Shaker kitchen, 1873

The extension of the privileges of women is the

fundamental cause of all social progress.
— Charles Fourier, 1808

. . . The isolated household is a source of innu-

merable evils, which Association alone can
remedy. . . .
—Fourierist communard, 1844

Let me tell you, my goodfriend, that things have

indeed changed with woman. . . . True, we do
not live in the ‘phalanx, ’ but you have noticed
the various houses for eating which accommodate
the city. . . . You would hardly recognize the
process of cooking in one of our large
establishments. . . .
—Jane Sophia Appleton, 1848
 2.3 T h e Fam ilistere, o r Social P alace, Guise,
France, begun in 1859, d etail o f view show ing
housing at left rear; bakery, cafe, schools, th e-
ater, restau ran t, an d b u tch e r shop at left front.
Iron foundry on right not show n. T h e nursery is
at the rear o f the cen tral a p a rtm e n t block. From
Harper’s Monthly, A pril 1872.

2.4 Section an d p artial p lan o f a n ap a rtm e n t

block at the F am ilistere, show ing collective serv-
ices such as refuse ćhut«.:, piped w ater, h ea tin g
an d v en tilating systems; the collective spaces,
such as the cen tral co u rty ard , galleries at each
floor, an d w a te r closets on each landing; an d the
built-in w ardrobes in each lodging room. D w ell-
ing units for families m ight be m ad e u p o f one,
two, three, o r five ad jacen t rooms. From Harper’s
Monthly, April 1872.

2.5 Festival o f Labor, held in the glass-roofed

cen tral co u rty ard o f an ap a rtm e n t block at the
Fam ilistere, show ing galleries an d en tran ces to
priv ate dw elling units, from Harper’s Monthly,
A pril 1872. T h is is the social space, filled w ith
people, idealized by every F ourierist group.
2.6 Plans of small ap artm en t house, A m ana,
Iowa, 1855, showing small ap artm en ts o f p arlor
and bedroom
2.8 P lan o f first floor o f the co m m u n al dw elling
b uilt by O n e id a C o m m u n ity , K enw ood, New
York, 1861-1878: 1, office an d cloakroom ; 2, re-
ception room ; 3, library; 4, low er sittin g room ;
5, single bedroom ; 6, shared bedroom ; 7, b a th -
room ; 8, lounge o r w orkshop; 9, w orkshop; 10,
d in in g ro o m ; 11, din in g ad d itio n ; 13, 14, sittin g
room s; 15, nursery kitchen; 17, nursery; 18, 21,
22, corridors; 19, vestibule; 23, porch, 24, tower.
2.9 Basement plan, first floor plan, and view of
com m unal dw elling built by S haker com m unity,
C hurch Fam ily, H ancock, M assachusetts, 1830

Baaamant

o© „ "
2.10 Collective dom estic work in a Shaker com-
m unity: Shaker women cooking, sewing, m end-
ing, and serving food, as shown in Frank Leslie's
Illustrated Newspaper, S eptem ber 13, 1873
2.11 Collective child raising at the O n e id a
C o m m u n ity , the “ C h ild re n ’s H o u r,” an d the
school, as show n in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated News-
paper, A pril 9, 1870. W om en are w earing the
Bloom er dresses developed by dress reform advo-
cates in the 1840s.
59 Fem inism in M odel H ouseholds

3.2 C ath arin e Beecher an d H arriet Beecher

Stow e, The American Woman’s Home, 1869, plans
of basem ent an d first floor, show ing careful o r-
ganization of spaces an d m echanical eq u ipm ent
for lau n d ry an d cooking
61 Fem inism in M odel H ouseholds

3.3 N eighborhood residents carrying roasts an d

puddings hom e after using the local b ak e r’s
oven, L ondon, 1848
4.2 D iagram m atic plan o f h ead quarters for a
cooperative housekeeping society, draw n by Beth
G anister from w ritten descriptions by M elusina
Fay Peirce. N ote the m ovable walls, which also
appeared in C ath arin e Beecher’s designs for
dwellings in 1869.

dumbwaiter^
IS I
I
Sales Fitting Kitchen Bakery Reading | Dining
I
^ m oveail
Laundry 1 / walls

Consultatior Work Rooms

Accounts Sewing Gymnasium

Workers’ Lounge Workers' Lounge

& Dressing Room & Dressing Room

1 2 3
4.3 D iagram of block of four kitchenless houses,
by Beth C anister, based on descriptions by
M elusina Fay Peirce

4.4 D iagram m atic plan o f cooperative residen-

tial neighborhood (-4), thirty-six kitchenless
houses (B ), an d one cooperative housekeeping
center (C), draw n by Paul Jo h n so n from descrip-
tions by M elusina Fay Peirce
4.5 C um m ings & Sears, architects, Boston, view
of H otel K em pton, a small ap a rtm en t hotel,
from American Architect and Building News, J u n e
1877. T his structure covers its lot an d rises five
and a h alf stories above the surrounding row
houses, showing the results of pressure to use
land more intensively.
 H.l

‐K n ... Kl..,n.. Hi.v

4.6 C um m ings & Sears, plans of H otel K cm p-

ton. S ervants are housed in the basem ent, the
residents’ d ining room is on the first floor, and
nine ap a rtm en ts w ithout kitchens are on floors
one through five.
4.7 H enry H udson Holly, sketch o f a proposed
cooperative family hotel for H artfo rd , C onnecti-
cut, 1874. View shows six private entrances to
duplex apartm en ts from the street, plus m ain
en trance in the center, from Scribners Magazine,
M ay 1874. T h e architect is attem p tin g to m ain -
tain the illusion of private row houses w hile in-
creasing the density.

4.8 Holly, plans for a family hotel, showing

kitchen, laundry, dining facilities, and barber
shop in basem ent. Six private duplexes are en -
tered on the first floor; an elevator beyond the
m ain entrance leads to six more duplexes en-
tered on the third floor, plus com m on services in
basem ent and staff housing un d er the roof.
 83 Housew ives in H a rv ard S quare

GROUND

4.9 E. W. G odw in, plans for a cooperative

hom e, w ith kitchcnless a p a rtm en ts, general d in -
ing room an d lounge, c h ild re n ’s d in in g room ,
nursery school, an d playroom , The Building News
(L ondon), April 24, 1874. B asem ent an d first
floor: 1, bedroom ; 2, sittin g room ; 3, storage; 4,
serv an t’s room ; 5, ch ild re n ’s d in in g room ; 6,
ch ild ren ’s playroom ; 7, scullery; 8, kitchen; 9,
servants’ hall; 10, general din in g room ; 11,
ch ild re n ’s playground.

BASEMENT
 86 C o o p e r a t iv e H o u s e k e e p in g ;

4 .1 0 M e l u s i n a F a y P e ir c e , p a te n t fo r a p a r tm e n t
h o u s e , C h ic a g o , 1903
 92 C ooperative H ousekeeping

to Dublin, “provided both the participants

in and the organizational structure of the
labor movement in Lowell in these
years.” 3 One Lowell operative, Lucy Lar-
com, recorded the support that “stranger
girls” in Lowell gave each other, which
changed their consciousness of social and
economic life: “Home-life, when one al-
ways stays at home, is necessarily
narrowing. . . . We have hardly begun to
live until we can take in the idea of the
whole hum an family . . . it was an in-
calculable help to find myself among so
many working-girls, all of us thrown upon
our own resources, but thrown much more
upon each other’s sympathies. . . .” 4
Through the 1830s and 1840s, as the op-
F IR S T FLOOR SECOND FLOOR eratives, harassed by wage cuts and speed-
ups, became militant, they published the
Voice of Industry, which criticized “capitalists
and politicians.” They also organized cam-
paigns for the ten-hour day and testified in
state hearings on worsening industrial con-
ditions. Eliza Hemingway, a Lowell
worker, complained in 1845 of the long
working hours (5:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.,
with half-hour breaks for breakfast and
THIRD FLOOR
dinner) and the foul air, filled with lint
5.2 Boardinghouse, Lowell, plans from J o h n from the looms and smoke from kerosene
Coolidge, M ill and Mansion (C olum bia University
lamps.5 Marie Stevens, after working for
Press)
years under similar conditions, was in
charge of four looms in the factory where
she was employed. She acquired an inde-
pendent industrial worker’s contempt for
idle, middle-class women who throught of
themselves as virtuous “ladies” and looked
down upon women who earned their own
living. After her stint in Lowell she found
5.3 C hild care at the Social Palace, Guise,
France, as shown in Harper's Monthly, April 1872.
M any types of play are encouraged in a skylit
environm ent designed especially for children.
5.4 A day care cen ter for the ch ild ren o f w ork-
ing m others, New York, Sixth A venue an d Fif-
teenth Street, from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated
Newspaper, A pril 5, 1856. A lthough th ere are c ra-
dles and beds, no toys or special play eq u ip m en t
are available.

5.5 A day care ce n ter founded by M . M arb eau

an d nam ed for S ainte Eugćnie, rue C rim će,
Paris, for the children of em ployed w om en, as
shown in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, M ay
14, 1870. T h re e well-dressed wom en at the rear
left are probably ph ilan th ro p ic visitors. T h e
space has been designed for ch ild ren ’s activities,
but order is the rule m ore th an play.
 107 Free Lovers, In d iv id u al Sovereigns, an d
Integral C ooperators

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5.7 P lan of Pacific C ity, T op o lo b am p o , Mexico,

1889, by A lbert K im sey O w en, show ing a p a rt-
m ent hotels an d row house blocks as d ark rect-
angles an d freestanding su b u rb an cottages with
cooperative housekeeping facilities as typical
housing in light blocks
5.8 H ow land, Deery, an d O w en, plan for one-
story co urtyard houses w ith com m on kitchen,
dining room, laundry, parlor, an d library, 1885

5.9 Elevation o f co urtyard house block showing

collective facilities, w ith M oorish arches an d
dom e, a style previously recom m ended by M elu-
sina Peirce
5.10 H ow land, Deery an d O w en, plan for block
of eight individual freestanding cottages, w ith
cooperative housekeeping bu ild in g shared by
four families, 1885
6.3 K itchenless cottage, cam p m eeting ground,
O ak Bluffs, M assachusetts, c. 1870-1890
When the last pie was made into the first pellet,
woman's true freedom began.
— New York Socialistic City, in the year 2050,
described by Anna Bowman Dodd, 1887

"Who does your housework, then?” I asked.

"There is none to do, ” said Mrs. Leete, to whom
I had addressed this question.
— Socialist Boston, in the year 2000, described by
Edward Bellamy, /888

A II the public, domestic work is performed by spe-

cialists, both women and men.
— Mars, a feminist planet, described by Henry
Olerich, 1893
7.1 View of a public restau ran t, by H. C.
W ilkinson, from Bradford Peck, The World A De-
partment Store, 1900. It resembles the neoclassical
city halls o f this era.

7.2 View of ap a rtm en t houses w ith kitchenless

ap artm en ts, from Peck, The World A Department
Store. C onventional D utch gables adorn the
buildings; a futuristic m otorcar rolls by.
7.3 Plan of an apartment house, from Peck, The
World A Department Store. There are four apart-
ments without kitchens on each floor. Each has
two rooms and a bath, which Charlotte Perkins
Gilman defined as the minimum necessary for
one adult. Connecting doors suggest the possibil-
ity of couples inhabiting adjacent apartments.
7.4 K ing C am p G illette, partial plan for M e-
tropolis, from The Human Drift, 1894. Included
are educational facilities (/I), am usem ent b uild-
ings (B), and facilities for storage and p rep ara-
tion of food (C); o th er buildings are housing.
T riangles cover underground conservatories.

7.5 K ing C am p G illette, view of a partm ent

buildings in M etropolis. Each is twenty-five sto-
ries plus an observatory atop the dom ed roof.
 7.6 K ing C am p G illette, section o f steel-fram ed
ap a rtm en t b u ilding show ing dom ed cen tral d in -
ing room , w ith fo untain, galleries leading to
private ap a rtm en ts, exposed elevators, an d u n -
d erground in frastru ctu re: sewage, utilities (A);
tran sp o rtatio n (B ); p edestrian arcad e lit by tri-
an g u la r skylights (C). T h e resem blance to J o h n
P o rtm a n ’s hotels of the 1960s an d 1970s is
m arked. T h e cen tral space has lost the social in -
tim acy of the co u rty ard in G o d in ’s Social Palace
an d becom e overw helm ing in scale.

7.7 King C am p G illette, p lan o f a kitchenless

apartm ent for a family o f four to eight persons.
Dark bedrooms an d m agnificent baths.
 7.8 H enry O lerich, partial plan of M ars, site of
A Cityless and Countryless World, 1893. A rectangu-
lar grid of electric trolley lines, eight miles wide
and tw enty miles long, covers the land. Along
these lines are located “ big houses,” or ap a rt-
m ent houses, at half-mile intervals, an d ware-
houses and factories at four-mile intervals.

7.9 H enry O lerich, diagram showing trolley line

(1); four “ big-houses” (2, 3, 4, 5); outdoor n u n e-
ries for children (10); swim ming pools (11, 12);
greenhouses, gardens, orchards, and fields (13,
15, 17, 19); various footpaths (7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 18,
20) an d a boulevard (6)

7.10 H enry Olerich, diagram of the residential

wing in a “ big-house,” accom m odating thirty
people in private suites of four hundred square
feet. Note the twenty-foot-wide corridor that
suggests a Fourierist gallery of association.
 156 W idening Circles of Reform

8.3 R eform er’s “ before” and “ after” sketches:

tenem ent wash day versus a cooperative laundry
in a model tenem ent project, Cosmopolitan, No-
vem ber 1889

8.4 M odel tenem ent house with kindergarten,

338-344 C herry Street, New York, T enem ent
House Building C om pany, 1887. Dwelling units
include two or three rooms. W ater closets are
shared. D um bw aiters lift coal from the base-
ment. T h e kindergarten is for the care of chil-
dren of em ployed mothers.
8.5 Soup kitchen, 110 C en tre Street, New York,
one of eight founded by Com m odore Jam es G or-
don B ennett, p ro prietor of the New York Herald,
to feed the poor after the P anic of 1873. It
opened in F ebruary 1874, offering soup prepared
by the fashionable ch ef of D elm onico’s R estau-
ra n t, M r. C harles R anhoffer, and served 2,000
people in one day w ith quart-size tin mugs of
soup. According to Frank Leslie’s Illustrated News-
paper, M arch 7, 1874, “ Experienced philanthro-
pists declared the soup the best they had ever
tasted in an institution of the kind,” and re-
porters a ttrib u ted this to the chef and the fact
th at “ the kettles are cleaned each day, and the
rooms are as neat as a New England kitchen.”

8.6 Berlin, soup kitchen for the poor, founded

by Lina M orgenstem , 1866, shown in Frank
Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, M ay 14, 1870, along
w ith the report th at in an eighteen-day period,
the kitchen, established by order of the Comm is-
sioners o f C harities and Corrections, had sold
111,385 q u arts o f soup to the poor.
8.7 New England K itchen, m ain office, founded
by Ellen Swallow Richards and M ary H inm an
Abel, 142 Pleasant Street, Boston, 1890. E quip-
m ent included weights to m easure food, insu-
lated containers for custom ers to carry it home,
an d glassware and gas jets suggesting the
scientific laboratories at M IT after which the
kitchen was patterned.

8.8 New England K itchen, branch at 341 H u d -

son Street, New York, founded D ecem ber 1891,
showing the bare spaces o f a laboratorylike area
equipped w ith ap p aratu s for cooking by steam
an d gas
8.9 T h e R u m fo rd K itch en , an ex h ib it set u p by
Ellen Swallow R ichards an d M ary H in m an
Abel for the W o rld ’s C o lu m b ian Exposition,
1893, on the exterior a sm all, single-fam ily clap -
b oard house w ith a broad front porch
 163 Public K itchens, Social S ettlem ents, an d
the C ooperative Ideal

8.10 M. P. Wolff, plan for a public kitchen,

1884. Patrons may buy food to take away, in the
waiting hall, or they may eat in the dining hall.
Taps in the waiting hall are to fill double-walled
tin carrying vessels with hot water to insulate
hot food. Dotted lines show circulation paths.
 ALLEY

POLK STREET

8.11 H ull-H ouse, C hicago, plans by Pond and

Pond, A rchitects, 1889-1916. T h e original p ri-
vate house on H alsted Street has been sur-
ro unded by a public kitchen, residents’ dining
room, coffee house, an d ap artm en ts for residents.
T h e J a n e C lub, the Phalanx C lub, the gym, the
C reche an d playground, and Bowen Hall are lo-
cated on Polk Street an d Gilpin Place.

3.12 Jan e C lub, plans of basem ent an d first
floor by Pond and P ond, 1898: 1, bedroom ; 2,
reading room; 3, social room ; 4, din in g room ; 5,
kitchen; 6, scullery; 7, p an try ; 8, lau n d ry room ;
9, linen closet; 10, tru n k room ; 11, bicycle stor-
age; 12, entrance hall an d stairs. Second an d
third floors were all bedroom s.
169 Public K itchens, Social S ettlem ents, and
the C ooperative Ideal
recreating some of the cohesive atmosphere
of the com pany boardinghouses in Lowell
for young women w ithout any of the pater-
nalistic atmosphere. Private rooms for most
residents perm itted individual privacy.
Again and again the thirty residents em -
phasized their autonomy, their pride in
managing their own housing as self-
supporting adults.
Women of all classes yearned for the
self-sufficiency of making their own hous-
ing arrangements. The success of the Jan e
Club spurred wide discussion of coopera-
tive housekeeping arrangem ents am ong
small and large groups of single working
women.36 In the years between 1885 and
1920 any group of women who chose to
rent an apartm ent or a house together and
share the expenses of cooking, cleaning,
and laundry might call this cooperative
housekeeping.37 Some were young, some
middle-aged, and some even retired
workers.
Cooperative boarding clubs formed by
employed women and students introduced
many organizing and building projects in
these decades. In 1902 seven art students
formed a successful boarding club in New
York; around the same time Viola Rich-
mond founded the working women’s
Turner-Balderston C lub for cooperative
boarding in Philadelphia, which occupied
three houses in the city and a vacation
house in the country; the Randolph Club
was another self-supporting women’s enter-
prise in that city.38 In 1919 the Interna-
tional Ladies’ Garment Workers Union es-
tablished Unitv House in New York on a
 172 W idening Circles o f Reform

8.13 R esidents’ d ining room, H ull-H ouse, w ith

Ja n e A ddam s at right end of cen ter table.
W om en professionals p redom inate am ong the
residents.

8.14 Cooking class at Hull-House, 1916: “sci-

ence” on the Bunsen burners and teaching jobs
for hom e economists.

8.15 Cooking class at Tuskeegee Institute, train-

ing black female students to be domestic serv-
ants. By 1920, 40 percent o f Am erican servants
were black.

9.2 M ary C olem an S tuckert, proposal for city
block organized for cooperative living, D enver,
1878-1893, d iag ram m atic p lan d raw n by Paul
Johnson from descriptions by several co m m en ta-
tors in the 1890s
187 D om estic Evolution or D om estic
R evolution?
uates, and central offices to register em -
ployees, employers, speakers, and teachers.
It also advocated establishing people’s
kitchen buildings in “every poor quarter of
the city” similar to the New England
Kitchen and the Rumford K itchen.17
Despite her ties to the Nationalists,
Gilman remained aloof from other Ameri-
can socialists in the 1890s, preferring to
work with feminists and “sharply disagree-
ing with both theory and m ethod as ad -
vanced by the followers of M arx.” 18 She
said:
My Socialism was of the early hum anitar-
ian kind, based on the first exponents,
French and English, with the American en-
thusiasm of Bellamy. The narrow and rigid
“economic determ inism ” of M arx, with its
“class consciousness” and “class struggle” I
never accepted, nor the political methods
pursued by the Marxians. My main inter-
est then was in the position of women, and
the need for more scientific care for young
children. As to women, the basic need of
economic independence seemed to me of
far more importance than the bal-
lot. . . .19
As a “ hum anitarian socialist” who fol-
lowed the early English and French
thinkers Owen and Fourier, and rejected
Marxist analysis, Gilman could have
moved into the popular cooperative move-
ment of the 1890s, where many of the N a-
tionalists felt comfortable. This she refused
to do because of an unhappy experience in
her girlhood, during the period when her
m other was moving constantly from place
to place. One stay in a crowded coopera-
tive household of ten people in Providence,
Rhode Island, when she was fourteen was
9.3 George Duysters, proposal for adding a co-
operative kitchen to a standard row house block,
New York, 1890, diagram by Paul Johnson from
a description in The Nationalist

9.4 L eonard E. Ladd, U.S. P atent No. 430,480,

“ Im provem ent in Dwelling Houses,” Philadel-
phia, 1890, showing block of one-family row
houses served by a central kitchen
9.5 L ad d , p artial plan show ing cen tral kitchen
(C), corridor jo in in g kitchen an d houses (B ), pri
vate d ining rooms (B '), an d houses (/4)
 193 D om estic E volution o r D om estic
Revolution?

Figur. I.
9.6 John Pickering Putnam, plan for an apart-
ment hotel, American Architect and Building News,
1890, “as near an approach to the ideal of a hu-
man habitation as has yet been devised”
 199 Dom estic E volution or Dom estic
R evolution?

W lHB IM TlillllfiM |li8 ||[ y

9.7 Views o f the W o m an ’s H otel, an a p a rtm en t

hotel for w orking w om en, show ing office, parlor,
bedroom s, bathroom s, din in g room, laundry,
boiler room, an d driven wells, from Harper’s
Weekly, A pril 13, 1878
20th C entury Food Co., New H aven, 1900

Mow let the rook lady strike; who cares? A ll I

have to do is to step to the telephone or drop a
post card and order dinner, have it served hot at
the door, w elt cooked and o f excellent variety, fo r
less money than you could do it yourself to say
nothing about wear and tear o f nerves. It is eman-
cipation, / say, sing the long meter doxology, be
thankful there are those to blaze a trail out o f the
wilderness and lead the people into the promised
land o f delightful housekeeping.
— Clergyman in Mew Haven, patron o f a cooked
food service, 1901

We're in M issouri, and we're ready fo r anything.

— Participant in a neighborhood Cooperative
Kitchen, 1907
211 C o m m u n ity K itchens an d C ooked Food
Services

10.1 View o f co m m unity din in g club, T h e M a -

ho n in g C lu b , W arren, O hio, established in 1903,
from Woman’s Home Companion, O c to b e r 1923
10.2 Pittsburg [sic] Dinner Delivery Company,
horse and wagon, boy carrying heat retainer,
1903. Courtesy Western Pennsylvania Historical
Society.
 10.3 View s o f cooperative kitchen, 1 M ou n tain -
View Place, M o n tclair, New Jersey, established
by Em erson H arris and M atild a Schleier, from
Ladies’ Home Journal, S ep tem b er 1918, show ing
m ain b u ild in g an d liveried black w aiter d e -
livering cooked food in heat re ta in er from a
truck.

^fTfrr
10.4 T rucks used by London D istributing
K itchens, from Lady’s Realm, February 1902

10.5 W orkroom o f London D istributing K itch-

ens, m uch less like a laboratory than the New
England K itchen (8.7)
10.6 M etal co n ta in e r used by L ondon D istrib u -
ting K itchens, a flat box w hich fit in to a w agon.
Evanston’s “ N orw egian k itchens” w ere p ro bably
similar.

10.7 T w en tieth C en tu ry Food C o m p an y , offices,

New H aven, C o n n ecticu t, ru n by Sam uel Street.
George C h am b erlain , form er e d ito r o f Good
Housekeeping, invented th e heat retain er: (1) o u t-
side of pail; (2) top; (3) p ad d ed cover; (4) rack
holding heated soapstone; (5) pans for food; (6)
pan for coffee or soup, sealed w ith pasteb o ard
disk. From M . Alice M atth ew s, “ C o operative
Living,” 1903.
K itchenless house, 1922

The Feminist flat is revolutionary, strikes at the

root of the economic system, may involve vast read-
justments of land-tenure, communal building and
taxation. But we are not afraid of revolution, for
we are the pioneers of a sex-revolulion.
— W. L. George, 19/3

. . . The home will no longer be a Procrustean

bed . . . which each feminine personality must
be made to conform to by whatever maiming orfa -
tal, spiritual or intellectual oppression. . . .
— Alice Constance Austin, 1917
11.1 R aym ond U nw in and Barry Parker, site
plan for housing with central kitchen, dining
room, and laundry for Yorkshire workers, from
The Art o f Building a Home, 1901

11.2 U nw in and Parker, plan of central kitchen,

dining room, and laundry, Yorkshire workers’
housing.
11.3 U nw in an d Parker, plan of five-bedroom
houses.
11.4 H om esgarth (or L etchw orth C ooperative
Houses), the first C ooperative Q uad ran g le, plan
by A. C lapham L ander, 1909-1913, L etchw orth
G arden C ity, England. An arcade connects
kitchenless ap artm en ts w ith the central dining
hall and kitchen.
11.5 H o m esgarth (L etchw orth C ooperative
Houses)

11.6 T e n a n ts ’ din in g room , H om esgarth

 236 Gilm an an d H er Influence

11.7 M eadow W ay G reen, a C ooperative Q u a d -

rangle at L etchw orth, 1915-1924

11.8 Guessens C ourt, a Cooperative Q u adrangle

at Welwyn G arden C ity, by A. C lap h am L an -
der, 1922
 238 G ilm an and H er Influence

-< fV - *■

- a Ht th?"<

11.9 M. H. Baillie Scott, W aterlow C ourt, hous-

ing for professional w om en, H am pstead G arden
Suburb, 1909, view
11.10 A rth u r S. H einem an an d Alfred Heine-
man, Bowen C ourt, Pasadena, C alifornia, 1910,
view showing two-story building with sewing
room above children’s play area, from the Ladies’
Home Journal, April 1913
11.13 Alice C onstance Austin showing her kit-
chenless house to clients, 1916

11.14 Austin, first floor plan for a kitchenless

house at Llano del Rio, C alifornia, 1916
11.15 A ustin, site plan for a sector o f Llano,
1916
 247 H om es w ith o u t K itchens an d Tow ns
w ithout Housew ork

11.16 E dgar C ham bless, view of R oadtow n,

1910. H e called for a soundless m onorail below
an d an open p rom enade above tw o levels of
dwellings w ith cooperative housekeeping centers
located at intervals. From the Ladies’ Home Jour-
nal, F eb ru ary 1919.
 249 H om es w ith o u t K itchens an d Tow ns
w ithout Housew ork

11.17 R u d o lp h M . Schindler, view o f a “cooper-

ative dw elling” for four to six ad u lts (tw o cou-
ples an d one or tw o guests), Kings R oad, H olly-
wood, 1922. T his was S chindler’s own house.

11.18 Plan of S ch in d ler’s “ cooperative dw elling”

11.19 M ilo H astings, project for su b u rb an
houses linked by an electric tram delivering
goods, one of two first prize w inners, com peti-
tion for post-W o rld W ar I housing, sponsored
by the Journal o f the American Institute o f Architects
an d the Ladies' Home Journal, 1919
11.20 R o b ert Anderson Pope, project for a city
w ith su b u rb a n d uplex residences served by com -
m u n ity centers, one o f two first prize winners,
co m petition for p o st-W o rld W ar I housing.
11.21 H erm an Jessor, W orkers’ C ooperative
Colony, 750 units of housing w ith collective
services, organized by the U n ited Workers C oop-
erative Association, the Bronx, New York, 1926,
partial site plan showing first part or project.

11.22 P artial floor plan, W orkers’ C ooperative

Colony, detail y4 of 11.21
 259 H om es w ith o u t K itchens an d T ow ns
w ithout H ousew ork

GROUND FLOOR
Collective Facilities

LIVING UNITS
Upper end Lower Levels

11.23 K. Ivanov, F. T erekhin, an d P. Smolin,

plan for a com m unal house w ith collective ca-
tering an d day care, U .S.S.R ., 1920s. A p a rt-
m ents are two stories and are reached by corri-
dors on every th ird floor.
 262 G ilm an an d H er Influence

11.24 R u th A dam s, barn remodeled to serve as

social center, com m unity kitchen, an d dining
room, Yelping Hill, C ornw all, C onnecticut, 1922

11.25 R u th A dam s, elevation of one of several

kitchenless houses, Y elping Hill, 1922