a situation of confrontation, where more people than were originally involved in the deviant
behaviour are drawn into it. Injuries resulting from hooliganism are also elaborated. However, the
suggestion that football hooliganism has declined since the formation. Confrontations and fights
between rival supporters are pre-arranged via the internet and by mobile phones. This narrow field
can be clearly defined as specialised policing, with a set of laws regulating everything related to
sports policing, complemented by the regulations of the sports federations, which also serve as
guidelines for the maintenance of sports law enforcement records and the security provided at sports
events. This often precipitates the call for tough measures of control. A study of consumer behaviour
among football supporters; how evident is brand. Such schemes, which involve social workers
deployed with groups of fans, provide useful models for other countries. Moore, D., 1994. The Lads
in Action: Social Processes in an Urban Youth. Measures that have been enacted by football
authorities and fans have managed to curb football violence greatly in most European countries
including England and Italy. Suggesting there is evidence that stereotyping all those. The changing
social composition of football crowds and the changing class structure of British society is discussed
and the genesis of modern football hooliganism is explained by tracing it to the cultural conditions
and circumstances which reproduce in young working-class males an interest in a publicly expressed
aggressive masculine style.