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org/JACS Article

Chapter Open for the Excited-State Intramolecular Thiol Proton

Transfer in the Room-Temperature Solution
Chun-Hsiang Wang,§ Zong-Ying Liu,§ Chun-Hao Huang,§ Chao-Tsen Chen,* Fan-Yi Meng,
Yu-Chan Liao, Yi-Hung Liu, Chao-Che Chang, Elise Y. Li,* and Pi-Tai Chou*
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ABSTRACT: We report here, for the first time, the experimental observation on
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the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction of the thiol

proton in room-temperature solution. This phenomenon is demonstrated by a
derivative of 3-thiolflavone (3TF), namely, 2-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)-3-
mercapto-4H-chromen-4-one (3NTF), which possesses an SH···O intra-
molecular H-bond (denoted by the dashed line) and has an S1 absorption at 383
nm. Upon photoexcitation, 3NTF exhibits a distinctly red emission maximized at
710 nm in cyclohexane with an anomalously large Stokes shift of 12 230 cm−1.
Upon methylation on the thiol group, 3MeNTF, lacking the thiol proton, exhibits
a normal Stokes-shifted emission at 472 nm. These, in combination with the
computational approaches, lead to the conclusion of thiol-type ESIPT
unambiguously. Further time-resolved study renders an unresolvable (<180 fs)
ESIPT rate for 3NTF, followed by a tautomer emission lifetime of 120 ps. In sharp
contrast to 3NTF, both 3TF and 3-mercapto-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4H-
chromen-4-one (3FTF) are non-emissive. Detailed computational approaches indicate that all studied thiols undergo thermally
favorable ESIPT. However, once forming the proton-transferred tautomer, the lone-pair electrons on the sulfur atom brings non-
negligible nπ* contribution to the S1′ state (prime indicates the proton-transferred tautomer), for which the relaxation is dominated
by the non-radiative deactivation. For 3NTF, the extension of π-electron delocalization by the diethylamino electron-donating group
endows the S1′ state primarily in the ππ* configuration, exhibiting the prominent tautomer emission. The results open a new chapter
in the field of ESIPT, covering the non-canonical sulfur intramolecular H-bond and its associated ESIPT at ambient temperature.

■ INTRODUCTION
Along the group 16 (VIA) family of the periodic table, the
conventional wisdom learned from textbooks tells us that only
H2O possesses a hydrogen bond to explain its abnormally high
boiling point that cannot fit into the correlation of increasing
boiling point with increasing molecular weight from H2S and
H2Se to H2Te. However, this does not rule out the existence of
H-bonds for other group 16 family members. The formation of
an H-bond incorporating a sulfur atom as either the proton
donor (SH) or acceptor (S) has long been a research topic
of great interest. In fact, nature does show sulfur containing H-
bonds. For example, some previous reports have evidenced
that the methionine-containing dipeptides can form amide
NH···S H-bonds that are even stronger than amideN
H···OC H-bonds.1,2 In artificial DNA or RNA researches,3
sulfur H-bonds have been popularly applied in RNAi resistant
genes4 and protein engineering.5 Moreover, recent high-
resolution spectroscopy in combination with quantum
chemical calculations has revealed that sulfur-containing H-
bonds can be as strong as conventional H-bonds.6−10
Among a variety of H-bond associated research directions,
one field should be credited to the proton transfer reaction in
the electronically excited state.11−14 Upon photoexcitation,
driven by the changes of the acidity and basicity in the excited
state, the transfer of a proton from the OH or NH
proton-donating site to the O or N proton-accepting site
becomes feasible. When it takes place within the molecular
unit, the process is dubbed as the excited-state intramolecular
proton transfer (ESIPT), which has been receiving consid-
erable attention in both fundamental15−23 and applied
researches.24−30 On the one hand, the result of ESIPT forms
a proton-transfer isomer, namely, the tautomer, in the excited
state, which does not exist in the ground state thermally and
accordingly gives rise to an anomalously large Stokes shift
emission (cf. the non-proton transfer, normal emission). Such
phototautomerism offers ample fundamental insights and can
be specified with a barrierless process, a barrier induced, or a
Received: May 31, 2021
Published: August 6, 2021

© 2021 American Chemical Society https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c05602

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reversible process.31−36 On the other hand, the diversification
in the ESIPT mechanism renders different emission properties
in terms of single, dual, and even multiple emissions that can
be fine-tuned by varying the functionality, offering the
versatility in applications such as in sensing,37−40 bioimag-
ing, 41−43 organic lasing, 44−46 and light-emitting di-
odes.34,44,47,48
The above OH (NH)···N (or O) type H-bond, in
theory, is formed via a static dipole−dipole interaction where
both the proton-donating/-accepting elements possess large
electronegativities (>3.0 in Pauling scale). Driven by the
changes of electronic configuration, ESIPT along the H-bond
then takes place. In comparison, the H-bonds involving thiol
SH (proton donor) or thioneS (proton acceptor) are a
result of their inherent dispersity of the electron cloud.
Therefore, whether ESIPT takes place via the sulfur H-bond is
of prime fundamental importance. In this regard, in the
cryogenic temperature, the matrix-isolated thiotropolone
seems to be capable of undergoing proton transfer via
vibrational excitation in the electronic ground state.49 Also,
in the low-temperature matrixes, Waluk and co-workers have
reported the occurrence of ESIPT in β-thioxoketones via
vibration analyses.9,50−52 One report proposed the occurrence
of ESIPT in a four-membered ring H-bonding system with a
thiol group as a proton donor; however, the lack of direct
evidence and the calculated rather high barrier make the
conclusion elusive.53 We recently made attempts by synthesiz-
ing the thione (S)···HO H-bonded molecule 7-hydroxy-
2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-thione (DM-7HIT)54
and examining its possibility of spawning ESIPT. The results,
on the one hand, were disappointing when we found no
ESIPT. We tentatively rationalized the results by the fact that
the lowest lying excited singlet state is dominated by the nπ*
character, i.e., an S1(nπ*) state, where n is ascribed to the
higher lying lone-pair electrons of thione (S). This results in
the drastic decrease of the thione electron-accepting strength
and hence the prohibition of ESIPT after photoexcitation. On
the other hand, the decrease of thione basicity ruptures the (
S)···HO intramolecular H-bond such that the H-bond on/
off reaction takes place with respect to light on/off,
demonstrating a prototype of photoinduced ultrafast molecular
switch.54
Therefore, up to this stage, on the basis of the absorption
and emission spectroscopies, unambiguous experimental
evidence clearly addressing the ESIPT of sulfur-containing
H-bonded molecules at room temperature, which is practical in
applications, is still pending. Amid the quest of ESIPT
associated with sulfur H-bond, in light of the aforementioned
higher lying energy of the thione lone-pair electrons, we then
strategically switched the sulfur H-bond from the OH
(donor)/thione (acceptor) pair to the configuration of SH
(thiol, donor)/CO (acceptor) pair. In comparison to thione,
the lower lying lone-pair electrons of thiol, in theory, should
make the S2(nπ*) state appreciably higher in energy than that
of the S1(ππ*) state. Accordingly, in this study, a series of
sulfur intramolecular H-bonded molecules, 3-thiolflavone
(3TF) and its derivatives 3FTF and 3NTF, were strategically
designed and synthesized (see Figure 1). Also, the methylated
(SCH3) derivative for 3NTF, namely, 3MeNTF (see Figure
1), was synthesized for comparison. 3MeNTF lacks a labile
proton to ensure no occurrence of ESIPT. Note that the
replacement of thiol by the hydroxyl group of 3TF forms 3-
hydroxyflavone (3HF) possessing the OH···OC intra-
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Figure 1. Molecular structures of 3HF and its derivatives of 3TF and
3MeNTF.
molecular H-bond. 3-HF and its derivatives undergo
prominent OH-type ESIPT, which have been widely
studied.13,55−58
We then report herein, for the first time, the observation of
ESIPT in 3NTF incorporating thiol proton, forming a proton-
transferred thione tautomer, which gives rise to a prominent
red emission maximized at 710 nm in solution and solid state
at room temperature. We also infer that ESIPT may not be
uncommon in the thiol H-bonded polyaromatic molecules,
opening up a new chapter of excited-state intramolecular thiol
proton transfer reaction. Details of the results and discussions
are elaborated below.
■ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Synthesis and Characterization. One may be skeptical
about why reports on the photophysics of thiol H-bonded
molecules are so scarce. Chemically, one major reason lies in
its stability. Thiol contained molecules, similar to the natural
amino acid cysteine, are prone to undergo oxidation to form a
disulfide SS bond and thus are difficult to obtain the pure
thiol compounds and perform photophysical studies. It
requires special caution to exclude air during the synthesis
and purification to prevent the occurrence of oxidation.
Syntheses and characterization of 3TF and its derivatives are
elaborated below with pertinent characterization data listed in
Figures S1−S40.
Synthesis and Characterization of 3TF and its
Derivatives. Two different synthetic routes (shown in
Scheme 1) were attempted to synthesize 3TF. The first
route, in part, was according to the literature,59 where flavone
(2) molecular framework was constructed first by reacting 2′-
hydroxyacetophenone (1) with either benzoyl chloride60 or
benzaldehyde61 and then followed by LDA-mediated lithiation
and nucleophilic addition with sulfur powder to yield 3TF
along with the 3TF dimer with an SS linkage, namely, SSF
(see Figure S1) as a minor product. It was suspected that the
oxidation of 3TF to SSF occurred during the workup
procedure as well as during the course of purification. Thus,
several freeze−pump−thaw cycles were taken to degas all the
solvents used in step b (see Scheme 1) to prevent the
oxidation. However, these efforts turned out to be in vain.
Therefore, the alternative synthetic route was sought, where
reacting 1 with benzaldehyde gave conjugated ketone (3) via
Claisen−Schmidt condensation, then followed by intra-
molecular Michael addition to yield chromanone (4). The
bromination of 4 led to diastereomers (5), which were used
directly for the subsequent nucleophilic substitution with
potassium thioacetate in the presence of 18-crown-6 ether as a
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Scheme 1. Two Synthetic Routes Used to Synthesize 3TF and the Synthesis of 3FTF, 3NTF, and 3MeTFa

a
Reagents and conditions: (a) for 2a, (i) benzoyl chloride, K2CO3, pyridine, acetone, reflux, 18 h, (ii) AcOH, acetone, reflux, 24 h; for 2b and 2c,
(i) 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2b) or 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde (2c), KOH, EtOH, rt, 3 h, (ii) I2, DMSO, 130 °C, 1 h; (b) (i) freshly
prepped LDA, THF, −78 °C, 30 min, (ii) S powder, −78 °C, 1 h, (iii) 10% HCl(aq), 58% (3TF), 5% (SSF); (c) Benzaldehyde, KOH(aq), EtOH, rt,
3 h; (d) NaOAc, EtOH, reflux, 24 h; (e) Br2, CCl4, rt, 2 h; (f) KSAc, 18-crown-6, MeCN, 30 min; (g) DDQ, 1,4-dioxane, reflux, 16 h; (h) (i)
NaOMe, MeOH, rt, 1 h, (ii) 10% HCl, 0 °C, 30 min, 67% (3TF), 12% (SSF), yield was based on 1H-NMR; (i) I2, TEA, MeOH, 30 min; (j) (i)
NaBH4 (3 equiv), EtOH/CHCl3, 0 °C, 1 h, (ii) citric acid (5 equiv), 0 °C, 30 min; (k) MeI (3 equiv), TEA, THF, rt, 1 h. (l) NaBH4 (3 equiv),
EtOH/CHCl3, 0 °C, 1 h, MeI (5 equiv).

phase transfer agent to yield thioacetate chromanone (6). The

oxidation of 6 with dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone
(DDQ) afforded thioacetate chromenone (7). It was expected
to obtain the desired 3TF after the hydrolysis of 7 under basic
conditions (MeONa/MeOH) and exhausted degassed solvents
as well as an inert atmosphere. However, the mixture of flavone
3TF and SSF was again isolated (see Figure S2).
Recently, Angeli et al. reported a convenient synthetic
procedure to obtain a series of aryl selenols (SeHs) from their
diselenides derivatives in high yield via the reduction with
sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and followed by acidification
especially with citric acid.62 This method was thus attempted
for the synthesis of 3TF. Starting with the mixture of 3TF and
SSF acquired from route 1, SSF was obtained via oxidation
with iodine and triethylamine (TEA), and then followed by
reduction with NaBH4 and acidification with citric acid Figure 2. Mid-IR spectrum of 3NTF.
successfully to afford pure 3TF in good yield. If non-reductive
acids such as HCl were used for acidification, SSF would
appear along with 3TF (see Figure S3). With this successful cm−1.10,66,67 Additionally, a previous report also claimed that
case, 3NTF and 3FTF were synthesized as the same fashion the vibration frequency of an H-bonded thiol is ca. 2500
with acceptable yields. Notably, 3TF, 3FTF, and 3NTF cm−1.67 Therefore, the formation of intramolecular H-bond is
displayed sharp singlet peaks corresponding to the thiol unambiguous for all three title compounds. To further confirm
protons at δ = 5.24, 5.34, and 5.37 ppm in nuclear magnetic the chemical structures, the single crystals of 3TF, 3NTF, and
resonance (NMR) spectra, respectively (see Figure S4), which 3FTF were grown in degassed ethyl acetate (EtOAc) at −4 °C
are more downfield shifted compared with the non-H-bonded under argon and their structures were solved at room
sulfhydryl proton (δ is around 3.4 ppm).63−65 These results temperature, respectively. Their X-ray crystallographic struc-
indicate the existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in tures were shown in Figure 3 and Figure S39 and S40. 3NTF
titled molecules. This viewpoint can also be further supported exhibits shorter a SO distance (2.925 Å) than 3TF (2.996
by the mid-IR spectra of 3TFs, where a broad and weak SH Å) and 3FTF (2.956 Å), which, empirically, indicates that
stretching mode absorption can be observed at 2493, 2502, 3NTF possesses the strongest H-bond among the three
and 2500 cm−1 for 3NTF (see Figure 2), 3TF, and 3FTF (see molecules.33 Indirectly, this is verified by the computational
Figure S38), respectively. These frequencies are smaller than simulation in which 3NTF indeed has the shortest HO
the free SH stretching frequency around 2600−2550 bond length (2.049 Å) than that of 3TF (2.064 Å) and 3FTF
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Figure 3. X-ray crystallographic structure of 3NTF. The displacement

ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level, and the H atoms are
drawn as spheres of arbitrary radii.

(2.057 Å) in the ground-state geometry (see Figure S41). In

addition, a smaller dihedral angle (28°) between the
chromenone and the phenyl ring was noted in 3NTF
compared to 46° (3TF) and 41° (3FTF), suggesting that
the delocalization of electrons from the diethylamino group to Figure 4. (a) Absorption (circle and line) and emission (solid line)
the carbonyl group is feasible. Detailed data can be found in spectra of 3NTF (black) and 3MeNTF (orange) in cyclohexane at
the Cambridge Data Bank (CCDC No. 2084999, 2085000, 298 K. Also shown are the excitation spectrum monitored at emission
and 2085002). The control compound 3MeNTF was wavelength of 710 (green line) and 770 nm (dashed blue line). The
synthesized either from the reduction of the associated SS solid-state emission of 3NTF is shown in a solid red line. Due to
linked 3NTF dimer (NSSF, see Scheme 1), followed by rather weak emission for 3MeNTF, which is strongly interfered by
quenching with methyl iodide, to afford 86% yield, or reacting intense scattering light, the emission profile was fitted by a Gaussian
3NTF with methyl iodide to afford 91% yield. function (dashed orange line). Note: All spectra are measured in
cyclohexane with a concentration of ∼10−5 M. λex = 380 and 340 nm
Spectroscopic Studies. Figure 4a shows the absorption for 3NTF and 3MeNTF, respectively. Inset: the corresponding
and emission spectra of 3NTF in cyclohexane, where the absorption and fluorescence images of 3NTF in cyclohexane. (b)
absorption shows the lowest lying transition (S0 →S1) at 383 Proposed ESIPT of 3NTF, forming a zwitterionic-type tautomer with
nm. Upon UV excitation, 3NTF exhibits a prominent red two possible canonical structures. Note that the red arrow indicates
emission maximized at 710 nm in cyclohexane (see the inset of the moving direction of the proton.
Figure 4a). The excitation spectra monitored at an entire
emission band (e.g., 710 (green line) and 770 nm (dashed blue with an anomalously large Stokes shift of 12 230 cm−1
line), see Figure 4a) are identical, which are also the same as (difference between absorption peak and emission peak) for
the absorption spectrum. The results clearly indicate that the 3NTF can be unambiguously ascribed to the tautomer
710 nm emission band originates from the absorption of pure emission resulting from SH···O → S···HO
3NTF. In comparison, replacing SH of 3NTF by OH, ESIPT process, forming a zwitterionic-type tautomer shown in
forming 3NHF (see Figure 1 for the structure58), 3NHF Figure 4b.
exhibits an absorption peak at 400 nm and undergoes OH- The occurrence of ESIPT can be further supported by the
type ESIPT, resulting in a tautomer emission at 555 nm in emission spectra in various solvents, which are shown in Figure
nonpolar solvent,58 in which both absorption and emission are 5. With increasing solvent polarity, a new emission band can be
drastically different from that of 3NTF in this study. The result observed at the 400−500 nm region, which shifts bath-
discards the possibility that the origin of the 710 nm emission
for 3NTF is from any trace contaminated OH derivative
3NHF that undergoes ESIPT. In fact, there was no origin for
yielding 3NHF during the synthesis of 3NTF (see Scheme 1).
Also, a possible origin of the 710 nm emission from any
aggregation effect is eliminated by the observation of
concentration-independent absorption and emission spectra
within the studied concentration range 10−5−10−4 M (see
Figure S42). Another possibility is that the observed emission
band at 710 nm may originate from the thiyl radical due to the
photodissociation after UV radiation. This mechanism can be
safely excluded by the TDDFT calculation and transient
absorption measurement (Figures S43−S45 and Table S1;
also, please see detailed discussion in the Supporting
Information (SI)). Upon the methylation of 3NTF, forming
the SCH3 derivative 3MeNTF (see Figure 1), the
absorption and rather weak normal emission maxima appear
at 370 and 472 nm, respectively. 3MeNTF lacks a proton for Figure 5. Absorption (circle and line) and emission (solid line)
transfer and hence renders normal Stokes-shifted emission (see spectra for 3NTF in toluene (black), dichloromethane (red), and
Figure 4a). In brief, in cyclohexane, the 710 nm emission band acetonitrile (blue) at 298 K. λex = 390 nm.

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ochromically. On the basis of the previous report on the OH
derivative 3NHF,58 the emission at the 400−500 nm region
can be ascribed to the normal form emission, which appears to
result from the solvent polarity induced barrier. The
pronounced solvatochromic property observed for normal
form emission indicates the charge transfer nature of the
normal form species. This implies that the proton-coupled
electron transfer (PCET) mechanism is operative under the
perturbation of solvent polarity. A similar emission profile can
be observed in ethanol solution (Figure S46). However, the
excitation spectrum monitored at 500 nm is slightly blue-
shifted compared with the absorption spectrum. Therefore, the
emission bands at 500 and 700 nm can be attributed to the
non-intramolecular H-bonded normal species and the proton-
transferred tautomer, respectively.68 Overall, the results all
indicate the occurrence of ESIPT, where the normal form
emission can be observed under polar or protic solvents’
perturbation. To the best of our knowledge, this provides the
first spectroscopic evidence of ESIPT for the intramolecular
thiol H-bonding system in a room-temperature environment.
Similarly, a prominent red emission of 3NTF resulting from
ESIPT is also observed in solid with a peak located at 660 nm
(red line in Figure 4a). The slightly blue-shifted emission in
solid (cf. solution) is plausibly due to the influence of lattice
energy.
To gain more insights into the thiol ESIPT kinetics,
picosecond time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC)
was carried out. The result of TCSPC measurement for 3NTF
in cyclohexane showed a single exponential decay constant of
120 ps (see Figure 6a). Taking the emission quantum yield of
Figure 6. (a) Decay dynamics of the 710 nm emission for 3NTF in
cyclohexane (black line) and its fitting curve (blue line). Also shown
is the instrument response profile (red solid line) of the TCSPC (see
text for details). (b) Kinetic trace at 700 nm emission acquired by the
fluorescence up-conversion method. Inset: the kinetic trace at 470 nm
emission (black circle) and instrument response function (blue line).
λex = 390 nm.
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0.14%, the radiative rate constant kr is deduced to be 1.2 × 107
s−1. In addition, the radiative rate constant (kr) for normal
form species was calculated to be 2.24 × 108 s−1 by Strickler
and Berg formula,69,70 which is an order of magnitude larger
than that (1.2 × 107 s−1) for the tautomer state. This can be
attributed to the mixing of ππ* with a small degree of nπ*
transition character in the tautomer S1 state, which makes the
emission less allowed, hence reducing the value of kr (vide
infra). The early relaxation dynamics of the 710 nm emission
was then further measured by the femtosecond fluorescence
up-conversion technique (see the SI for the experimental
detail). The results, shown in the inset of Figure 6b, reveal a
fast decay time of 1.58 ps, followed by a population decay of
120 ps; however, the rise time corresponding to ESIPT cannot
be resolved in our measurement. Also, the kinetic trace
monitored at 470 nm, which is expected to be in the normal
form emission region, demonstrates a system unresolvable fast
decay kinetics (<180 fs, see the inset of Figure 6b). The result
is consistent with the unresolvable rise kinetics observed upon
monitoring at the tautomer emission. These results indicate
that the ESIPT rate for 3NTF is ultrafast and beyond the
detection limit of our instrument (temporal resolution ∼180
fs), for which the associated barrier must be negligibly small
(vide infra). The fast decay time gradually decreases as the
monitored wavelength of the tautomer emission decreases; on
the contrary, the amplitude and the value of the fast decay time
exhibit an opposite trend. This indicates that certain structural
relaxation takes place in the excited state (see Figure S47 and
Table S2). This viewpoint also can be supported by our
computational results, which show that the dihedral angle
between the phenyl group and the chromenone moiety
decreases from 33.91° to 25.96° during the ESIPT process.
Hence, we rationally assigned the fast decay component to the
structural relaxation of the phenyl ring (see Figure S48).
As for the experimental progress, lastly, we also intend to
extend our observation to two other analogues, i.e., 3TF and
3FTF, standing for the parent (H) and the electron-
withdrawing (CF3) substituents, respectively. Unfortunately,
to our best efforts in improving the detection sensitivity, we
were not able to resolve any meaningful signal that can be
ascribed to the emission of 3TF and 3FTF in cyclohexane at
room temperature. Note that a certain weak emission band
maximized at 540 and 550 nm was observed for 3TF and
3FTF, respectively. However, the excitation spectra monitored
at 540 (3TF) and 550 nm (3FTF) are entirely different from
that of the corresponding absorption spectra (see Figure S49).
As elaborated in detail in the Supporting Information, the
observed emission bands are more likely to originate from the
ion-pair emission of 3TF and 3FTF,71,72 where the trace of
3TF and 3FTF anions exists due to the high acidity of the thiol
group. Such an ion-pair, though ≪1% population and is not
shown in the absorption spectra, has a high emission yield and
thus is non-negligible in the contribution of the emission when
we maximize the detectivity. This conjecture is supported by
purging a trace of the HCl gas into cyclohexane solution,
where the ion-pair emission disappears (see Figure S50). Such
ion-pair emission is negligible in 3NTF due to the stronger
intramolecular H-bonding strength. Note that ion-pair
emission spectrum also can be observed for 3NTF in
cyclohexane in the presence of a trace amount of triethylamine
(Figure S51), which shows the emission centered at 550 nm,
distinct from the tautomer emission (see Figure 4a). TD-DFT
computations also confirm a strong ππ* emission at 597 nm
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from the ion pair formed by the deprotonated 3NTF and a
Na+ as the counterion (see Figures S52 and S53 and Tables S3
and S4). In a brief summary, no emission originating from 3TF
and 3FTF can be resolved in cyclohexane at room temper-
ature, which is in sharp contrast to the remarkable 710 nm
proton-transfer tautomer emission observed in 3NTF. Such
discrepancy infers perhaps different relaxation pathways
between 3NTF and 3TF (or 3FTF) in the excited state. As
elaborated below, this viewpoint is firmly supported by the
computational approach.
Computational Approach. In this computational ap-
proach, the ground-state and excited-state geometries are
optimized by density functional theory (DFT) and time-
dependent DFT (TD-DFT),73−75 respectively, under B3LYP76
/6-311++g(3df,3pd)77 for all title compounds. Figure 7 and
Figure 7. Calculated various energy levels for 3NTF in the optimized
S0 and S1 geometries at the normal form and the proton-transferred
tautomer form (the tautomer states are denoted with a prime sign).
Please see the text and SI for the details of computational
methodology.
Figure S54 show the energy diagram of 3NTF (for 3TF and
3FTF, see Figures S55 and S56) at different states under
different optimized geometries. Two remarks can be pointed
out from the computational results. First, for all title
compounds, we failed to obtain the S1 geometry of the normal
state. In other words, the optimization beginning at the
Franck−Condon excited state of the normal form always ends
up in the energy minimum having the proton transfer tautomer
structure (S1′ state in Figure 7, where prime indicates
tautomer). This may not be surprising as it indicates that the
potential energy surface along the ESIPT coordinate is nearly
barrierless, which is consistent with the consequence of time-
resolved measurement of ultrafast (<180 fs) ESIPT in 3NTF.
Second, the assignment of the optimized S1′ state for 3NTF is
primarily in the ππ*(>91%) configuration (see Figure 8 and
Figure S57 and Table S6). Such an allowed transition (f ∼
0.13) is expected to undergo a radiative emission. The vertical
S1′ (ππ*/nπ*) →S0′ transition is estimated to be 770 nm
(Table S5), which, within the calculation uncertainty, matches
the experimentally observed 710 nm emission.
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On the contrary, according to nearly barrierless ESIPT, 3TF
and 3FTF are expected to populate at the tautomer state as
well. Experimentally, however, the tautomer emission could
not be resolved at this stage. The results indicate the dominant
radiationless deactivation pathways for the tautomer S1′ state
for both 3TF and 3FTF. As for the rationalization, first, the
tautomer emissions for 3TF and 3FTF were estimated to be
901 and 951 nm, respectively, according to the calculation (see
Figure 8). Compared to the observed 710 nm tautomer
emission for 3NTF, the much red-shifted 901 and 951 nm
emissions predicted for 3TF and 3FTF, respectively, are to be
subject to tremendous radiationless deactivation due to the
electronic-state (S1′)−vibration-state (in S0′) coupling, i.e., the
consequence of the energy gap law.78 Moreover, as shown in
Tables S7 and S8, in sharp contrast to the strongly ππ*
dominating nature of the S1′ state for 3NTF, the S1′ for 3TF
and 3FTF is composed of a mixing of ππ* (∼80%) and
relatively high nπ* (∼20%) configuration. Note that all three
compounds exhibit a pair of closely lying S1′ and S2′ states
(within 0.3 eV) at the tautomer ground state, showing
complementary ππ* or nπ* characters (see Figure 7 and
Figures S54−56). At the relaxed tautomer S1′ geometry, these
two states are brought to even closer (within 0.2 eV) such that
certain extent of mixing occurs between the two. For clarity,
Figure 8 succinctly depicts the states and their electronic
configuration involved in ESIPT. When anchoring an electron-
withdrawing group such as 3FTF, the mixing of nπ* clearly
increases in the lowest singlet excited state (see Figure 8 and
Table S8). Once nπ* becomes non-negligible in the tautomer
lowest singlet excited state (S1′ state), the large spin−orbit
coupling parameter of the sulfur atom of the thiocarbonyl
group may also trigger the intersystem crossing to populate at
T1′ (ππ*) state according to Figure S55 (for 3TF) and Figure
S56 (for 3FTF).79 Such a lower energy T1′ state (<1 eV) in
the near IR II (>1000 nm) region should also undergo
dominant radiationless deactivation governed by the emission
energy gap law.78 This viewpoint is supported by the non-
emissive 3TF and 3FTF even in the 77 K cyclohexane solid
matrix. Therefore, despite the theoretical prediction of ESIPT
for both 3TF and 3FTF, they are virtually non-emissive in
room temperature and cryogenic matrixes. As for 3NTF, the
electron-donating diethylamino group at the 4′-position
elongates the π-conjugation by coupling with the carbonyl
electron acceptor (see Figure 1), retaining most of the
dominating ππ* character in the S1′ geometry (Figure 7)
and hence the remarkable 710 nm tautomer emission.
■
CONCLUSION
As elaborated above, we provide unambiguous spectroscopic
evidence for the excited-state intramolecular thiol proton
transfer in the room-temperature solution and solid, which is
also firmly supportive by theoretical approaches. This finding
not only opens a new chapter in the field of ESIPT but also
may stimulate the research activity in probing the relationship
between the non-classical thiol H-bonding strength and
molecular structure in ESIPT, which is of great fundamental
interest in terms of chemical bonding and reaction. From the
viewpoint of applications, the facile preparation of the −S−S−
linkage makes feasible the strategic design of the thiol H-
bonded ESIPT molecules in an −S−S− oxidation form.
Subsequently, the analytes induced reduction to the thiol
molecules having ESIPT property may offer an excellent
sensing platform where the anomalously large Stokes shifted
https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c05602
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 12715−12724
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Figure 8. Proposed ESIPT, the electronic configuration of the lowest tautomer singlet excited state and its relaxation processes. The percentage
denotes the ratio of two different configurations. IC: internal conversion
tautomer emission can be exploited as a unique signal
transducer free from interference. Relevant researches have
been initiated and are currently in progress.
■ ASSOCIATED CONTENT
* Supporting Information
sı
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.1c05602.
Discussions of experimental procedures, synthetic
methods, photophysical properties, possibility of the
radical emission, and computational results, figures of
NMR spectra, IR spectra, X-ray crystallographic
structures, computed ground-state geometries, absorp-
tion and emission spectra, transient absorption spec-
trum, transient spectral profile, kinetic traces, calculated
molecular orbitals, and calculated various energy levels,
and tables of calculated excitation energies, time-
resolved data, and theoretical absorption and lumines-
cence data (PDF)
Accession Codes
CCDC 2084999−2085000 and 2085002 contain the supple-
mentary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be
obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/
cif, or by emailing data_request@ccdc.cam.ac.uk, or by
contacting The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12
Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: +44 1223 336033.
■
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Authors
Chao-Tsen Chen − Department of Chemistry, National
Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.);
Email: chenct@ntu.edu.tw
Elise Y. Li − Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan
Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan (R.O.C.);
orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-1110; Email: eliseytli@
ntnu.edu.tw
Pi-Tai Chou − Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.); orcid.org/
0000-0002-8925-7747; Email: chop@ntu.edu.tw
12721
pubs.acs.org/JACS Article
Authors
Chun-Hsiang Wang − Department of Chemistry, National
Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Zong-Ying Liu − Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.); orcid.org/
0000-0003-1254-7153
Chun-Hao Huang − Department of Chemistry, National
Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Fan-Yi Meng − Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Yu-Chan Liao − Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Yi-Hung Liu − Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Chao-Che Chang − Department of Chemistry, National
Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Complete contact information is available at:
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/jacs.1c05602
Author Contributions
§
C.-H.W., Z.-Y.L., and C.-H.H. contributed equally.
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors appreciate the Ministry of Science and
Technology (MOST 109-2639-M-002-001-ASP, MOST 106-
2113-M-002-012-MY3, and MOST 109-2113-M-003-009),
Taiwan and National Taiwan University, for their generous
support. The authors are grateful for the computational
resources provided by the Center for Cloud Computing in
National Taiwan Normal University.
■
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