Utopia dan Pemikiran Kota Ideal

Teori Perencanaan, Februari 2020

Thomas More: Utopia (1571)

Robert Owen: Cooperative Village (1817)

Marx, Engels: Manifesto (1848)

Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities for To-Morrow (1902)

Le Corbuiser: Contemporary City (1925), Radiant City (1935)

Utopia and Ideal Society

Sir Thomas More (1477 - 1535) was the first person to write of a 'utopia', a word used to describe a perfect imaginary
world.

More's book imagines a complex, self-contained community set on an island, in which people share a common culture
and way of life.

He coined the word 'utopia' from the Greek ou-topos meaning 'no place' or 'nowhere'. It was a pun - the almost
identical Greek word eu-topos means 'a good place'. So at the very heart of the word is a vital question: can a perfect
world ever be realised? It is unclear as to whether the book is a serious projection of a better way of life, or a satire
that gave More a platform from which to discuss the chaos of European politics.

Utopia (1517 published in Latin, 1551 in English).

1. There is no private property on Utopia, with goods being
stored in warehouse and people requesting what they need.
2. There are also no locks on the doors of the houses, and the
houses are rotated between the citizens every ten years.
3. Agriculture provides the most important occupation on the
island.
4. Every person is taught it and must live in the countryside,
farming for two years at a time, with women doing the same
work as men.
5. Parallel to this, every citizen must learn at least one of the
other essential trades: weaving (mainly done by the women),
carpentry, metalsmithing and masonry
6. There is deliberate simplicity about these trades; for
instance, all people wear the same types of simple clothes
and there are no dressmakers making fine apparel.
7. All able-bodied citizens must work; thus unemployment is
eradicated, and the length of the working day can be
minimized: the people only have to work six hours a day
(although many willingly work for longer).
8. More does allow scholars in his society to become the ruling
officials or priests, people picked during their primary
education for their ability to learn. All other citizens,
however, are encouraged to apply themselves to learning in
their leisure time.
Cooperative Village (Robert Owen, 1817)

One significant, and more successful, utopian figure of the 19th Century was Robert Owen.

A progressive mill-owner from Wales, he improved conditions for workers at his Manchester mill, joining the
Manchester Board of Health to improve sanitary conditions and in 1817 introducing an 8-hour day for his
workers with the slogan Eight hours labour. Eight hours recreation. Eight hours rest.

Owen launched a more ambitious scheme, though, in 1813, buying a school and ballroom with a group of
Quakers in New Lanark, Scotland.

It was the first of Owen’s cooperative villages – which spread, along with the idea of socialism, throughout
Britain. The Victorian period was filled with earnest discussion among do-gooders and intellectuals on how to
alleviate the conditions of the poor. In the mid-19th Century, dozens of Owenite experiments sprang up: small
co-operative farms and communities, so-called village colonies that provided every family with both a piece of
land and farming lessons.
New Lanark, Scotland (Robert Owen, 1813)
From 1800-1824 Owen was the manager and part owner
of the New Lanark mills, effectively the governor of 1300
workers (men, women, and their families).

Owen's initial changes, seemingly modest, were radical for

the time:
• enlarged the houses by one storey to provide families
with two rooms;
• instituted regular sanitary checks to insure that the
houses were free of vermin;
• the mills turned down the youngest workers (sent by
local parishes);
• closed the local stores and opened company-run stores
where better quality goods could be obtained at
reasonable prices;
• asked workers to contribute 1/60th of their salary for
medical insurance.

Owen slowly won the trust of the workers and the stories
surrounding his activities have the character of parables in
which a worker's lapse in behavior is always met by
reasoned argument backed by firm principle.
Village of Cooperative (Robert Owen, 1817)

In 1816, based on his experience at New Lanark, Owen developed a new kind of community.
Populated by 1200 persons and surrounded by 1000-1500 acres (400-600 ha) these communities
would engage in a balanced combination of farming and manufacturing.
Inside each community unit would be public buildings with communal kitchens, schools, a library, and
a house of worship.
He proposed dormitories for the children (for families with more than two children and for children
over three years of age) and apartments for the professional residents (clergy, surgeons, teachers).
At one level it was a solution to Enclosure, the process by which the traditional long strips farmed
collectively by British peasants over the centuries had been converted to large square fields divided by
hedges and owned by well-to-do aristocratic landholders.
Owen's "Villages of Cooperation" gained the economic efficiencies of large square fields without
throwing agricultural workers off the land as had happened with enclosure. Traditional cooperative
practices of rural agriculture were now provided with a modern and rational spatial frame.
Village of Cooperative (Robert Owen, 1817)
1. Squares of buildings are here represented sufficient to
accommodate about 1,200 persons each; and surrounded by
a quantity of land, from 1000 to 1500 acres (400-600 ha).
2. Within the squares are public buildings, which divide them
into parallelograms.
3. The central building contains a public kitchen, mess-rooms,
and all the accommodation necessary to economical and
comfortable cooking and eating.
4. To the right of this is a building, of which the ground-floor will
form the infant school, and the other a lecture-room and a
place of worship.
5. The building to the left contains a school for the elder
children, and a committee-room on the ground floor; above, a
library and a room for adults.
6. In the vacant space within the squares, are enclosed grounds
for exercise and recreation: these enclosures are supposed to
have trees planted in them.
7. It is intended that three sides of each square shall be lodging
houses, chiefly for the married, consisting of four rooms in
each; each room to be sufficiently large to accommodate a
man, his wife, and two children.
8. The fourth side is designed for dormitories for all the children
exceeding two in a family, or above three years of age.
9. In the centre of this side of the square are apartments for
those who superintend the dormitories: at one extremity of it
the infirmary; and at the other a building for the
accommodation of strangers who may come from a distance
to see their friends and relatives.
10. In the centres of two sides of the squares are apartments for
general superintendents, clergyman, schoolmasters, surgeon
&c.; and in the third are store-rooms for all the articles
required for the use of the establishment.
11. On the outside, and at the back of the houses around the
squares, are gardens, bounded by roads.
12. Immediately beyond these, on one side, are buildings for
mechanical and manufacturing purposes. The slaughter-
house, stabling, &c., to be separated from the establishment
by plantations.
13. At the other side are offices for washing, bleaching, &c.; and
at a still greater distance from the squares, are some of the
farming establishments, with conveniences for malting,
brewing, and corn-mills, &c.: around these are cultivated
enclosures, pasture-land, &c., the hedge-rows of which re
planted with fruit-trees.
14. The plan represented is on a scale considered to be sufficient
to accommodate about 1200 persons.
New Harmony in Indiana (Robert Owen, 1825)
Manifesto (Karl Marx, Frederich Engels, 1848)

1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
5. Centralization of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an
exclusive monopoly.
6. Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of
waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
8. Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between
town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country.
10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labor in its present form.
Combination of education with industrial production, etc.
Garden Cities for To-Morrow (Ebenezer Howard, 1902)

Garden Cities offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as
opportunity, amusement and high wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents).

Howard illustrated the idea with his "Three Magnets" diagram.

His ideas were conceived for the context of a cpitalis economic system, and sought to balance individual and
community needs.

His idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha),
planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide,
extending from the centre.

The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden city would be
developed nearby.
Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as sattelites of a central city of 58,000 people, linked by road
and rail.
Neighborhood Unit Development
(Clerence Perry, 1929)

1. The neighborhood unit was designed to support

6,125 residents or 1,241 families (100 p/ha)

2. The spatial unit is centered on an elementary school

as well as small parks and playgrounds. At 160 acres
(64,75 ha), the neighborhood radius is one-quarter
of a mile or a 5-minute walking distance.

3. Heavy through-traffic is confined to major arterials

at the edges of the neighborhood and an internal
street system accommodates local traffic.

4. Local shops are also located at the periphery of the

unit.
 NUD: a Five Block
Apartment House Unit
NUD:
an Apartment House Unit 1000 families
520 p/ha
2381 families 7,72 ha
330 p/ha
30 ha
NUD: a Low-cost Suburban
Development

1241 families
100 p/ha NUD:
64 ha an Industrial Section

2000 families
200 p/ha
41 ha
Neighborhood Unit Development (NUD) di Indonesia
Prof K Hadinoto: “Pembangunan Perumahan Rakjat Didalam Alam Sosialisme Indonesia”,
Majalah Insinjur Indonesia 2-3 (1962):

1. memperhatikan sebaik-baiknya letak lingkungan dalam rencana kota untuk

memudahkan perjalanan penghuni ke tempat kerjanya
2. untuk menghindarkan kemacetan di jalan, maka lalu lintas berkelebihan di
jalan besar harus dicegah dengan cara mencukupi kebutuhan anak-anak
(sekolah) dan ibu-ibu (toko sehari-hari) di dalam rukun tetangganya dan
lingkungan sendiri
3. ditempatkan sebuah poliklinik, sebuah balai kesejahteran ibu dan anak,
sebuah tempat bersalin dan apotik di tiap lingkungan. perlu diadakan
tempat penitipan anak-anak kecil, dimana anak-anak dapat dititipkan secara
mingguan, apabila ibunya sakit dan ayahnya perlu pergi kepekerjaannya.
(children care unit).
4. (disamping perhitungan standard fasilitas pendidikan formal) bagi rakyat
yang ingin memajukan pengetahuannya perlu disediakan tempat latihan
pertukangan, perpustakaan teknik dan sekolah-sekolah untuk orang dewasa
(ide “social capital”).
5. bagi orang-orang tua yang tidak mempunyai keluarga yang menanggungnya
dibangun sebuah gedung perumahan orang tua, sehingga hari tua setiap
warga terjamin.
6. kepadatan maksimal 300 jiwa/ha, bebouwd opperlak (building placement)
20%, rumah susun 4 lantai untuk keluarga, dan torenhuiz (housing tower) 8-
10 lantai untuk keluarga muda tanpa anak dan bujangan, toko koperasi di
tiap rukun tetangga.
Contemporary City (Le Corbusier, 1925)
Radiant City (Le Corbusier, 1935)

In the late 1920s Le Corbusier lost confidence in big business to realise his dreams of Utopia represented in the
Ville Contemporaine and Plan Voisin (1925). Influenced by the linear city ideas of Arturo Soria y Mata (which
Milyutin also employed) and the theories of the syndicalist movement (that he had recently joined) he
formulated a new vision of the ideal city, the Ville Radieuse.

It represented a utopian dream to reunite man within a well-ordered environment. Unlike the radial design of
the Ville Contemporaine, the Ville Radieuse was a linear city based upon the abstract shape of the human body
with head, spine, arms and legs.

The design maintained the idea of high-rise housing blocks, free circulation and abundant green spaces
proposed in his earlier work.

The blocks of housing were laid out in long lines stepping in and out. They were glazed on their south side and
were raised up on pilotis. They had roof terraces and running tracks on their roofs.
Ville Radieuse (The Radiant City) is an unrealized urban
masterplan by Le Corbusier, first presented in 1924 and
published in a book of the same name in 1933.

Designed to contain effective means of transportation, as

well as an abundance of green space and sunlight, Le
Corbusier’s city of the future would not only provide
residents with a better lifestyle, but would contribute to
creating a better society.

Though radical, strict and nearly totalitarian in its order,

symmetry and standardization, Le Corbusier’s proposed
principles had an extensive influence on modern urban
planning and led to the development of new high-density
housing typologies.

https://www.archdaily.com/411878/ad-classics-ville-radieuse-le-corbusier?ad_medium=gallery
In accordance with modernist ideals of progress (which encouraged the annihilation of tradition), The Radiant City was
to emerge from a tabula rasa: it was to be built on nothing less than the grounds of demolished vernacular European
cities. The new city would contain prefabricated and identical high-density skyscrapers, spread across a vast green area
and arranged in a Cartesian grid, allowing the city to function as a “living machine.”

Le Corbusier explains: “The city of today is a dying thing because its planning is not in the proportion of geometrical one
fourth. The result of a true geometrical lay-out is repetition, The result of repetition is a standard. The perfect form.”
https://www.archdaily.com/411878/ad-classics-ville-radieuse-le-corbusier?ad_medium=gallery
At the core of Le Corbusier’s plan stood the notion of zoning: a strict division of the city into segregated commercial,
business, entertainment and residential areas. The business district was located in the center, and contained monolithic
mega-skyscrapers, each reaching a height of 200 meters and accommodating five to eight hundred thousand people.

Located in the center of this civic district was the main transportation deck, from which a vast underground system of
trains would transport citizens to and from the surrounding housing districts.
https://www.archdaily.com/411878/ad-classics-ville-radieuse-le-corbusier?ad_medium=gallery
The housing districts would contain pre-fabricated apartment buildings, known as “Unités.” Reaching a height of fifty
meters, a single Unité could accommodate 2,700 inhabitants and function as a vertical village: catering and laundry
facilities would be on the ground floor, a kindergarden and a pool on the roof. Parks would exist between the Unités,
allowing residents with a maximum of natural daylight, a minimum of noise and recreational facilities at their doorsteps.
https://www.archdaily.com/411878/ad-classics-ville-radieuse-le-corbusier?ad_medium=gallery
Unite dHabitation , Berlin (1958)
Pruitt Igoe, St Louis, USA (1950, 1972 demolished)
Pruitt Igoe, St Louis, USA (1950, 1972 demolished)
Pruitt Igoe, St Louis, USA (1950, 1972 demolished)
Bijlmermeer, Amsterdam (1966, 2002 renewal)
Tampines New Town, Singapore (1978)
Kebijakan Pengembangan Permukiman Skala Besar pada 1990-an

1. Salah satu masalah utama yang dihadapi dalam usaha penyediaan perumahan, terutama
bagi MBR di sekitar kota besar adalah mahalnya harga tanah dan laju kenaikan harganya
yang cepat.
2. Keadaan tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya persaingan dalam penggunaan tanah untuk
fungsi komersial, spekulasi tanah, dan imbas kenaikan harga di perumahan mewah.
3. Akibatnya developer sulit untuk mendapatkan tanah untuk pembangunan rumah
sederhana
4. UU 4/1992 tentang Perumahan dan Permukiman menetapkan bahwa pemenuhan
kebutuhan akan permukiman diwujudkan melalui pembangunan kawasan skala besar
yang terencana secara menyeluruh dan terpadu dengan pelaksanaan bertahap.
5. Dengan pembangunan skala besar diharapkan pula bahwa harga tanah dapat dikendalikan
dan diatur, sehingga akan tersedia cadangan tanah dan mengurangi spekulasi tanah, serta
memungkinkan penerapan konsep subsidi silang.
6. Agar developer turut dalam usaha penyediaan rumah sederhana untuk MBR, pada 1992
diterbitkan SKB Mendagri, MenPU dan Menpera tentang Pedoman Pembangunan
Perumahan Yang Berimbang 1:3:6.

Akbar Tanjung (Menteri Perumahan Rakyat 1993-1997, Juni 1995)

Kebijakan Pengembangan Permukiman Skala Besar pada 1990-an

7. Dalam rencana tata ruang rinci tersebut harus jelas bagian mana untuk pembangunan
rumah sederhana, bagian mana untuk rumah menengah.
8. Pembangunan kawasan permukiman skala besar diusahakan dalam bentuk
pembangunan kota baru mandiri.
9. Kota baru mandiri tersebut dapat mengurangi arus migrasi ke kota-kota besar , bahkan
menarik kegiatan penduduk kota besar berpindah ke kota mandiri tersebut. Dengan
demikian dapat mengerem pertumbuhan berbagai masalah di kota besar.
10. Untuk mendukung pelaksanaan kebijakan pembangunan permukiman skala besar melalui
pembangunan Kasiba Lisiba seperti yang ditetapkan dalam UU 4/1992, diperlukan
berbagai peraturan pendukung:
a) Rancangan PP tentang Kasiba dan Lisiba BS
b) RPP tentang Penyediaan Tanah Untuk Perkim
c) RPP tentang Penunjukkan Perusahaan Umum Pembangunan Perumahan Nasional
Melakukan Penyelenggaraan Pengelolaan Kasiba
d) RPP tentang Pembangunan Perumahan dan Permukiman
e) RPP tentang Pembinaan di Bidang Perumahan dan Permukiman

Akbar Tanjung (Menteri Perumahan Rakyat 1993-1997, Juni 1995)

Kalibata City, jakarta Selatan (2009)
Kalibata City, jakarta Selatan (2009)
Podomoro City, jakarta Barat (2004)