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Law enforcement has been found to have negligible effects on regulating prostitution, protecting
prostitutes and giving aid to community members surrounded by street prostitution. Decriminalizing
or legalizing would allow for proper assault reports and punishments to those who abuse workers.
Similar accusations were leveled against Good Time Girls, who spent time with foreign servicemen
on wartime leaves in Sydney. The law never came to their aid and once their looks were gone, few
choices were to be had. When Paul speaks about Christians and prostitution, he is obligated to go
outside the Jewish legal system, and to use the combined analogies of marriage and a sacred temple
(1 Cor 6:15-16). This review considered peer-reviewed studies and grey literature involving
quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies. In developing African and Asian countries,
prostitution has been largely responsible for the spread of AIDS and the orphaning of hundreds of
thousands of children. The evidence demonstrated that criminalisation and regulation of any form of
sex work had vast consequences on the lives of sex workers who live in the twenty-five EU member
states included in this review, in terms of healthcare, prevalence and risk of contracting HIV and
STIs, stigmatisation and discrimination, financial, physical, and sexual victimisation due to marked
social inequalities, for both nationals and migrants from outside the EU. It is evident from the fact
that in third world countries, child prostitution is more than that in developing or developed
countries. Researchers have spotted risky sex premia in a group of settings. The municipal ban in
Spain and the consequent absence of legal protection led migrant women from outside the EU to
rely for protection on those who viewed them as a source of profit, and brothel owners and
managers often threatened to report the women to the authorities. In countries where sex work is
almost fully criminalised, including sex workers, like Lithuania, Croatia, or Romania, Footnote 2 sex
workers had minimal access to healthcare and HIV prevention due to a lack of effective strategies to
respond to sex work settings becoming more mobile and clandestine, as a result of the
criminalisation of clients (TAMPEP, 2007 ). Most sex workers enter into prostitution freely and wish
to work and make an income just like they would in any other career. Morton's article “Legalizing
Brothels,” is about the outcomes that would occur if a nation were to engage in brothelization, the
act of authorizing brothels (Morton,87). The laws against operating a brothel, pimping and street
prostitution are struck down, but prostitution is hardly regulated at all. Not only does this act congest
our nation with evil, but our streets will be polluted with street prostitution (Weitzer, 88-105). France
provided an example of the most comprehensive range of HIV prevention, counselling, testing, and
treatment services for undocumented migrants from any country in Europe (TAMPEP, 2007 ). It was
an interesting and easy read. 1 like Like Comment Launa 12 reviews July 27, 2009 Michael Rutter
gives an excellent history lesson of the wild west. Regarding the impact of working conditions on
mental health, another factor contributing to increased burnout in sex workers appears to be the lack
of a worker-supportive organisational context rather than the work itself, as Vanwesenbeeck ( 2005 )
showed. This is 100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating.
Also you. As far as feminists are considered, prostitution is an industry that oppresses, objectifies,
and degrades women. And, local policy making is essential for understanding the process and
outcomes of prostitution policy. They wish to state that although they believe sex workers are not
victims, they do not support sex trafficking or child prostitution, in which workers really are victims.
The government should be spending more time prosecuting these industries instead of criminalizing
consenting adult prostitution (Cunningham and Shah). Many countries create their prostitution laws
in attempts to lower the demand for prostitution. I felt much heartache and sadness as I read some
of the stories, but there are other parts that will make you laugh. Prostitution has supply and demand
like any other business, can be marketed, regulated, taxed, and have stocks bought, if made legal
(Cunningham and Shah). To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we
don’t use a simple average. However, according to the same report, migrant women’s work
conditions, mainly in illegal brothels, were also worsening. I love history and enjoyed reading about
the old west. Although many oppose for religious reasons, religion isn't the only factor that motivates
the belief that sex should be more than a meaningless service.
Services may be advertised over the Internet, in regional publications, or in local telephone listings.
Interactions between sex workers and Police in a decriminalized street-based sex industry.
Regarding prostitution laws, the 27 EU countries are diverse, ranging from countries that almost
fully criminalise this activity to countries that regulate it and allow it to be exercised as a profession.
Direct identification of the cause of risky sex premium from an evaluation of information is an uphill
task since the mushrooming of such campaigns to increase use of condom have made it even more
complicating to examine prostitutes’ responsiveness to disease perils. The human condition is born
out of a struggle to cope with the erratic circumstances which arise in one's life with the consequent
reward for our effort being self -realization. T. S Eliot attempts to narrate this through The Love
Song of J. Donegan (1996) suggested that because prostitution is underground, young women suffer
from social stigma. At personal level, prostitutes have many levels of wants, ranging from repaying
debts to need for riches and social mobility. It still needed some editing for punctuation and flow.
Many feminists support their argument by stating the example of third world prostitutes who are
bought and sold into different countries so satiate the thirst of men (Doezema, 2001). Since rape is
not planned for, the street prostitutes risk being infected by STDs because no protection is used in
sexual intercourses involving rape. Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. (2017). Sex work and mental health: A
study of women in the Netherlands. Excellent source on an area neglected by most history books. It
is argued that a combination of self-regulatory and punitive practices developed during modernity to
manage socially problematic prostitute populations. From Discourse to Description, from
Moralisation to Normalisation. Criminalisation and police enforcement interfered with sex workers’
right to health services and information, particularly with preventing, testing, and treating STIs and
HIV (Amnesty International, 2016 ). At this present day and age, different forms of prostitution
have emerged. Whereas the prostitutes become degraded psychologically, physically they become
vulnerable to destructive diseases. They also require condom use in every sexual encounter and have
this law posted outside of every parlor (Fuch). Studies published from 2000 to, 2020 were included
as this timeframe coincides with the change in policies related to prostitution, namely the
implementation, in 1999, of the Swedish Model, which was later adopted in other countries of the
EU, and which has sparked growing debate and research (Table 2 ). The analysis process and
integration of findings were conducted in four stages (through an intra-method analysis and
synthesis, informed by comparison of both datasets; subsequent inter-method integration to respond
to the research questions; data arrangement; and drawing conclusions). In addition, they have been
rooting for entitling commercial sex workers with license and employment rights like their
counterparts in the legitimate job and business sectors. The word “prostitute” was then carried down
through various languages to the present-day Western society. Although many had legal residence
permits in the countries where they work, the fact that sex work is not recognised as a formal
occupation made most sex workers not eligible to apply for a legal work permit (TAMPEP, 2009 ).
Allowing prostitution will bring this sin and evil to small towns where families and children reside,
and as a result will corrupt our youth as well. Street prostitution is considered a nuisance and
inappropriate, but could be relieved by legalizing brothels. Most sex worker activists groups reject
the word “prostitute” and since the late 1970s have used the term “sex worker” instead. Let us write
or edit the literature review on your topic. In our analysis we use concepts and theories of the
policymaking process as formulated in the academic policy. In-house prostitution is characterized by
brothel sex work. Stigmatisation also facilitated abuse against sex workers.
Evidence showed that policies towards sex work also influenced changes in prices across all
contexts. He defines the daughters of joy by their role in the flesh trade, exploring their business
dealings, their notable lovers and the memoirs of their clients rather than the women themselves. In
most countries of the world, they stand to prohibit all forms of prostitution (prohibitionism) meaning
both prostitutes and clients are criminalized and are seen as immoral, and generally considered as
criminals. The word “prostitute” was then carried down through various languages to the present-day
Western society. Sharrar, G.R., Goldberg, M., Rolfs, T.R. (1990). Risk Factors for Syphilis: Cocaine
use and. He believes that by legalizing, there will be moral panics by citizens in the area, turning the
state into “an arena of struggle” (Weitzer, 88-105). Majority of the written materials are either lost or
yet to be decoded for the usage of complex grammar and the kana phonetic scripting instead of the
traditional Chinese characters. However. The sudden twists and turns in rules and regulations,
coupled with prostitutes’ discourses, point to an urgent and dire need of revision of current
regulations (West, 2000). Whether made by the research authors or third parties, these
misinterpretations and misrepresentations may not be immune to the ideological debate on this topic.
Michael Rutter has authored or co-authored nearly 40 books and 600 articles for magazines and
newspapers. And, local policy making is essential for understanding the process and outcomes of
prostitution policy. These themes are: legalization, decriminalization, brothelization, and illegilization.
In view of the above mentioned forms of prostitution and their related health risks, it is prudent for
United States and other states across the planet to review legislations related to prostitution. This is
the policy administered in Sweden in 1999 (Schwartzbach). These studies undermine some deep-
rooted myths about prostitution and challenge writers and activists who depict prostitution
monolithically. Thus, it is relevant and urgent to conduct systematic reviews that can inform policies
aimed at people involved in the sex trade. Another problem is related to the lack of research in some
areas. Since rape is not planned for, the street prostitutes risk being infected by STDs because no
protection is used in sexual intercourses involving rape. Potentially relevant studies were retrieved in
full and assessed in detail against the inclusion criteria by both reviewers using Rayyan QCRI
software. As for the type of legal frameworks represented in this review, the studies are diverse: 15
peer-reviewed studies represented partial criminalisation (without criminalising sex workers), five
studies represented regulation, and another two studies represented almost full criminalisation
(including sex workers). The authors think that because prostitution runs so much like a business, it
should be, and like any business, it would need employees who deserve their rights. Interesting, but I
don’t think Upstairs Girls comes close to telling the entire story. Private prostitutes working as lone
rangers or in tiny isolated groups in estate and hostels form a considerable fraction of commercial sex
workers in Australia, Britain and other developed economies. In-house prostitution is characterized
by brothel sex work. Interesting facts and fascinating stories if you like history and the wild west. 1
like Like Comment Amber Ray 931 reviews February 6, 2013 This book never really got into very
good detail. Rutter mentions pregnancy alongside other occupational hazards, but ends the section
before examining what happened to girls who carried children to term which is how I find myself
here, still wondering what happened in such circumstance and why in heavens name didn’t the
author think to include such a detail. Crucial is the recognition of consensual adult prostitution as
work and the guarantee that sex workers will have the same rights as other workers. Table 1
describes the categories and subcategories and indicates which countries we included in each. As
Weitzer ( 2005 ) defended, in no other domain of social sciences has knowledge been so ideologically
contaminated. I love history and enjoyed reading about the old west.
It was often suggested that prostitution could be a safe activity. Revue YOUR Review (York Online
Undergraduate Research), 1, 124. Conclusion and Policy Implications This review aimed to
synthesise the evidence available regarding sex workers’ health, safety, and living and working
conditions across EU member states, which is critical to informing evidence-based policymaking and
practice. General challenges are key tasks, such as mobilising support for an agenda, or transforming
policy goals into policy design, that need to be adhered to to realize a policy. Everyone makes
choices out of their own free will which affects their life at that time, but will ultimately lead to their
pre- determined fate. Prostitution is understood as a sexual act involving women. Potentially
relevant studies were retrieved in full and assessed in detail against the inclusion criteria by both
reviewers using Rayyan QCRI software. With a more accepting society, we can make our nation
safer, more profitable and equal for every career man or woman. Kinghorn, R.G., Bowman, A. C.,
Woolley, D.P. (1988). Prostitution in Sheffield: Differences. The inclusion criteria were determined a
priori in terms of PICo (Population, Phenomena of interest, Context). The boundary between
decriminalization and legalization of prostitution is thin, with more pronounced impacts for
commercial sex workers than previously thought of. It is evident from the fact that in third world
countries, child prostitution is more than that in developing or developed countries. Escort agencies
may extend their services beyond the national frontiers. In the 16th to 17th century with the advent
of the Protestant Reformation, numbers of European towns closed their brothels in an attempt to
eradicate prostitution. According to Jacques Rossiaud, the clergy made up about twenty percent of
the clientele of private brothels and bath-houses in Dijon, France during the 14th century, and it
seems the situation was similar all throughout Europe. A good overview of the history as well as
some of the key personalities. 3 likes Like Comment Joyce K. The undocumented, documented, or
partly legal status of migrant workers in Europe (like residence but not work permits, tourist visas but
not residential permits) put them at increased risk of abuse and multiple forms of discrimination and
prevented them from accessing vital services (TAMPEP, 2009 ). The article “Why It’s Time To
Legalize Prostitution” by Reisenwitz focuses mainly on workplace violence. Sex industry premises
should not be subject to any special regulation or laws (decriminalization). Rutter mentions
pregnancy alongside other occupational hazards, but ends the section before examining what
happened to girls who carried children to term which is how I find myself here, still wondering what
happened in such circumstance and why in heavens name didn’t the author think to include such a
detail. Some sex workers work best in relatively autonomous situations and uncontrolled settings
associated with outdoor sourcing. In The Netherlands, a regulation context, according to Tokar et al.
( 2020 ), government organisations and municipal prostitution policies used a combination of
providing healthcare and several control measures, which limited the accessibility of health services
for migrant sex workers. In terms of tone, Rutter failed these women like all the historians and
newspaper men before him. Decriminalization, on the other hand, is the act of removing laws and
regulations. In many regions across the world, brothel sex services can be found in areas where there
is a fully developed sex industry. Kind of weird to think that one little thing like that would change
so much. 2 likes Like Comment Hayley Stone Author 22 books 149 followers September 15, 2014
Not great. Rutter also unveils the brutal Chinese sex trade, which was little more than slavery, with
women being shipped across the Pacific and bought and sold like material goods. There are
definitely some interesting characters mentioned but nothing feels cohesive or natural about the
structure of the narrative that it became a chore to read. Legalization could have detrimental effects
to the tranquility of our nation. This review aims to develop an integrative synthesis of literature
regarding the impact of prostitution policies on sex workers’ health, safety, and living and working
conditions across EU member states.
He defines the daughters of joy by their role in the flesh trade, exploring their business dealings,
their notable lovers and the memoirs of their clients rather than the women themselves. Rutter places
significantly more emphasis on the high-end girls than those who worked the streets on their own,
but even then, he tends to highlight their clients above the women who serviced their interests and I
personally found the imbalance deeply disappointing. There were also several short biographies of
some of the 'soiled doves' such as Big Nose Kate, Pearl Starr (daughter of Belle Starr), Ah Toy,
Poker Alice, and (yes) Calamity Jane. The search was limited to studies in English, Portuguese,
French, and Spanish, published between 2000 and 2020. Decriminalizing prostitution would protect
the fundamental rights of individual liberty and privacy. Instead, feminist view selling sex not as
labour, but selling access to ones body (Mackay). Child sex tourism (CST) is defined as a travel to a
foreign country for the purpose of engaging in commercially facilitated child sexual abuse. They
therefore agitate for legal and administrative transformations that will lower health perils. Thus, it is
relevant and urgent to conduct systematic reviews that can inform policies aimed at people involved
in the sex trade. In many regions across the world, brothel sex services can be found in areas where
there is a fully developed sex industry. Regular clients are said to be the most common factor
dictating the spread of HIV and other STDs. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out
how to manage cookies. In Australia, the momentum for legal reforms has surpassed that of UK.
Destigmatisation is only possible with the participation of those with lived experiences of stigma in
developing progressive laws, policies, and practices (Benoit et al., 2018; Vanwesenbeeck, 2017 ). The
Sex Purchase Act is a law implemented in Sweden in 1999 criminalising the purchase of sexual
services. Everyone knew where the brothel was back in the 40s and 50s and earlier. Table 1 describes
the categories and subcategories and indicates which countries we included in each. France provided
an example of the most comprehensive range of HIV prevention, counselling, testing, and treatment
services for undocumented migrants from any country in Europe (TAMPEP, 2007 ). Sex industry
premises should not be subject to any special regulation or laws (decriminalization). It gives several
biographies of notable shady ladies, but they all feel rather rushed and incomplete. The purpose of
this punishment would be to “help end prostitution and sex trafficking without persecuting sex
workers” (Schwartzbach). The same euphemisms get tossed around making everything seem very
repetitive. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. His major argument is that
prostitution can be legalized as a decent business, provided that the regulation takes 'into account the
interests and preferences of all relevant parties' (p. 207), such as sex workers, local residents, owners
of sex businesses, and public officials. Inclusion criteria for quantitative research considered studies
that examined the impact or associations of different EU policies on prostitution on the health,
safety, and living and working conditions of sex workers, and there were no restrictions on study
design, study duration, follow-up period, intervention strategies, and control condition or on who
delivered the intervention. Conclusions Evidence demonstrates that criminalisation and regulation of
any form of sex work had negative consequences on sex workers who live in the EU in terms of
healthcare, prevalence and risk of contracting HIV and STIs, stigmatisation and discrimination,
physical and sexual victimisation, and marginalisation due to marked social inequalities, for both
nationals and migrants from outside the EU. The term serves as an adjective for any sexually
transgressing woman, seen as sexual beings representing uncontrolled sexuality. This would be
especially bad for America, because the study also proved that counties of higher income, like our
own, receive higher trafficking rates (Tan). The classification of legislative models related to sex
work adopted in the present study involves two broad legislative categories of approaching
prostitution: “Criminalisation” and “Regulation”. Harlots may be heroines and celebrated their faith
as Rahab was (Heb 11:31).
In Yeboah’s article “Prostitution: The Economic and Criminal Justice Benefits of Legalization,” he
explains how legalizing could help our nations economy. It still needed some editing for punctuation
and flow. The first concerns the actual practice of prostitution, the second concerns the metaphorical
usage of the harlot, and the third concerns the adulterous wife. They therefore offer a possible
channel through which heterosexual spread of the virus is accelerated in the region. The World
Tourism Organization defines sex tourism as “trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from
outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a
commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination”. Regarding the impact
of working conditions on mental health, another factor contributing to increased burnout in sex
workers appears to be the lack of a worker-supportive organisational context rather than the work
itself, as Vanwesenbeeck ( 2005 ) showed. Duncan Salkeld Brief content visible, double tap to read
full content. When I discovered the glossary at the back—which consists almost solely of adjectives
for prostitutes—I knew I couldn't be too far off. Sex industry premises should not be subject to any
special regulation or laws (decriminalization). Studies published from 2000 to, 2020 were included
as this timeframe coincides with the change in policies related to prostitution, namely the
implementation, in 1999, of the Swedish Model, which was later adopted in other countries of the
EU, and which has sparked growing debate and research (Table 2 ). Undoubtedly, Indian sports have
made a remarkable contribution at the international level, most importantly cricket, which has left
such an impact on the minds of people that they worship it with full devotion, as if it is the fifth
religion. The type of feminism that Mackay regards is abolitionism. “Abolitionists are those who
believe in the criminalisation of demand for prostitution, with a view to reducing prostitution, or
perhaps ending it in the future.”(Mackay). Abolitionists believe that allowing prostitution leads to
gender inequality and supports male dominance and the exploitation of women (Mackay). For sex
workers who are to a high degree alienated like Third World immigrants health issues are a matter of
life and death (West, 2000). Because no other profession requires access to ones body, feminists
believe that this is degrading and we as a nation should not let women have to endure this. However,
we should mention a third legislative category for which we had not found any EU country when
conducting this study: “Decriminalisation”. Download Free PDF View PDF Critical Social Policy
Out of sight, out of mind. As for financial violence (e.g. being robbed, not getting paid, being
financially coerced and excluded, like not being able to open a bank account or being denied labour
or housing opportunities), reports showed that sex workers faced financial inequalities and exclusion
in regulated and criminalised contexts, being this the most common type of violence in Finland
(INDOORS, 2014 ). Most authors between 1980 and 1998 failed to address the violence in
prostitution. More often than not, women and children trapped into prostitution are poor,
uneducated, and sometimes sexually abused. Illegal prostitution limits resources workers have to
HIV and std tests and can even discourage women from using protection. “It was found that New
York City cops were actually using condoms found on women as evidence in criminal prostitution
cases against them” (Fuch). In The Netherlands, a regulation context, according to Tokar et al. (
2020 ), government organisations and municipal prostitution policies used a combination of
providing healthcare and several control measures, which limited the accessibility of health services
for migrant sex workers. He believes that by legalizing, there will be moral panics by citizens in the
area, turning the state into “an arena of struggle” (Weitzer, 88-105). If these people are anything like
me, they'll want to know precisely where that newspaper article quoting Big Nose Kate came from,
so if they're working on their own projects, it will help them with their own research. It gives several
biographies of notable shady ladies, but they all feel rather rushed and incomplete. Although HIV
has certainly created a public health crisis, the violence and human rights violations in prostitution
have also resulted in health crises for those prostituted. This research should consider the diversity
and intersectionality among sex workers to inform evidence-based and inclusive policies since
ideological research will only perpetuate moral politics (Lakoff, 2002 ). The advantage that escorts
have over other forms of prostitutes is that they are covert, thus better tolerated by societal members
and law implementers. In most cases, the parties involved consider the transactions as unplanned,
spontaneous decisions. Magaly Rodriguez Garcia Download Free PDF View PDF To punish or not to
punish: What works in the regulation of the prostitution market. If the fine is not paid, sex workers
must fulfil community service or an alternative term of imprisonment (Romania Criminal Code, 2014
).