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The dual burden of gender-based violence and HIV in adolescent girls and young women in South
Africa: guest editorial. The costs of these may be significant, but no reliable data exist from which to
estimate them. Response: Indeed parental education acts as a safety net. Feel free to ask questions
or share additional instructions. Almost 29, 23 and 26 percent of married adolescent girls had faced
emotional, physical and sexual violence respectively. Download Free PDF View PDF DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE: ONLY IN SORROW AND WITHOUT JOY Tatiana Volkodav Download Free PDF
View PDF Mechanisms and dynamic of domestic violence Sanamed Medical journal The most
common synonyms for term family are: love, support, understanding, warmness, etc. Is the
manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions. These discrepancies may be
particularly difficult to resolve in identifying cases of maltreatment that occur in settings
characterized by extreme poverty, substance abuse, community violence, and transience (including
immigration and homelessness). Response: the abstract has been modified as suggested by the
reviewer. Domestic violence affects both the victim and the witnesses. Another approach has been to
use large groups of available subjects. The third section focuses on what is being done to address
SRGBV. Conceptual framework for understanding male interpersonal violence in South Africa: An
exploratory study into theoretical frameworks for investigating risk and protective factors to male
interpersonal violence. Influence of African cultural factors on domestic violence. According to
Yasmin ( 33 ), cases of rape, violence against women, and sexual assault also increased during the
Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate
controls, replication, and sample sizes. It has also the largest number of working children. The
following categorization was done for the analytical purpose. Yet it is known that the injuries and
mental health problems that occur in the wake of family violence have imposed a heavy burden on a
broad range of service providers, including women's shelters, schools, hospitals, mental health
clinics, police stations, and district attorney's offices. The details of the study methodology are
presented hereunder. The total available land for cultivation in ha (owned land, rented land,
sharecropped land, and inherited land) of all the respondents is 1.40 ha per household with a
standard deviation of 0.81 with high variability, 0.125 ha being the smallest and 3.75 ha being the
highest. Detailed discussions of measuring the scope of family violence are available elsewhere
(National Research Council, 1993a,b; 1996). The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece
of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Despite the versatility of the variables,
a baseline prototype measurement (though not exhaustive) believed to influence the dependent
variables ( Teff production) is taken into consideration as indicated in Table 2. Physical violence is
known as the battered-child syndrome. A comparison between male and female-headed households
suggests that male-headed households are better off for variables such as ox ownership, quantity of
oxen ownership, use of inputs (investment in inputs), farmer’s training, money allocated to Teff
production, land ownership and Teff cultivated land. Hence, in the absence of a vaccine or effective
treatment, going into quarantine for varying periods of time is being adopted as an option by most
countries. Others have noted, however, that because emotional abuse and emotional neglect are often
associated with other forms of maltreatment, the broader definitions create opportunities for early
interventions that may be successful in preventing more serious and lethal forms of violence.
Participants also expressed concerns over feminisation of GBV, asserting that men fall prey to GBV
too. Constraints to increasing agricultural production and productivity among women farmers in sub-
Saharan Africa: implications for agricultural transformation agenda.
Livingston (2010) collected the data involving domestic violence from the Victorian Police Services.
Abebe F, Zuo A, Wheeler SA, Bjornlund H, Chilundo M, Kissoly L, Dube T. This is known as the
quarantine paradox that also includes a surge in the cases of gender-based violence. The scientific
literature suggests the next definition of the term - “ Family Violence ”, or as it sometimes referred
to, “domestic violence” can be defined as violent, aggressive, or threatening behavior aimed at
coercion and control of a family member or at making one fearful. Encouraging the use of organic
and natural farming methods that rely less on expensive inputs. Based on the above literature review,
it is evident that understanding of gender violence is a key priority in order to achieve gender
equality globally. The techniques used to estimate loss of productivity, usually human capital or
willingness-to-pay approaches, also affect indirect cost measurements. Briefing Paper. 2019. Paddy F.
Gender differentials in land ownership and their impact on household food security: a case study of
Masaka district. Open access Published: 12 February 2024 Do gender disparities in socioeconomic
status affect Teff productivity. Although studies of the field of family violence are now emerging,
research in this area has traditionally been fragmented into separate areas of inquiry. Also, our service
specializing in writing your literature review includes a complete list of literature. The influences on
farmers' planned and actual farm adaptation decisions: evidence from small-scale irrigation schemes
in South-Eastern Africa. Ecol Econ. 2022;202:107594. Abrha BK. Factors affecting agricultural
production in Tigrai region, northern Ethiopia. Moreover, in-depth interviews were conducted with
25 key informants. Although alcohol consumption patterns are associated with other variables related
to violence (such as witnessing violence in one's home) (Kantor, 1993), the positive relationship of
men's drinking to domestic violence persists even after sociodemographic variables, hostility, and
marital satisfaction are statistically controlled for (Leonard and Blane, 1992; Leonard and Senchak,
1993; Hotaling and Sugarman, 1990). Studies have also shown that women also physically abuse
their partners (Chalk and King, 1998, 33). Participants’ understanding of GBV complexities and
directionality There was a convergence of views among participants in that GBV is a huge problem,
not only in Alexandra township, but in the whole of South Africa. Men and women have comparable
rates of child homicide. These variables determine the effect of the cause (independent) variables
when changed for different values. 5. The authors do not refer to the universal DSM 5 classification
system or even any other. Response: Authors have modified the manuscript as per given suggestions.
Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. The lack of
evidence and analysis about the effectiveness of the system of interventions as a whole does not
mean that individual services are not doing an adequate job in addressing the needs of individual
clients and communities. By carrying out this study, we intended to fill the gap in the extant
literature through exploring an association between violence against married and unmarried
adolescents and depressive symptoms among them. This means we'll keep fixing the work until the
supervisor approves it. The volume discusses the strength of the evidence and highlights emerging
links among interventions in different institutional settings. See Additional file 2 for a list of the data
items that will be extracted. The study further revealed men’s stereotyped view that a woman cannot
decline sexual intercourse with her husband, and that she should make it her obligation to prevent
falling pregnant. For some, it is a part of their born instinct. Alcohol. Preventing violence against
refugee adolescent girls: findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial in Ethiopia. Some
consistencies are apparent from a comparison of the unconditional (Table 2 ) and conditional (Table 3
) results. The study participants in our study asserted that, as the head of the house, they expected
respect from their female partners.
In a conversation with staff of AALI (Association for Advocacy and Legal Initiative, Lucknow,
India), it was revealed that the actions being taken by the authorities in India are insufficient to deal
with the issue of gender violence during COVID-19. Hatchimonji et al. ( 71 ) called for coupling
physical distancing with social support to ensure that it does not exacerbate gender violence. As it
can often be seen that activities involving women are victims of this incident, but in fact, domestic
violence affects all family members, especially children. Mihiret and Tadesse ( 2014 ) show that rural
women participate in critical farming activities including weeding, seed preparation, selling
agricultural commodities, and harvesting. A systematic review. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e62600..
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Tol WA, Stavrou V, Greene MC,
Mergenthaler C, van Ommeren M, Garcia Moreno C. Patriarchal norms create disadvantages for
women farmers, specifically in land rights (small plots, difficulties attaining ownership,
discriminatory inheritance rights), productive resources (no access to credit, extension services or
inputs), unpaid labour, insecure employment and exclusion from decision making and political
representation (Oxfam 2019 ). Female-managed farm plot was on average 26.97% less productive
than a male-managed farm plot in Ethiopia. Development strategy and governance division,
international food policy research institute—Ethiopia strategy support program II, Ethiopia. 2010.
Tegegne M. An assessment on the role of women in agriculture in Southern Nation Nationality
People’s Region: the case of Halaba Special Woreda. Predictors of interpersonal violence in the
household in humanitarian settings: a systematic review. The Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia (FDRE) constitution of 1995 recognized women’s right to equality and provides intervened
to enable women to compete and participate in all spheres of life and to exercise their rights on equal
grounds with men. Theories of agricultural production indicate that ownership of productive
resources such as ox ownership, quantity of oxen ownership, use inputs, farmer training days, money
allocated to Teff production, land ownership and cultivated land are the critical variables that
positively affect agricultural production. For example, men get frustrated and physically abusive if
women ask for basic needs that they cannot provide. It’s achievable with writers who have gained a
PhD themselves. It is a complex phenomenon that includes combinations of sexual, physical, and
emotional violence and neglect or deprivation ( 10 ). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development; 2010. Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: an analysis of
data from population-based surveys. Field notes were written during the interviews to complement
the audio materials. Although intent is often difficult to determine, it is often important in
determining the type of intervention necessary when decisions are made to investigate a family.
Provision of appropriate technology to female-headed households will cater for the labour-intensive
Teff farming activities. Such samples are important because they are often the only way of obtaining
detailed data on severely battered women. While women are fully engaged in Teff production
activities, due to low the level of ownership of productive resources such as land, labour, and oxen,
the average Teff production for female-headed respondents is much lower than that of male-headed
households. We stratified our results by whether it is justifiable for husbands to beat their wives
because it is expected that those women who justify wife beating may find it normal and therefore
may not report depressive symptoms due to violence. Linking the twin pandemics: gender based
violence and and HIV in Serengeti district, Mara, Tanzania. The same participants were then given a
test called State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) (Shorey et al. 2011). This was used to
review the participant’s trait anger. To consider heterogeneity between quantitative versus qualitative
results, two separate tables—one focusing only on qualitative studies and one focusing on
quantitative—will be created. The regional states, districts, Kebeles, and sub- Kebeles were
purposively selected. Health professionals, media, and community efforts must be combined to
effectively deal with the issue of gender-based violence. Implementing these strategies, can
empower women farmers and improve their productivity, to benefit their families, communities, and
Ethiopia. Although farmers have an interest in growing Teff crops, the inadequacy of land restrains
them from planting their land with varied crop types and thus they wait for another year through crop
rotation.
This discrepancy may be based on the unwillingness of professionals to report, contradictory
community standards regarding maltreatment definitions, or screening practices in child protective
services agencies (Downing et al., 1990; Zellman, 1992). In the 1993 Commonwealth Fund Survey
of Women's Health, 70 per 1,000 women reported physical violence by an intimate partner. However,
one of the prospective studies did find a significant correlation between being sexually abused as a
child and being arrested for prostitution as an adult (Widom and Ames, 1994). Understanding better
the particular factors that are relevant in a given family, and the sequence in which they emerge, may
be important for choosing the most appropriate intervention. These include the beating of ones wife
if she is supposedly being disrespectful or as part of discipline, thereby instilling fear. “Some men
just want to instill fear in women because at times, it is something that you actually hear men talking
about over beer”- Thabo, 35-year-old employed single man. We review research on child abuse in the
context of domestic violence. Families who, because of their demographic characteristics (e.g.,
poverty, unemployment, single parenthood), have more frequent contact with public-sector services
(e.g., welfare, housing) are more often exposed to mandated reporters and get closer scrutiny. In Teff
production, researchers such as Agada and Ajani ( 2014 ) and Amentae et al. ( 2016 ) argued that
male-headed households tend to have more man-hours available for Teff harvesting and other
farming activities compared to their female counterparts who have additional tasks and household
responsibilities that reduce their available time. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based
on the data presented. For elder abuse, family members as well as legal or informal caregivers can be
involved, and self-neglect has sometimes been counted in elder abuse data. To prove their findings,
they found abusive males to interview. Recent studies (Assefa et al. 2022 ), focused on determinants
of productivity and efficiency of Teff production while Abebe et al. ( 2022 ) assessed the factors
associated with the socioeconomic status of the household. Compared to the needs of the farmers,
the land is inadequate in most of the cases. The report concludes with the authors' recommendations
for further work. Family size has a statistically significant but negative effect on Teff productivity.
However, if the parent abdicates responsibility for caring for the child, neglect can occur. In addition,
women initiated violence about as often as men did (Straus, 1993). The paper also reviews the
published reports in scientific as well as mass media literatures focusing on the rise of gender-based
violence during the imposed lockdown, its consequences, and the measures taken by the
governments to tackle the issue. Past researches indicate that the risk of serious psychological
consequences increases with the increase in the duration of the quarantine ( 5 ). However, elder
abuse definitions frequently go beyond those of child maltreatment to include financial abuse or
exploitation. Review of documents, focus group discussion and key informant interview Relevant
documents were reviewed to determine the national level and regional level data in relation to the
involvement of smallholder farmers, farmland allocated for Teff production in ha and average Teff
production per year by regions. Engendering agricultural productivity in Ethiopia: The Cost of the
Gender Gap. Clinical studies often use small and selective samples and fail to have comparison
groups. Service providers who participated in the survey that was part of the 1981 DHHS report
indicated that they refer victims of spouse abuse to other service providers (such as shelters or adult
protective services programs) for direct help with the problem of domestic violence (U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, 1981). After careful consideration, we feel that it has
merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Holden S,
Tefera T. From being property of men to becoming equal owners. A chi-square test used to test the
level of significance between variables. However, the differences in the rates of offending between
men and women are much smaller for family violence than for violence outside the home. Early
descriptive and clinical accounts described battered women as dependent, having low esteem, and
feeling inadequate and helpless (Ball, 1977; Hilberman and Munson, 1977; Shainess, 1979; Walker,
1979) and reported a high incidence of depression and anxiety among clinical samples (Hilberman,
1980). Preventing violence against refugee adolescent girls: findings from a cluster randomised
controlled trial in Ethiopia.
Starting is the hardest thing, especially if it’s a literature review. Abbreviations Gender-Based
Violence Human-Immunodeficiency Virus Intimate Partner Violence London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine South African Medical Research Council United Nations World Health
Organisation Mashiri L. Survey research found women also committed acts of physical violence
against their husbands, suggesting that the initial definition might be too restrictive (Straus et al.,
1980; Gelles, 1987; Gelles and Straus, 1988; Straus and Gelles, 1986). Determinants of the
productivity of Teff in Ethiopia. A more detailed explanation would help readers not familiar with
Indian Government Surveys. A Systematic Review of Gender-Based Violence Prevention and.
Assessment of the quality of individual quantitative studies will be assessed using a criteria
established by Rubenstein et al. Feminist scholars conceptualize domestic violence as coercive
control of women by their partners (Yllo, 1993); the coercion can be physical, emotional, or sexual.
Our findings indicate that Teff land has a statistically significant and positive effect on Teff
productivity and 1% increase of land increases Teff productivity by 229%. The results found that
about 74 percent f the participants had witnessed some form of domestic violence as a child.
Pillemer and Finkelhor (1988) found no difference in elder abuse rates based on economic status.
Family size of the respondents and Teff production The average family size of the whole
respondents is 5.23 persons per household with a standard deviation of 1.95 with 1 and 10 being the
smallest and the largest number of family size. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg (South
Africa); 2019. The questions were answered on a scale from one to four in (one being not at all, and
four being very often). It is also similar to the results of Dule and Tazeze ( 2020 ) who stated
allocating one additional hectare of land to Teff production would increase the probability of being
market participant by 15.7% and quantity of Teff marketed by 6.33 quintal and this in turn show that
larger area allocated to production increases the quantity of produce available for sale. Analysing the
efficiency of public policies on gender-based violence: A Gender-based violence is a global scourge
advancing unchecked, penetrating all social and cultural strata. Participants shared similar
understanding of what constitutes GBV and used phrases like “beating your partner”, smashing of
belongings”, “violation and rights” and “killings”. In this regard, the average active labour force is
2.17 persons per household while it is 2.07 for female-headed households and 2.17 for male-headed
households). Women Gender and Disaster Global Issues and Initiatives. Another approach has been
to use large groups of available subjects. From the total available land for cultivation, on average
about 0.77 ha (53.1% of the land) is allocated for Teff production with a standard deviation of 0.42.
Female-headed households on average allocate 0.67 ha for Teff production while male-headed
households allocate about 0.79 ha for Teff production. In this regard, we employed the treatment
effects model (TEM) that allows for a specific correlation structure between the unobservable that
affect the treatment and the unobservable that affect the potential outcomes. In another analysis, high
levels of marital conflict and low socioeconomic status emerged as the primary predictors of
increased likelihood and severity of wife assault (Hotaling and Sugarman, 1990). If your review type
is absent from the service list on the order page, choose the “Other” option. The reason for organizing
homogeneous female focus groups was to ensure active discussions, as people from the same socio-
economic backgrounds tend to freely express and share their ideas, perceptions, and experiences.
Retrieved from 70. Fielding S. In Quarantine With an Abuser: Surge in Domestic Violence Reports
Linked to Coronavirus. Data collection and analysis Eligibility criteria of the studies. Design of
gender-responsive national agricultural policies and strategies that reflect the factors shaping gender
productivity gaps rather than gender-blind agricultural production factors should be considered.
Violence was reported by 7.2 percent of men ages 36 to 50 and 4.5 percent of those over 50. Our
findings also indicate that female-headed households are facing a shortage of labour force (due to
higher number of dependents) for Teff production and incur more labour costs as compared to male-
headed households.
The manuscript requires many changes in the content or should be submitted to a different journal. In
the 1980s, child sexual abuse and elder abuse gained attention. Consequently, children who are poor
or members of minority groups are more likely to be identified as maltreated than are more affluent
white children (Newberger et al., 1977). Men's drinking patterns, particularly binge drinking, are
associated with domestic violence across all ethnic and social classes (Kantor, 1993). Applying the
ecological framework to the understanding of our findings places the role played by societal,
community, relationship and individual factors to perpetuating GBV in context. Likewise,
determining the sample size for a survey hinge on factors like the level of precision required, the
level of risk allowed, and the degree of variability in the attributes being measured. Statistical
analysis The bivariate and multivariate analysis adopted to fulfil the study objective. However, it was
also pointed out that there are two-sides to these stories, meaning that GBV can emanate from either
side. “There are two sides. Traumatic brain injury: a hidden consequence for battered women.
Interpretation of results The treatment-effects model with endogenous treatment shows that variables
like Teff land ( p. Overall, studies that focus on the power of the social learning theory, have found
that there is a strong correlation between witnessing or being victim to abuse in childhood, and being
violent towards your intimate partner in adulthood. This can help to improve agricultural productivity
and food security in Ethiopia. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto,
Canada. Publication plan The review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be utilized
internally at the World Health Organization to inform efforts to prevent GBV in conflict and
humanitarian settings. In research on domestic violence, several reviews of case-comparison studies
have noted that potential risk markers are highly correlated with each other (e.g., family
socioeconomic status and husband's occupational status, witnessing and experiencing violence as a
child). Types of participants and settings This review will focus on the experiences of women and
girls who reside in conflict and humanitarian settings. Each area has developed its own approach to
the problems under study, resulting in tremendous variation in theoretical frameworks, research
instrumentation, scholarly journals, and funding sources. Please refer to the following references for
the same. 1. Santhya KG, Acharya R, Pandey N, Gupta A, Rampal S, Singh S, Zavier AF. For each
table and then the resulting narrative synthesis common risk and protective factors for each type of
violence will be categorized. Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with perpetration of
gender-based violence in a community sample of men in rural KwaZulu-Natal. This implies that the
strength of the association between the two variables is not strong, which is like some authors such
as Carswell (2000) that state inflexible credit repayment procedures are widely reported as hindering
smallholders’ interest in farm credit. Although limited research knowledge exists regarding the
effectiveness of these programs, such information is often scattered, inaccessible, and difficult to
obtain. Despite this, the limited research available has suggested that conflict and humanitarian
settings can reinforce and potentially increase some of these practices. Easy access to alcohol and
drugs in the study setting jeorpadise efforts to curb GBV. First, because so much of the research on
family violence is cross-sectional, it is not clear whether social isolation precedes violence in the
home or is a consequence of it. Clinical studies often use small and selective samples and fail to have
comparison groups. Respondents from this study also drew a link between infedility, jealousy and
GBV, which is often a result of a partner checking each other’s cellphone. Another study participant
from the Halaba zone stated the following in relation to the problems of inputs. “We do get enough
supply of fertilizer, but the problem is with seed and chemical supply. Bhalotra S, Kambhampati U,
Rawlings S, and Siddique Z. This is not to undermine the importance of your findings.
In this regard, the econometric model used in the study is linear regression with endogenous
treatment (Carletto et al. 2013 ). The estimation of endogenous treatment effects is a common
feature of empirical work in economics (Verbeek and Vella 1999 ). Research suggests that women
remain overrepresented in lower-skilled jobs, while carrying out the bulk of unpaid care work. The
two National Family Violence Surveys also found a higher than expected incidence of violence
toward men—the rate of violence was the same or even higher than that reported toward women
(Straus et al., 1980; Straus and Gelles, 1986). For child abuse, the age of the mother at the birth of
the abused child has been found to be related to rates of physical abuse, with younger mothers
exhibiting higher rates of abuse (Kinard and Klerman, 1980; Connelly and Straus, 1992). J Inj
Violence Res. 2017;9(2):117. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Fleming PJ, Gruskin S, Rojo
F, Dworkin SL. According to Schneider et al. ( 51 ), such an outcome could be because of male
backlash resulting from feelings of emasculation and inadequacy at not being able to serve the role of
a breadwinner of the family. This discrepancy may be based on the unwillingness of professionals to
report, contradictory community standards regarding maltreatment definitions, or screening practices
in child protective services agencies (Downing et al., 1990; Zellman, 1992). There was a decline in
the use of manure or composite which resulted in the decline in soil fertility. The results of this study
will inform the design and delivery of GBV prevention programs in conflict and humanitarian
settings as well as contribute to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 5. Each type of
data has its own strengths and weaknesses and is useful for different purposes. This study analyses
the effect of gender disparities in socioeconomic status on Teff productivity of smallholder
households in Ethiopia. The specialists of our service synthesize and critically evaluate them to
deliver a detailed and objective copy. In this study, the actual total size of land ownership for each
respondent was obtained by summing up the fragments plots of land including owned farmland, cash
renting land, sharecropping land, and inherited land (Desiere and Jolliffe 2017 ). No additional funds
were received for the preparation of the paper. However, one of the prospective studies did find a
significant correlation between being sexually abused as a child and being arrested for prostitution as
an adult (Widom and Ames, 1994). The medieval societies were able to establish a link between the
emergence of symptoms and the duration of time. The reference is now added as per given
suggestion. 10. Page 7, line 7: Did you measure whether they were a victim of bullying as well as
carrying out bullying. Older children are most likely to be underreported as victims of abuse.
Briefing Paper. 2019. Paddy F. Gender differentials in land ownership and their impact on household
food security: a case study of Masaka district. To overcome the limitations of studies of single
factors, interactive models of risk and protective factors may further understanding of the etiology of
family violence (Belsky, 1980; Garbarino, 1987; Lutzker et al., 1984; Malamuth et al., 1993).
However, the complexity of analysis associated with these models and the difficulty of
distinguishing causal effects from observational data have inhibited their testing and application
(National Research Council, 1993b). Minjar Shenkora district is purposively selected from the North
Shewa zone of the Amhara regional state as it is ranked 4th in Teff production from the Amhara
region and 7th in Teff production at the national level. Studies with two yes or two maybe votes will
automatically advance to the full text screening. Applying annual productivity increase rates and
discount rates will affect the total cost and result in a more sophisticated, and theoretically more
accurate, estimate. A history of violence, particularly between spouses, may be predictive of elder
abuse in later life (Lachs and Pillemer, 1995). Weldon and Gilchrist (2012) interviewed six male
perpetrators serving prison sentences in Scotland. The types of cases deemed appropriate for
intervention may differ by service sector as well as within service settings. Download Free PDF
View PDF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: ONLY IN SORROW AND WITHOUT JOY Tatiana
Volkodav Download Free PDF View PDF Mechanisms and dynamic of domestic violence Sanamed
Medical journal The most common synonyms for term family are: love, support, understanding,
warmness, etc. Although a rate of 30 percent is substantially less than the majority of abused
children, it is considerably more than the rate of 2 to 4 percent found in the general population
(Straus and Gelles, 1986). Sikira and Urassa ( 30 ) reported an increase in wife battering in the face
of the HIV pandemic due to suspicion of extramarital affairs. Children are valuable for national
development, but domestic violence is detrimental to children; it results in them being in a stressful
environment, where they are usually overcome by anxiety, anger and fear.