Title: The Challenge of Crafting a Comprehensive Literature Review on Hepatitis B

Crafting a literature review on a complex topic like Hepatitis B can be a daunting task that requires
extensive research, critical analysis, and a thorough understanding of the subject matter. As scholars
and researchers embark on the journey of compiling a comprehensive literature review, they often
encounter various challenges that can hinder the process.

1. Vast Volume of Information:Hepatitis B is a multifaceted medical topic with a vast volume

of scholarly articles, research papers, and clinical studies. Sorting through this extensive
amount of information to identify relevant and credible sources can be time-consuming and
overwhelming.
2. Diverse Perspectives and Findings: The literature on Hepatitis B spans various disciplines,
including virology, immunology, epidemiology, and clinical medicine. Integrating diverse
perspectives and findings into a coherent narrative requires a nuanced understanding of each
study's methodology, results, and implications.
3. Constantly Evolving Research: The field of Hepatitis B research is dynamic, with new
studies and discoveries emerging regularly. Keeping up-to-date with the latest research
findings and incorporating them into a literature review poses a continuous challenge for
researchers.
4. Analytical and Synthesis Skills:Crafting a literature review goes beyond summarizing
existing studies. It requires the ability to critically analyze and synthesize information,
identifying patterns, gaps, and contradictions in the existing literature to contribute
meaningful insights to the field.

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HCV is efficiently transmitted by direct percutaneous exposure to infectious blood. Upon IAV
infection, ZBP1 recruits RIPK1 and RIPK3 via the receptor-interacting protein homotypic
interaction motif (RHIM) to form a cell death complex. Inflammatory caspases can play a role in
PCD pathways and apoptotic caspases can play a role in inflammatory pathways. Thus, the
committee is concerned that the public’s need for relevant information is not being effectively met.
However, the benefits of hepatitis B vaccine are realized long after immunization, and because the
population at highest risk of hepatitis B infection is in adolescents, young adults, and members of
high-risk occupations, the recommendation to universally immunize newborns and infants is difficult
for some parents and clinicians to understand. JB validated the assessment of methodological quality
of the included trials, validated data from six randomly selected trials, drafted parts of the review,
and revised the review. The vaccine has a great record of effectiveness and safety. The committee
found evidence that some parents and health care workers are skeptical about the vaccine due more
to a perception that the vaccine is unnecessary, rather than due to a large concern about the safety of
the vaccine. Finally, in order to determine the upstream signaling responsible for STING-mediated
NF-kB activity, two proteins were investigated: transforming growth factor b-activated kinase 1
(TAK1) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKK?). Reprinted with
permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Medicine 10(12 Suppl):S70-S76, copyright 2004.
These benefits were not significantly associated with the methodological quality of the trials, the
mother's hepatitis B e antigen status, time of injection, or number of infants dropping out of the
study. Sensitivity of RDTs may be lower in HIV-positive individuals, although possibly less so in
ART-naive individuals who would benefit most from screening using dual HIV-HBV RDTs in
settings with limited access to laboratories. In addition, there should be continued surveillance of
health care workers who have received the vaccine. Drink plenty of water to keep your body well-
hydrated. An effective and safe vaccine is used to protect children and adults from the disease. Five
studies evaluated 8 EIAs against a chemiluminescence immunoassay reference standard with a
pooled sensitivity and specificity of 88.9% (95% CI: 87.0, 90.6) and 98.4% (95% CI: 97.8, 98.8),
respectively. Accuracy of both RDTs and EIAs using a NAT reference were generally lower,
especially amongst HIV-positive cohorts. Three doses of hepatitis B vaccine are required for full
immunization. United States-People's Republic of China Study Group on Hepatitis B. CG
coordinated the review, functioned as an adjudicator in cases of disagreement, drafted parts of the
review, and revised the review. This strategy was later expanded to include all pregnant women
(CDC, 1990). Persons likely to have chronic HCV infection include those who received a blood
transfusion before 1992 and past or current injection-drug users (IDUs). We were unable to assess
diagnostic accuracy specifically in field studies as definitions of “in the field” are open to
interpretation with methods poorly described in many papers. Upon vaccination, aluminum salt
crystals are taken into local dendritic cells via phagocytosis where they rupture the lysosome, causing
activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome which includes active caspase 1. Today, between 800,000
and 1.4 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis B and between 2.7 and 3.9 million
have chronic hepatitis C. Blumberg Institute studying programmed cell death such as. From 10 to 30
percent of all cases are associated with Campylobacter jejuni infections. WHO has published
guidelines related to hepatitis B vaccination of children (WHO, 2001). Literature search strategies
were developed by a medical librarian with expertise in systematic review searching, using a search
algorithm consisting of terms for: hepatitis B, diagnostic tests, and diagnostic accuracy. These
findings may help in the development of novel IAV therapies as well as treatments for diseases with
abnormally regulated cell death pathways. Infection can occur during dental and surgical procedures,
tattooing, or through the shared use of razors and other contaminated objects.
Laboratory diagnosis of the infection screens the detection of the surface antigen HBsAg. London:
HMSO, 1996. 68. ? Yang Y, Liu C, Chen T, Lee M, Chen S, Shi H, et al. All children suffering from
chronic hepatitis B infection should be seen by a liver specialist on a regular basis. Japanese and
American reports of randomized trials: differences in the reporting of adverse effects. The category
of “no evidence” is reserved for those cases in which there is a complete absence of clinical or
epidemiological evidence. Therefore larger trials are needed before equivalence or non-inferiority can
be claimed. Immunization programme against hepatitis B virus infection in Italy: cost-effectiveness.
Rates of hepatitis B infection vary widely throughout the world. Please try again later Press and hold
to save to specific list There was a problem There was a problem Find this book on AbeBooks.com
AbeBooks, an Amazon company, offers millions of new, used, and out-of-print books. Without
testing for infection, many chronically infected persons are not aware that they have been infected
until symptoms of advanced liver disease appear. This paper identifies a previously unknown role for
caspase-6 in regulating ZBP1-mediated inflammasome activation and PANoptosis. To improve
adherence to that guideline, the committee offers the following recommendation. Hepatitis B virus
transfusion risk in China: proficiency testing for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen. The
committee does not conclude that the vaccine does not cause the adverse event merely if the
evidence is inadequate to support causality. A number of effective tests are available to diagnose
hepatitis B and monitor the condition of infected people. Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for the
detection of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, hepatitis B surface antigen, and syphilis
in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Side effects include swelling, soreness and redness at the injection
site. The purpose of this review was to provide quantitative evidence of the accuracy of available
diagnostics to detect HBsAg in order to inform global guidelines. Sensitivities ranged from 38% to
99% and specificities ranged from 94 to 99%. She provided trials for this review, validated data
extraction, and revised the review. Methods Search strategy and identification of studies We
conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnostic accuracy of HBsAg tests. Only
four test brands were evaluated in three or more studies. We post hoc classified trials as high quality
if they had at least two of the following components: adequate generation of allocation sequence,
adequate allocation concealment, or adequate blinding. It is important to ensure that the content and
format of the communication methods and tools are appropriate, readily accessible, and relevant to
the public. Screening test accuracy among potential blood donors of HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-
HCV to detect hepatitis B and C virus infection in rural Cambodia and Vietnam. OpenUrl CrossRef
PubMed Web of Science 18. ? Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Role of hepatitis B immunoglobulin in
infants born to hepatitis B e antigen-negative carrier mothers in Taiwan. Dimensions of
methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. Author
information Authors and Affiliations London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St,
London, WC1E 7HT, UK Ali Amini, Olivia Varsaneux, Helen Kelly, Debrah I. Accuracy and quality
of RDTs should be important considerations in test selection for national programmes.
To determine this, conditional TBK1-knockout mice were generated. Implementation of timely and
accurate testing strategies in many endemic settings is poor, hindering the linkage to care. Cochrane
reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to comments and criticisms.
The Cochrane Library should be consulted for the most recent version of the review. The first dose is
recommended within 24 hours after birth. The committee is aware, however, that there are some
people who very much object to the vaccine on the basis of the perception that not all infants and
children are at risk for hepatitis B infection and on the basis of concerns about the safety. However,
more than 90% of adults recover naturally within the first year without any special treatment. The
tests can be used to distinguish chronic and acute infections. The NLR family pyrin domain-
containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multimeric structure consisting of NLRP3,
apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase
1 subunits. On the other hand, the N146Q mutant lacked the asparagine which is typically N-
glycosylated. Validity of the rapid strip assay test for detecting HBsAg in patients admitted to
hospital in Uganda. The populations that use the settings may not have access to care through
traditional health-care venues. Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, D'Amico R, Sowden AJ, Sakarovitch C, Song F,
et al. Edited by K. Stratton, D. Almario, and M. C. McCormick. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press. Therefore, most people must continue treatment for life. Validation of assays in the
context of immune escape variants and using less invasive collection methods would support the
development of demographic specific testing strategies. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report:
Surveillance Summaries 58(3):1-27. These initial guidelines did not include testing recommendations,
and in particular which tests to use. Today, between 800,000 and 1.4 million people in the United
States have chronic hepatitis B and between 2.7 and 3.9 million have chronic hepatitis C. This report
does not address hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, or hepatitis D virus (also called the hepatitis
delta virus) infections. An estimated 78% of cases of primary liver cancer (HCC) and 57% of cases.
Infection can occur during dental and surgical procedures, tattooing, or through the shared use of
razors and other contaminated objects. The remaining 19 trials did not report any exclusion criteria
for birth weight. The recom mendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
should remain in effect for all other infants. Papers were accepted or rejected, with reasons for
exclusion specified. They may even remove the virus completely but it happens rarely. Moreover,
laboratory and clinical research has proven that an Ayurvedic formula can halt Hepatitis B virus. The
pain generally subsides within days or weeks, but weakness and muscle atrophy in the affected arm
are common side-effects. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL. In
contrast to VLPs grown in mammalian cells, yeast-derived VLPs have no N-glycosylation. We
included studies reporting original data from patient specimens in all age groups, settings, countries
and specimen types.
When hepatitis B vaccines first became available in the 1980s, the prevention strategy in the United
States focused on immunizing populations, pregnant women in particular, considered at high risk for
HBV infection. Validation of rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of hepatitis B surface
antigen in field and laboratory settings in the Gambia, Western Africa. Data analysis and synthesis
We conducted meta-analysis pooling data using the DerSimonian-Laird bivariate random effects
model (REM) to calculate pooled sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CI),
which were used to estimate positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR, NLR). Comprehensive
viral hepatitis services should have five core components: outreach and awareness, prevention of
new infections, identification of infected people, social and peer support, and medical management
of infected people. Blumberg Institute studying programmed cell death such as. Efficacy of
hepatitis-B immunoglobulin and hepatitis-B vaccine in prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in
newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg. Vertical transmission of
hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. At the Golgi, the serine-threonine protein kinase TANK-binding kinase
1 (TBK1) phosphorylates STING at residues in its C-terminal tail (CTT). Recommendations of the
Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). Methods Search strategy and identification of
studies We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnostic accuracy of HBsAg
tests. The lack of awareness in foreign-born populations from HBV-endemic countries is
compounded by the gaps in knowledge and preventive practice among health-care and social-service
providers, particularly those who serve a large number of foreign-born, high-risk patients. OpenUrl
FREE Full Text 20. ? Hollis S, Campbell F. The recombinant hepatitis B vaccines in use in the United
States since the late 1980s are produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast), into which a
plasmid containing the gene for HBsAg has been inserted (CDC, 1990). The evidence derives from
unpublished data, for the most part, and the one published study had methodological weaknesses. As
a result, surveillance data do not provide accurate estimates of the current burden of disease, are
insufficient for program planning and evaluation, and do not provide the information that would
allow policy-makers to allocate sufficient resources to viral hepatitis prevention and control
programs. The federal government has provided few resources—in the form of guidance, funding,
and oversight—to local and state health departments to perform surveillance for viral hepatitis.
Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. OpenUrl
CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 63. ? Als-Nielsen B, Gluud LL, Gluud C. The caspase family of
proteins are cysteine-aspartic proteases which cleave proteins between cysteine and aspartic acid
residues. African Americans and Hispanics have a higher rate of HCV infection than whites.
Pediatrics 2000; 106: E52. 75. Kojouharova M, Teoharov P, Bahtchevanova T, Maeva I, Eginlian A,
Deneva M. HBsAgS mutant N146Q ran as a single band at 24 kDa, indicating no glycosylation.
Evaluation of an indigenously manufactured rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of
HBsAg. Each year, about 15,000 deaths are caused by HBV- or HCV-associated liver cancer or end-
stage liver disease (CDC, 2009d). Guidelines on Hepatitis B and C Testing. 2017: Geneva. Given
this, and the fact that the committee identified very little information about the effects of the vaccine
on demyelinating disorders in infants and children, the committee recommends further research.
Frequency of diagnostically significant hepatitis B surface antigen mutants. If the evidence is not
reasonably convincing either in support of or against causality, the category “inadequate to accept or
reject a causal relationship” is used. If an individual approaches the task stressed or concerned about
the issue, it is likely that the search process will only increase that frustration. Comparative efficacy,
safety and immunogenicity of Hepavax-Gene and Engerix-B, recombinant hepatitis B vaccines, in
infants born to HBsAg and HBeAg positive mothers in Vietnam: an assessment at 2 years. Although
the majority of studies did not specify the exact time interval between performance of the index and
reference assays, it was assumed to be at low risk of bias as the assays were performed on the same
sample.
Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. NOTE: We only request your email address so
that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is
not junk mail. Evaluation of an indigenously manufactured rapid immunochromatographic test for
detection of HBsAg. Taken together, these results indicate that TBK1 and IKK. HCV is efficiently
transmitted by direct percutaneous exposure to infectious blood. Combined passive and active
immunization for interruption of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan. Reducing the
rates of illness and death associated with these diseases will require greater awareness and
knowledge among health care workers, improved identification of at-risk people, and improved
access to medical care. Morbidity and Morality Weekly: Recommendations and Reports 57(RR-8):1-
20. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States
through universal childhood vaccination: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory
Committee (ACIP). Therefore, it is important that the general population have access to screening
and testing services so that people who are at risk for viral hepatitis can be identified. A shortage was
avoided because other manufacturers were able to provide an adequate supply of the vaccine in adult
and dialysis formulations, and CDC released doses of pediatric vaccine from its stockpile. Thus, the
committee concludes that the evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between
hepatitis B vaccine and transverse myelitis, GBS, and brachial neuritis. JB validated the assessment
of methodological quality of the included trials, validated data from six randomly selected trials,
drafted parts of the review, and revised the review. HBV poses a threat to those who live with
infected persons, to health care professionals, travelers to countries of high Hepatitis B endemicity,
and patients undergoing kidney dialysis. The infection is a major concern for health workers and
other people who have contact with blood. In addition, the implementation of safe injection
procedures, blood safety strategies and safer sex practices can protect against HBV transmission.
Quantifying adverse drug events: are systematic reviews the answer. The first page of the PDF of
this article appears above. The immunoglobulin is immediately effective and seems protective for
several months, after which it wanes. 11 12 In the present systematic review, we assessed the
beneficial and harmful effects of hepatitis B vaccines and hepatitis B immunoglobulin in newborn
infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Besides, many people are diagnosed only
at the stage when they have advanced liver disease. Hepatitis B surface antigen serum levels help to
distinguish active from inactive hepatitis B virus genotype D carriers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2004; ( 3 ): CD003775. 72. ? Niu MT, Davis DM, Ellenberg S. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004. 14. ?
Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J, Boxall EH, Gluud C. However, most programs are understaffed and
underfunded and cannot offer adequate case-management services. The incidence of the disease is
highest in persons between the ages of 20 and 40 years, but it is also diagnosed in children as young
as 2 years, and in older individuals. Except for Medicaid’s Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and
Treatment entitlement, public-health insurance often contains cost-sharing, which may create a
barrier to vaccination for some people. However, anyone with an allergy to yeast or to any other
vaccine component should not get the vaccine. This report does not address hepatitis A virus,
hepatitis E virus, or hepatitis D virus (also called the hepatitis delta virus) infections. OpenUrl
PubMed 5. ? Okada K, Kamiyama I, Inomata M, Imai M, Miyakawa Y. We searched MEDLINE,
EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Science Citation Index Expanded,
SCOPUS, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciencias da Saude (LILACS), WHO Global
Index Medicus, WHO’s International Clinical Trials Registry and the Web of Science.
Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of
interest when they're released. About 65% and 75% of the infected population are unaware that they
are infected with HBV and HCV, respectively. However, most programs are understaffed and
underfunded and cannot offer adequate case-management services. It identifies priorities for
research, policy, and action geared toward federal, state, and local public health officials,
stakeholder, and advocacy groups and professional organizations. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report 57(30):825-828. Health-care providers should routinely seek risk behavior histories from
adult patients through direct questioning and self-assessment. Risk of bias from the index test was
most commonly due to insufficient reporting of blinding or evaluation of RDTs which are no longer
commercially available. Chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C are serious and can result in liver
cirrhosis and a type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The average duration of follow-
up was 19 months (range 6 to 60 months). Chronic infection is diagnosed if HBsAg persists for 6
months. The first page of the PDF of this article appears above. World Journal of Gastroenterology
14(11):1652-1656. Fourthly, only a few investigators responded to our request for further
information and often that the details were lost. CG coordinated the review, functioned as an
adjudicator in cases of disagreement, drafted parts of the review, and revised the review. OpenUrl
CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 85. ? Bloom BS, Hillman AL, Fendrick AM, Schwartz JS. The
prevention of chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C prevents the majority of HCC cases because
HBV and HCV are the leading causes of this type of cancer. Because none of the evidence is
specific to the hepatitis B vaccine, the committee concludes that there is weak evidence for biological
mechanisms by which hepatitis B vaccination could possibly influence an individual’s risk of the
central or peripheral nervous system disorders of MS, first episode of CDD, ADEM, optic neuritis,
transverse myelitis, GBS, or brachial neuritis. African Americans and Hispanics have a higher rate of
HCV infection than whites. The widespread acceptance of the vaccine is reflected in the increases in
coverage rates among young children since the mid-1990s. They will require medical treatment and
intervention. A recent meta-analysis reported that HCV prevalence was 84% in injection-drug users
(IDUs) surveyed in the Guangxi region bordering the Golden Triangle in China (Xia et al., 2008). In
that region, drug use is highly stigmatized, which reduces community support for prevention efforts
and inhibits IDUs’ access to prevention services. The committee will highlight issues that warrant
further investigations and opportunities for collaboration between private and public sectors.
Hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes reported to the vaccine adverse event reporting system
(VAERS), 1996-1998. Variants used were threonine-to-asparagine mutant T116N and asparagine-to-
glutamine mutant N146Q. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. Prevalence
and associations with hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection among HIV-infected adults in South
Africa. His passion is learning, teaching and collaborating with others to conduct research to better
understand nature. We carried out meta-analyses using a fixed effect model and a random effects
model in RevMan analyses 4.2. If the results of both analyses concurred, we reported the results of
the fixed effect model only. Besides, many people are diagnosed only at the stage when they have
advanced liver disease. HCV is efficiently transmitted by direct percutaneous exposure to infectious
blood.