Literature Review of Hepatitis B Virus

A literature review on the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a meticulous and demanding task. It requires
extensive research, critical analysis, and synthesis of existing scholarly works to provide a
comprehensive overview of the subject matter. The complexity of the virus itself, coupled with the
vast amount of research conducted on it, adds layers of difficulty to the review process.

Understanding the intricacies of HBV, including its transmission, pathology, diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention, necessitates thorough examination of peer-reviewed articles, academic papers, books,
and other relevant sources. Researchers must sift through a myriad of information, evaluating the
credibility and relevance of each source to ensure the accuracy and validity of the review.

Moreover, synthesizing diverse perspectives and findings from various studies requires not only a
deep understanding of the subject matter but also strong analytical and critical thinking skills.
Researchers must identify patterns, discrepancies, and gaps in the existing literature to contribute
meaningful insights to the field.

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This treatment is the most effective when the number of viral particles (viral load) is not very high. In
order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. However, patients with chronic hepatitis B
and C often have no symptoms or only mild nonspecific symptoms such as chronic fatigue.
Nonetheless, the results of recent studies have led to an improved understanding of the disease and a
belief that current recommendations on specific therapeutic considerations, including CHB treatment
initiation and cessation criteria, particularly in patient populations with special circumstances, can be
improved. Bilirubin is a brownish yellow substance, which is placed in the bile and excreted in the
stool. The test is used to find out if you are immune to the virus after natural exposure or
vaccination. Used to determine if you are immune to the hepatitis B virus. Viral replication is limited
due to a lack of miRNA-122 in HepG2 because miRNA-122 is the most abundant liver-specific
miRNA and plays key roles in liver development and hepatic function. It also goes over what a
positive and negative hepatitis B surface antibody test result can mean. Find support for a specific
problem in the support section of our website. Specific mutations within the precore (position 1896)
and BCP region (positions 1762 and 1764) of HBV are associated with reduced responses to PEG-
IFN. These cellular processes facilitate the neoplastic transformation of hepatocytes and the
induction of HCC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommandations and Reports 54(RR-
16):1-31. Poster presentation at the 43rd National Immunization Conference Dallas, Texas. Note that
from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. It should be
followed by either two or three doses given after the first one, preferably within six month.
International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). This new system displayed the stable
expression of hepatocyte genes and maintained functional liver-specific genes for a month or longer.
Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors
and must receive. Dusheiko View author publications You can also search for this author in. An
important viral marker utilized in the classification of CHB phases is presence or absence of viral
hepatitis B “e” antigen (HBeAg). Individuals persistently infected with HBV are at risk of
development of severe liver complications including cirrhosis and primary liver cancer (HCC). Early
treatment may be required only in less than 1% of infected people who are immunocompromised or
whose infection takes an aggressive course. Although, the mechanisms underlying this clinical
association have yet to be elucidated, the direct oncogenic effects of HBV within lymphoid cells
may induce malignant transformation. A number of effective tests are available to diagnose hepatitis
B and monitor the condition of infected people. Paper presented at Poster presentation at the 13th
Internationational Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, Washington, DC. OBI cases
may or may not have detectable HBV viremia due to frequently suppressed viral expression and
replication. Every individual has to play a part in the common fight, and has the power to influence
real change in disease prevention, access to testing, treatment and care. Infants and young children at
most risk for chronic infections.
Education and prevention programs should be expanded to provide services in underserved regions
of the United States given that the highest rates of acute hepatitis B incidence are in the south
(Daniels et al., 2009). Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). Impact of Hepatitis B
Virus Genetic Variation, Integration, and Lymphotropism in Antiviral Treatment and Oncogenesis.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). We address various cell culture systems
along with different cell lines and how these cell culture systems can be used to provide better tools
for HBV and HDV studies. Avoid eating raw fish because it can have bacteria which can damage
your liver. These cellular processes facilitate the neoplastic transformation of hepatocytes and the
induction of HCC. You will probably need to take the pills every day for at least a year, if not
longer. However, if you are not treated, a chronic infection can develop into such serious diseases as
liver cancer or cirrhosis which can result in death. For in vivo studies, the use of immunocompetent
animals with lymphoid cells that are naturally infected by hepadnavirus could serve as useful pre-
clinical models. There are simple and effective ways to prevent the spread of Hepatitis B. You have
to give a blood sample for the HBsAb test, which is checked in a lab. Download citation Published:
07 June 2018 DOI: Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read
this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. HBV
and HDV enter hepatocytes through NCTP: a multiple transmembrane transporter at the basolateral
membrane of primary hepatocytes. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD).
Dusheiko 5, Harry L. A. Janssen 6, Daryl T. Y. Lau 7, Stephen A. Locarnini 8, Marion G. HBV
reactivation in OBI may also be particularly problematic within patients who undergo
chemotherapeutics or immunosuppressive therapies that impact host adaptive immunity. Viral
genotype and genetic variants can serve as important predictive factors for therapeutic response and
outcomes in addition to oncogenic risk. CHB is defined by positive HBsAg in serum for greater than
6 months duration. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only
perks. They may even remove the virus completely but it happens rarely. In a 2007 survey covering
10 major cities in China, hepatitis B was cited as one of the top three reasons for job discrimination
(China Daily, 2007). In vitro cell culture systems are instrumental in the development of therapeutic
targets. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). Thus, HepaRG
may have better hepatic functions than other hepatoma cell lines. Data Availability Statement All
data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. Drug-treatment counselors’
education and certification examinations should also include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Of
respondents, 81% estimated their risk of developing liver disease, specifically cirrhosis, in the next 10
years at 50% or greater. A positive result usually means that you are immune to the virus and cannot
infect others. Funding This research was funded by the US Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
The prevalence of chronic infections remains high for several reasons, and the aging of the
chronically infected population has contributed to the tripling of liver-cancer incidence during the
last three decades (Altekruse et al., 2009; McGlynn et al., 2006). The persistently high prevalence of
chronic HBV infection can be attributed in part to immigration of chronically infected people from
HBV-endemic regions—including East Asia, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa—to the United
States. However, patients with chronic hepatitis B and C often have no symptoms or only mild
nonspecific symptoms such as chronic fatigue. Additional data including in-depth HBV integration
studies of PBMCs and of lymphoid malignancies from CHB carriers are essential. Risk of
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Across a Biological Gradient of Serum Hepatitis B Virus DNA Level. Side
effects include swelling, soreness and redness at the injection site. Your body can use the antibodies
to attack the virus if it appears again. While the letters differ, they all have one thing in common -- a
dangerous inflammation of the liver. An effective and safe vaccine is used to protect children and
adults from the disease. Figure 6: Hepatitis B disease phases and treatment indications. TAF, the
more recently approved formulation of tenofovir, also appears to show a high barrier to the
development of viral resistance. The goals of the peer-education intervention (PEI) were to develop
mastery over knowledge and skills necessary for prevention of HIV and HCV infection so that they
could pass the knowledge on to their peers. It also goes over what a positive and negative hepatitis B
surface antibody test result can mean. Terrault, N. A. et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of
chronic hepatitis B. Chronic hepatitis phases are characterized with ALT flares, fluctuating Hepatitis
B Virus (HBV) DNA levels, as well as liver damage and inflammation. Paper should be a substantial
original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. A model of
virus is built using data of viral macromolecular structure furnished by Protein Data Bank (PDB
4G93). Improved understanding of risk factors for acute and chronic HBV and HCV infections and
collection of data on them, including country of birth and ethnicity, and the use of risk-factor
screening will lead to increased identification of cases, increased provision of preventive resources,
increased vaccination to protect those at risk for hepatitis B infection, and reduction in disparities in
the burden of chronic viral hepatitis. Clinical studies with novel HBV treatment will need to consider
the role of novel genetic tools and HBV biomarkers, such as high throughput sequencing and
genotyping to characterize the study population and their unique viral variants. 4.2. Occult HBV
Infection Due to the nature of HBV integration and HBV cccDNA persistence, a sterilizing cure that
eliminates all viral genomic material from infected hosts is extremely challenging. Hepatitis B virus is
passed by contact with blood or body fluids (i.e. seminal, menstrual, vaginal fluids and saliva) of an
infected person. That strategy parallels the Prevention for Positives initiatives for HIV (CDC,
2003a). When that occurs, transplantation is required to sustain life. An intriguing possibility are the
B-cell antigen receptors, which are specific for HBV surface proteins might serve as the mechanisms
of lymphoid cell entry for HBV. Additional research is warranted to better characterize and validate
these mutations. Physicians in practice for more than 20 years were found to have the lowest level of
knowledge about HCV risk factors, whereas those in practice for 5 years or less had the highest
knowledge level. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. 13th ed. Washington D.C. Public Health
Foundation, 2015. Morbidity and Morality Weekly: Recommendations and Reports 47(RR-19):1-39.
Journal of the National Cancer Institute 100(8):528-529. Fewer than half of all the patients correctly
endorsed facts concerning HCV transmission, the duration of hepatitis C treatment, the potential
effectiveness of hepatitis C medication in active drug users, the course of HCV infection, and the
possibility of spontaneous clearance of the infection. Identification of human cancer-related genes by
naturally occurring Hepatitis B Virus DNA tagging. HBV integration, particularly in coding genes, is
implicated in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.