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Science
Quarter 3 – Hybrid Module 2
Feedback Mechanisms Involved in Regulating
Processes in the Female Reproductive System
Week 2

SDO Taguig City and Pateros

 Let’s Learn

Our body is made up of different systems. These systems coordinate with one
another to perform all their essential functions for us to continue living in this world.
Each system has its own function. Our body will become unbalanced if any of our
body systems fail to function well. As you go through this module, you will be able
to understand organisms as having feedback mechanisms, which are coordinated by
the nervous and endocrine systems, and how these feedback mechanisms help the
organism maintain homeostasis to reproduce and survive. This module will help you
describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the
female reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle) S10LT-IIIC-35

Specifically, after going through this module you are expected to:
1. describe the important events of the Menstrual Cycle using video clip; and
2. describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the
female reproductive system using diagram.

Let’s Try

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answers on the space provided before each number.

_____1. Approximately how often is an egg released from the ovaries in a

female?
A. Every 15 days
B. Every 27 days
C. Every 28 days
D. Every 30 days
_____2. What do you call the process when an egg is released from the
ovary?
A. Menarche
B. Ovulation
C. Menstruation
D. Menopause
_____3. What does the release of FSH cause?
A. Nourishing the fertilized egg
B. Inhibition of the release of egg
C. Shedding of the uterine lining
D. Maturation of the egg in the ovaries.
_____4. The release of which hormone stimulates the release of an egg from
the ovaries?
A. Insulin
B. Adrenalin
 C. Luteinizing Hormone
D. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
_____5. These are hormones involved in the maintenance of the uterus
lining.
A. Insulin and Glucagon
B. Thyroxin and Calcitonin
C. Estrogen and Progesterone
D. Androgen and Testosterone
_____6. It is the periodic shedding of tissues and blood from the inner
lining of the uterus.
A. Ovulation
B. Menarche
C. Menopause
D. Menstruation
7. Which of the following will happen if pregnancy among women does not
occur?
A. digestion occurs
B. menopause occurs
C. fertilization occurs
D. menstruation occurs
8. Which of the following are experienced by most women during their
menstrual period?
A. headache
B. abdominal cramps
C. backache and nausea
D. all of these
9. At what stage is a woman most fertile?
A. Luteal Phase
B. Follicular Phase
C. Ovulation Phase
D. Menstrual Phase
10. What happens if pregnancy among women doesn’t occur?
A. The uterine lining breaks down.
B. GnRH is released in the hypothalamus.
C. An egg is released from the follicle in the ovaries.
D. The fertilized egg implants itself to the endometrium.
11. What happens if a fertilized egg successfully embeds in the uterine lining?
A. Menstruation will occur.
B. The woman will be infertile.
C. The woman becomes pregnant.
D. All of these
12. What happens if the fertilized egg does not manage to embed in the uterine
lining?
A. Menstruation will occur.
B. The woman will be infertile.
C. The woman becomes pregnant.
D. All of these
13. What are the two main hormones that control the menstrual cycle?
A. FSH and LH
B. GnRH and GH
C. Estrogen and Progesterone
D. Androgen and Testosterone
14. What happens to the level of progesterone if the egg is not fertilized?

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 A. Progesterone levels drop.
B. Progesterone levels stay high.
C. Progesterone levels elevate then drop.
D. Progesterone levels remain the same.
15. Why does estrogen need to stop FSH to be produced?
A. To produce more mature eggs.
B. To prevent the eggs from being fertilized.
C. To make sure only one egg matures in the cycle.
D. To prevent the other hormones from being produced.

Lesson Feedback Mechanisms Involved in

Regulating Processes in the Female
2 Reproductive System

Let’s Recall

A. Identify if the given hormone or developmental change is for MALE, FEMALE,

or for BOTH. Write your answers on the space provided before each number.

_______________1. Puberty
_______________2. Ovulation
_______________3. Progesterone
_______________4. Menstruation
_______________5. Voice deepening
_______________6. Spermatogenesis
_______________7. Widening of the hips
_______________8. Development of breasts.
_______________9. Maturation and release of an egg cell.
_______________10.Prostate glands help nourish the sperm.
_______________11.The Pituitary Gland releases FSH and LH.
_______________12.Preparation of the lining of the uterus for reception.
_______________13. Secretion of neurohormones from the hypothalamus.
_______________14. Production of estrogen in the placenta during pregnancy.
_______________15. Testosterone stimulates the production of sperm cell in
the testis.

Let’s Explore

Below is the lyrics of the song titled “She’s Always a Woman” sung by Billy
Joel. This is one of his most well-known and most misunderstood songs in 1977.

Your task is to listen to the song, then give your own meaning of the song
based on how you understand it. Answer the guide questions that follow. To listen
to the song, you may download it or use this link:
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx3QmqV2pHg)

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 SHE’S ALWAYS A WOMAN
By Billy Joel

She can kill with a smile Than the Garden of Eden

She can wound with her eyes
She can ruin your faith with her casual
lies
And she only reveals what she wants you
to see
She hides like a child
But she's always a woman to me
She can lead you to love
She can take you or leave you
She can ask for the truth
But she'll never believe
And she'll take what you give her as long
as it's free
Yeah, she steals like a thief
But she's always a woman to me
Oh, she takes care of herself
She can wait if she wants
She's ahead of her time
Oh, and she never gives out
And she never gives in
She just changes her mind
She will promise you more
Then she'll carelessly cut you
And laugh while you're bleedin'
But she'll bring out the best
And the worst you can be
Blame it all on yourself
Cause she's always a woman to me
Oh, she takes care of herself
She can wait if she wants
She's ahead of her time
Oh, and she never gives out
And she never gives in
She just changes her mind
She is frequently kind
And she's suddenly cruel
She can do as she pleases
She's nobody's fool
But she can't be convicted
She's earned her degree
And the most she will do
Is throw shadows at you
But she's always a woman to me

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What does the song talk about a woman?
2. How do you describe a woman in terms of their emotions?
3. Why do you think that women are often described as emotional human
beings?

Let’s Elaborate

Ever wondered why women are so emotional? Here’s the actual reason. Aside from
the fact that women use both sides of their brain, whereas men tend to use the left side
more, women also have a more developed limbic system. The limbic system deals with
human aspects such as behavior, emotions and memory. It allows them to feel and express
their emotions in a better way and to bond with others easily. Though the problem with them
is that it opens the doors to depression, specifically when undergoing the phase of hormonal
shifts during their menstrual cycle and pregnancy. So, during such stages, a woman can
seem to be overly emotional and moody. (https://psychologenie.com/why-are-women-so-
emotional)
Let’s find out how these hormonal shifts and menstrual cycle happen inside a female’s
body.
Hormones play a vital role in the feedback mechanism of the body. A FEEDBACK
MECHANISM is a process that uses the condition of one component to regulate the function
of the other. For example, an increase in a certain hormone in the body causes either an
increase or decrease in the levels of another hormone.
We have learned in our previous topic that hormones control many of the

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changes in the reproductive system. In females, the menstrual cycle is an example of how the
hormones affect the feedback mechanism within the reproductive system. Women of ages
12-50 years old undergo a cycle in which, the uterus prepares for pregnancy. However, if the
egg is not fertilized, the lining breaks down and is expelled from the uterus. This process is
known as MENSTRUATION.
About every 28 days, there is a discharge from the uterus called menstruation
or period. The Menstrual Cycle is counted from the first day of one period to the first day of
the next period. During this period, women undergo drastic hormonal changes, abdominal
cramps, physical discomfort, and mood swings.
The Menstrual Cycle is controlled by different hormones in the body. Aside from
Estrogen and Progesterone there are two other important hormones involved in the menstrual
cycle. They are the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and the Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
which are both secreted by the pituitary gland. FSH regulates the pubertal maturation and
reproductive process by stimulating the ovary to produce Estrogen and progesterone. LH
helps in regulation of the menstrual cycle and egg production or OVULATION. Take note that
the LH increases or decreases depending on the phase of the Menstrual Cycle.
Below is a diagram of the important events during the Menstrual Cycle.

Hypothalamus releases GnRH

Which stimulates..

Pituitary Gland to release FSH

and LH into the blood
When they reach the ovaries…

Egg cells will be encouraged to grow

and mature

Follicles pump out estrogen which

inhibits the production of FSH and
tells the Pituitary Gland to release
more LH instead.

This causes…

Only the most mature egg cell from

one of the ovaries to burst out of the
follicle and go through the ovary wall

The tiny egg then moves along the

fallopian tube and waits to be fertilized

If fertilized… If NOT fertilized…

The empty follicle begins to release
Progesterone which tells the uterine
lining to pump up with blood and
nutrients in preparation for the
fertilized egg that may embed and
develop.
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The body’s estrogen levels decrease.
The womb starts to degenerate and
eventually fall away. Blood and
tissues leave the body forming period
or menstruation.
 Let’s Dig In
Activity 1: Video Clip Watching
Watch the video clip about the important events of the menstrual cycle. Go to
www.youtube.com then search for:

What Is the Menstrual Cycle? |

Physiology | Biology | FuseSchool

Or type in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vl2wRbO8LZU&t=75s
in the search bar.

A. BEFORE YOU WATCH

_____1. What do you know about the menstrual cycle?

B. AS YOU WATCH
Complete the graphic organizer below by filling in the missing information as you
watch the video.

HORMONES INVOLVED: "THE CURSE"

MESTRUATION

WHAT ARE THE STAGES?

Age range of women who
undergo: _____________
How many days?________

C. AFTER YOU WATCH

Answer the following questions by selecting one from the two choices provided. Write
the letter of your answer on the space provided before each number.
_____1. What will happen if pregnancy among women does not occur?
A. fertilization occurs
B. menstruation occurs
_____2. How many days does the menstrual cycle usually lasts?
A. About 28 days

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 B. About 15 days
_____3. What do women experience during their menstrual period?
A. Abdominal cramps, headache, backache, and nausea
B. Edema, shortness of breath, blurry vision, chest pain
_____4. At what stage is a woman most fertile?
A. Menstruation
B. Ovulation
_____5. What happens during the stage of ovulation?
A. The uterine lining breaks down
B. An egg is released from the follicle in the ovaries
_____6. What will happen if a fertilized egg successfully embeds itself in the
uterine lining?
A. Menstruation will occur
B. The woman becomes pregnant
_____7. What will happen of the fertilized egg does not manage to embed in
the uterine lining?
A. Menstruation will occur
B. The woman becomes pregnant
_____8. What are the two main hormones that control the menstrual cycle?
A. Estrogen and Progesterone
B. Androgen and Testosterone
_____9. What happens to the level of progesterone if the egg is not fertilized?
A. Progesterone levels drop
B. Progesterone levels stay high
_____10. Why does estrogen need to stop FSH to be produced?
A. To make sure only one egg matures in the cycle
B. To prevent the other hormones from being produced

Let’s Remember

A. Using the illustration below, identify the important events that take place in the
menstrual cycle by writing the number/letter that corresponds to the events
described in each number. Write your answer on the blanks provided.

5
1

3 6 4

A
7 B8

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___________If egg is not fertilized, menstruation will occur.
___________FSH and LH travel to the ovary.
___________Estrogen is given off by the ovary.
___________ If egg is fertilized, it attaches in the uterus.
___________ Pituitary Gland releases FSH and LH.
___________ Matured egg is released from the ovary.
___________The tiny egg then moves along the fallopian tube and waits to be fertilized.

B. FILL ME IN: Fill in the missing words to summarize the important

events during the menstrual cycle. Choose your answers from the box
below.
Estrogen Fertilized Egg Follicle Luteinizing Menstruation
Stimulating Hormone
Hormone
Oviduct Pituitary Unfertilized Uterus Vagina
Gland Egg

The (1)__________________controls and starts the cycle. It releases hormones

that causes the egg in the ovary to mature. (2)______________________ initiates the
maturation of the follicles, converts ruptured follicle in the into corpus luteum and
causes the secretion of progesterone. The (3)______________________assists in the
maturation of the follicles and causes the secretion of estrogen from the follicles.
Meanwhile, the ovary produces a hormone called (4)___________________ which
causes the uterine lining to increase in thickness. The uterine lining becomes thicker
so that the (5)_____________________ can attach to it. The ovary releases the egg and
moves through the(6) _______________________ and enters
the(7)___________________________.
If the egg has not been fertilized, therefore, it will not attach to the uterus. The
thick uterine lining then breaks off and leave the body through the
(8)________________________. The(9) ___________________________is lost and some
blood is lost too. This loss of cells from the uterine lining, blood and egg is called
(10)__________________________.

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 Let’s Apply
Read the article below then answer the guide questions that follow.

Sanitary Napkins Pose Danger to Both Health & Environment, Time for
Better Alternative?
By: Satendra 27 May 2019
https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/sanitary-napkins-hazardous/?infinitescroll=1

As World Menstruation day approaches us on May 28th, the topic may be out
in the open but the stigma remains in the society as a whole.
#MenstrualHygieneWeek is a campaign by The Logical Indian to create awareness,
ask pertinent questions, get answers and bust myths.
According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2015-16 report, about
48 per cent of women – aged between 15-24 – in rural areas and 78 per cent in urban
areas use sanitary napkins during the menstrual cycle. While it is appreciable that
women are slowly moving towards hygienic menstrual products, at the same time the
side effects of using sanitary napkins cannot be ignored. Talking to The Logical
Indian, co-founder of Boondh – an NGO working towards creating ‘sustainably
menstruating population’, Sonal Jain said, “Pads are made of innumerable chemicals
including banned carcinogenic herbicides which get absorbed through our skin and
can lead to several diseases like RTIs, STIs, cervical cancer.” “It (sanitary napkin) has
absorbent gel, which absorbs all the moisture in our body and leaves our body dry
and irritating,” adds Sonal.
Environmental Impact
Sanitary napkins are also detrimental to nature when it comes to disposal. As
sanitary napkins are mostly made up of plastic, it takes more than 600 years to
decompose. Advertisement Apart from the product used in its manufacturing,
napkins contaminated with blood are a biological hazard and pose great health risks
for the waste collector.
According to the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998,
items contaminated with blood and body fluids, including cotton, dressings are a bio-
medical waste and should be incinerated and autoclaved to destroy pathogens. “Most
alarming is that there is no proper mechanism for disposing of these pads. They are
either flushed down the toilet or tossed away. Ideally, these pads should go to the
incinerator.
In India that happens rarely as we do not have incinerator that needs to be of
world health organization standard. In India, we still have incinerator which is only
around 400-500 degree Celsius, while as per WHO standards, it should be 800-
degree Celsius,” says Boondh co-founder. “When we toss these pads contaminated
with blood away, other waste management workers expose themselves to hazards,
who come in contact with it.”
Talking about the waste generated by the disposal of sanitary napkins, Sonal
says, “In a lifetime, any person who uses sanitary napkin releases about 120-150 kgs
of blood, which is a biological hazard. So, if one woman is creating so much waste,
then one can imagine all the waste generated by all the menstruating women.”

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Answer the following questions (5pts each). Write your answers on the blanks
provided.
1. Can sanitary pads cause health risks to women who use it?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What are the environmental problems caused by improper sanitary napkin
disposal?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What are the possible alternative ways to lessen the use and disposal of
sanitary pads?
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Let’s Evaluate

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answers on the space provided before each number.

_____1. What do you call the process when an egg is released from the ovary?
A. Menarche
B. Ovulation
C. Menstruation
D. Menopause
_____2. Approximately how often is an egg released from the ovaries in a
female?
A. Every 15 days
B. Every 27 days
C. Every 28 days
D. Every 30 days
_____3. These are hormones involved in the maintenance of the uterus lining.
A. Insulin and Glucagon
B. Thyroxin and Calcitonin
C. Estrogen and Progesterone
D. Androgen and Testosterone
_____4. It is the periodic shedding of tissues and blood from the inner lining of
the uterus.
A. Ovulation
B. Menarche
C. Menopause
D. Menstruation

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_____5. Which of the following will happen if pregnancy among women does not
occur?
A. digestion occurs
B. menopause occurs
C. fertilization occurs
D. menstruation occurs
_____6. What does the release of FSH cause?
A. Nourishing the fertilized egg
B. Inhibition of the release of egg
C. Shedding of the uterine lining
D. Maturation of the egg in the ovaries.
_____7. The release of which hormone stimulates the release of an egg from the
ovaries?
A. Insulin
B. Adrenalin
C. Luteinizing Hormone
D. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
_____8. Which of the following are experienced by most women during their
menstrual period?
A. headache
B. abdominal cramps
C. backache and nausea
D. all of these
_____9. At what stage is a woman most fertile?
A. Luteal Phase
B. Follicular Phase
C. Ovulation Phase
D. Menstrual Phase
_____10. What happens if pregnancy among women doesn’t occur?
A. The uterine lining breaks down.
B. GnRH is released in the hypothalamus.
C. An egg is released from the follicle in the ovaries.
D. The fertilized egg implants itself to the endometrium.
_____11. What happens if a fertilized egg successfully embeds in the uterine lining?
A. Menstruation will occur.
B. The woman will be infertile.
C. The woman becomes pregnant.
D. All of these
_____12. What happens if the fertilized egg does not manage to embed in the uterine
lining?
A. Menstruation will occur.
B. The woman will be infertile.
C. The woman becomes pregnant.
D. All of these
_____13. What are the two main hormones that control the menstrual cycle?
A. FSH and LH
B. GnRH and GH
C. Estrogen and Progesterone

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 D. Androgen and Testosterone
_____14. What happens to the level of progesterone if the egg is not fertilized?
A. Progesterone levels drop.
B. Progesterone levels stay high.
C. Progesterone levels elevate then drop.
D. Progesterone levels remain the same.
_____15. Why does estrogen need to stop FSH to be produced?
A. To produce more mature eggs.
B. To prevent the eggs from being fertilized.
C. To make sure only one egg matures in the cycle.
D. To prevent the other hormones from being produced.

Let’s Extend

Answer briefly the following questions: (3pts each)

1. How long does a menstrual cycle last if fertilization does not occur?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What takes place in the uterus after fertilization?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it important to study the Menstrual Cycle?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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References
PRINTED MATERIALS
DepEd. Science Grade 10 Learner’s Material First Edition 2015 Philippines: Vibal
Publishing House, Inc.

Ditan, C.D. 2015. Introduction to Biological Science Fourth Edition. National Bookstore

Marieb, E.N. 2006. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition.
Pearson Education, Inc.

Rabago, L. M. et al..2003. Functional Biology: Modular Approach. Vibal Publishing

House, Inc.

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

https://www.onefinalserenade.com/shes-always-a-woman.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayzN5f3qN8g&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR3
TOAtcL-W4ZB5MLSLx0Ocvg5fF3ks82KaRO4ZBC-9qENFU4sS_tyIZlWs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vl2wRbO8LZU&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR3r
Cv_KSkOxZ5yjNRKVrXF9DL2FfjVJhU_w90hWo0XoRBHtV1GWEAZBaTo

www.quipperschool.com

https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=34&printabl
e=1#:~:text=The%20hormones%20controlling%20the%20female,and%20human%2
0chorionic%20gonadotropin%20(HCG)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vl2wRbO8LZU&t=75s

https://www.cosmo.ph

https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/sanitary-napkins-
hazardous/?infinitescroll=1

https://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/NEVR/High%20School%20Rubrics.pdf

MODULE 13: Human Reproductive Cycle/Deped Learning Portal

https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/the-menstrual-cycle

https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/progesterone/

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 Development Team of the Module
Writer: MARY ANNE G. CAMBA, TI
Editor: KENLEE-BERTH D. PPALMA, TI
Content Evaluators: MINERVA M. CONTRERAS, MT II,
JANETH G. MAMANSAG, MT II,
ROBEEMANE B. BALISI, TIII,
JENNY G. BELZA, T II,
AGAPE GRACE D. RIVEZA, T II
Language Evaluator: KAREN C. SING, TI
Reviewer: RENAVIL J. SARIL, T III
Illustrator: MARY ANNE G. CAMBA, TI
Layout Artist: ROBEEMANE B, BALISI, TIII
HYBRID MODULE TEAM:
DR. MELEDA POLITA – SDS (Team Leader)
DR. REA MILANA-CRUZ – (School Principal IV-WBNHS)
JAYAR E. LONGASA – MT I (WBNHS)
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
DR. MARIVIC T. ALMO, EPS-SCIENCE
DR. DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: sdo.tapat@deped.gov.ph

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