First Aid Kit

A first aid kit is a box, bag or other container that holds

essential supplies used to treat common injuries such as
cuts, scrapes, bruises, sprains, and more.

These kits are helpful in many types of situations, making

them useful for home, school, office, and even in the car.

1. Adhesive bandages (Band-Aid or similar brand) in assorted sizes for

minor cuts, scrapes, and injuries
2. Sterile gauze pads, nonstick (Adaptic-type, petrolatum) gauze, and adhesive
tape
3. Elastic (ACE) bandage for wrapping wrists, ankles, knees, and elbows
4. Triangular bandage for wrapping injuries and making an arm sling
5. Moleskin to apply on blisters or hotspots
6. Eyeshields and pads
7. Aluminum finger splints
8. Thermometer to measure body temperature
9. Tweezers to remove small splinters and ticks
10. Small pair of scissors to cut gauze or fabric
11. Syringe, medicine cup, or medicine spoon for giving specific doses of
medicine
12. Blue baby bulb or a soft plastic suction device to clear congestion
13. Disposable ice bags for treating injuries caused by slipping, tripping or
falling
14. Face mask to reduce wound contamination risk
15. Sterile cotton balls cotton-tipped swabs to clean wounds
16. Hand sanitizer to sanitize your hands and reduce contamination
17. Latex or non-latex gloves to reduce contamination
 18. Antiseptic solution or wipes, such as hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine,
or chlorhexidine
19. Antibiotic ointments such as bacitracin, polysporin, or mupirocin
20. Sterile eyewash such as contact lens saline solution
21. Calamine lotion for stings or poison ivy
22. Hydrocortisone cream, ointment, or lotion for itching
23. Cough and cold medications
24. Laxatives for constipation
25. Antidiarrheals for diarrhea
26. Antihistamines for allergies
27. Pain-relieving pills, sprays, and creams to treat cramps, sprains, swelling
due to muscle pain, and minor injuries

First aid for burn injuries

 Protect your own safety at all times

 For all burns apply cold running (tap) water for at least 20 minutes

 If running water not available, wet 2 cloths and alternate them onto the
burn every 2 minutes

 Keep the rest of the body warm

 Do NOT use ice, butter, creams, etc.

 Remove clothing and jewellery as they can hold heat on the burn and
jewellery can stop blood flow to the burn.

 Seek medical attention for any burn bigger than a 20 cent coin, or that
blisters or if there are any concerns.
Universal Precautions
 Universal precautions were introduced by the Centers for Disease Control
(CDC) in 1985,

 Universal precautions are a standard set of guidelines to prevent the

transmission of bloodborne pathogens from exposure to blood and other
potentially infectious materials (OPIM).

 Use barrier protection at all times.


 Use gloves for protection when working with or around blood and body
fluids.

 Change glove between patients.

 Use glasses, goggles, masks, shields, and waterproof gowns/aprons to
protect face from splashes.

 Wash hands if contaminated and after removing gloves.

 Use puncture-resistant sharps disposal containers (at point of use).

 Do not recap, bend or break needles and handle all sharps carefully
 .
 Use resuscitation equipment and devices for mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation.

 Minimize spills and spatters; use leak-proof containers; appropriate
biological safety cabinet.

 Decontaminate all surfaces and devices after use.

 Observe prudent laboratory practices
 Use proper waste management/housekeeping.
 Promptly seek medical attention and counseling if exposed to
contaminated materials
safety signs and symbols
Safety signs and symbols are graphical representations used to
communicate specific messages related to safety and health. They are
designed to prevent accidents, injuries, and illness in workplaces, public
spaces, and other environments.
Prohibition Signs
Prohibition signs are a type of safety sign used to indicate that a specific action or
behavior is not allowed. They are designed to prevent unsafe practices that could lead
to accidents or health risks in a particular area.

These signs are typically circular with a red border, a red diagonal line across, a white
background, and a black pictogram. The pictogram represents the activity that is
prohibited. examples of prohibition signs include “No Smoking”, “No Entry”, “Do Not
Touch”, “No Parking” etc.

Warning Signs
Warning signs are used to highlight potential hazards or dangerous
conditions in a certain area that may not be immediately apparent. Their
purpose is to alert people to a possible risk so they can take precautions to
avoid or minimize harm.

These signs are typically triangular, with a yellow or amber background, a

black border, and a black pictogram symbolizing the potential hazard.
examples of warning signs include: “High Voltage”, “Slippery Surface”,
“Falling Objects”, “Flammable Material”, etc.
Emergency Signs
Emergency signs are used to indicate the locations of, or directions to,
emergency-related facilities like exits, first-aid kits, and firefighting
equipment. These signs are critical for guiding people safely out of a
building in case of an emergency.

Typically, emergency signs are rectangular or square and feature a green

background with white pictograms or text. examples of emergency signs
include Emergency Exit, Fire Extinguisher, First Aid Kit, Emergency
Assembly Point, etc.

Flammable Signs
Flammable signs are a type of warning sign used to indicate the presence of
substances that can easily ignite and cause a fire. They are meant to
caution people about potential fire hazards so that appropriate safety
measures can be taken.

Typically, these signs are diamond-shaped with a white background, a red

border, and a black pictogram. The pictogram is usually a flame. examples
of flammable signs include Flammable Liquids, Flammable Solids,
Flammable Gases, etc.
Explosive Signs
Explosive signs are a type of warning sign used to indicate the presence of
materials or substances that can explode under certain conditions. They aim
to caution people about potential explosion hazards so that appropriate
safety measures can be taken.

Typically, these signs are diamond-shaped with an orange background and

a black pictogram. The pictogram usually depicts an explosion (a cloud with
lines radiating outwards). examples of explosive signs include: Explosive
Material and Explosive Atmosphere

Fire Extinguisher Signs

Fire extinguisher signs are a type of safety sign used to indicate the location
of fire extinguishers in a building. They help ensure that in the event of a
fire, individuals can quickly find the necessary equipment to respond to the
situation.

These signs typically feature a white pictogram of a fire extinguisher on a

red background. The pictogram usually shows a simplified, recognizable
image of a fire extinguisher.

There are also specific signs to indicate the type of fire extinguisher and
what kind of fire it should be used on, such as Water Fire Extinguisher, CO2
Fire Extinguisher, Foam Fire Extinguisher, and Dry Powder Fire
Extinguisher.

Biohazard Signs
Biohazard signs are a type of warning sign used to signify the presence of
substances that pose a threat to health, such as biological waste or
infectious diseases. They are intended to alert individuals so they can take
necessary precautions to avoid exposure.
These signs typically feature a black biohazard symbol — three interlocked
circles — on a yellow background. The biohazard sign is used in a variety of
contexts, including Medical Waste, Laboratories, Hospitals, and Industrial.

High Voltage Signs

High voltage signs are a type of warning sign used to denote the presence
of high-voltage electrical equipment or installations. They are intended to
alert individuals to the potential risk of electrical shock, so they can exercise
caution and avoid dangerous situations.

These signs typically feature a black lightning bolt symbol or the term “High
Voltage” on a yellow or orange background. The color scheme and symbol
used are intended to grab attention and convey the seriousness of the
potential hazard.

High voltage signs are commonly used in a variety of settings, including

Electrical Substations, Construction Sites, and Industrial Settings.

Toxic/Poison Signs
Toxic or poison signs are a type of warning sign used to indicate the
presence of substances that are harmful or lethal if swallowed, inhaled, or
come into contact with skin and mucous membranes. They aim to alert
individuals to the potential risk so that they can take necessary safety
measures.

These signs typically feature a skull and crossbones symbol on a yellow or

white background. The skull and crossbones are a universally recognized
symbol for poison. examples of where toxic or poison signs might be used
include Chemical Storage Areas, Laboratories, and Industrial Settings.

First Aid Signs

First Aid signs are a type of safety sign used to indicate the location of first
aid equipment or facilities. They are designed to direct individuals to the
resources they need to provide initial care in the event of a minor injury or
health issue.
These signs typically feature a white cross on a green background, which is
internationally recognized as a symbol for first aid. Examples of first aid
signs include First Aid Station, First Aid Kit, Automated External Defibrillator
(AED), Eyewash Station, etc.

Under Construction Signs

Under construction signs are a type of warning sign used to inform people
that a certain area is currently undergoing construction work. They are
designed to alert pedestrians and drivers to potential hazards such as loose
debris, heavy machinery, and detours, so they can exercise caution.

These signs often feature a pictogram or symbol related to construction,

such as a worker with a hard hat or a piece of heavy machinery, often
depicted in black on a yellow or orange background. The text “Under
Construction” or “Construction Zone” is usually included. Under construction
signs are commonly used in Construction Sites, Road Works Areas, and
Buildings Under Renovation.
CPR
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation – is an emergency lifesaving procedure
performed when the heart stops beating

For example, when someone has a heart attack or nearly

drowns. The American Heart Association recommends
starting CPR with hard and fast chest compressions.

Before starting CPR, check:

 Is the environment safe for the person?

 Is the person conscious or unconscious?
 If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake their shoulder
and ask loudly, "Are you OK?"
 If the person doesn't respond and you're with another person
who can help, have one person call 911 or the local emergency
number and get the AED, if one is available. Have the other
person begin CPR.
 If you are alone and have immediate access to a telephone,
call 911 or your local emergency number before
beginning CPR. Get the AED if one is available.
 As soon as an AED is available, deliver one shock if instructed
by the device, then begin CPR.


The American Heart Association uses the letters C-A-B to

help people remember the order to perform the steps of CPR.

 C: compressions
 A: airway
 B: breathing
Compressions: Restore blood flow
Compressions means you use your hands to push down hard
and fast in a specific way on the person's chest.
Compressions are the most important step in CPR. Follow
these steps for performing CPR compressions:

1. Put the person on their back on a firm surface.

2. Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
3. Place the lower palm of your hand over the center of the
person's chest, between the nipples.
4. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your
elbows straight. Place your shoulders directly above your
hands.
5. Push straight down on the chest at least 2 inches (5
centimeters) but no more than 2.4 inches (6 centimeters). Use
your entire body weight, not just your arms, when doing
compressions.
6. Push hard at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute. The
American Heart Association suggests performing
compressions to the beat of the song "Stayin' Alive." Allow
the chest to spring back after each push.
7. If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest
compressions until there are signs of movement or until
emergency medical personnel take over. If you have been
trained in CPR, go on to opening the airway and rescue
breathing.

Airway: Open the airway

If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest
compressions, open the person's airway using the head-
tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's
forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the
other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the
airway.

Breathing: Breathe for the person

Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or
mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously injured
or can't be opened. Current recommendations suggest
performing rescue breathing using a bag-mask device
with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter.