CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.0. Introduction

This chapter introduces the background, statement of the problem, objectives of the study and among
others.

1.1 Background

The idea of supply and demand goes back to nearly the beginning of man walking upright. This
simple idea is the basis for modern commerce. where commodities are sold daily on the open
market. When the commodity in question is sex, the situation gets more complicated and in almost
the entire western world illegal.

Up until recently prostitution was largely considered a victimless crime and what research that has
been conducted focused on the prostitutes and pimps not the consumers of sex (a.k.a.johns). A recent
change in ideals has made the purchasers o the sex more culpable than in the past and left avoid in
the research community (monto. 2000). This change was at least in part brought about by emerging
research linking human traffic king with prostitution. This is especially true in Lias Vegas whis has a
highly transient nature wit literally millions of tours a year looking to purchase sex.

Johns provides a near endless demand for sex. A demand that prostitute woman and children meet.
In rare instances this exchange of money for services is illegal, but for the most part it is not. In north
America the only place where prostitution is legal in a brothel is Nevada and this legal exception
exists in only less populous countries, pursuantto Nevada Revised Statuses. Chapter 210, prostitution
is legal in the state of Nevada as long as the country has a population of less than 400,000 residents.
This excludes both Las Vegas and Reno (Clark and Washoe Country respectively) from having legal
brothels.

Despite this, there is still a general atmosphere of prostitution tolerance, if not acceptance that
abounds throughout the state, despite the limited legality of prostitution. This puts residents of
Nevada in a unique situation that is compounded by the hypersexual entertainment industry
experienced in cities like Reno and Las Vegas. With the nickname “Sin City” it is not only implied,
but expected that visiting Las Vegas will result in chicanery that is tolerated nowhere else. Las
Vegas acts at the litmus test for decency; if something is considered too risqué for Las Vegas then
1
there is no way it will be permitted anywhere else. Because of this, Las Vegas is a one of a kind area
to research how hyper sexuality and proximity to prostitution affects the attitudes of the residents.

Up to this point, research has only focused on John that have been arrested, which is a small cross
section of the population that could purchase sex. This study will expand the scope and look that
those that could be future potential consumers of sex. In addition, it will examine whether a hyper
sexual environment has a normalizing effect on the attitudes of prostitution.

This study compared the attitudes of male undergraduate students from University of Nevada. Las
Vegas (UNLV) University of British Colombia (UBC) to examine whether the hyper sexuality of
Las Vegas affects attitudes towards prostitution among students at UNLV.

1.2. Problem statement

The study of sex work as a social, political and cultural phenomenon is relevant today, as it always
was, due to its anachronism and cross-cultural pervasiveness. Prostitution is a highly gendered
matter fueled by several types of inequalities and surrounded by multiple forms of discrimination
and stigmatization (Schulze, 2014). Most people performing prostitution are women and they are
exposed to several types of violence on a daily basis. There s a little or no safety for most of the
prostitutes.

Additionally, it is a well-studied fact that human rights abuses commonly associated with the
practice of prostitution . Despite all the negative aspects inherit to prostitution, thousands of
prostitutes continue to work mainly because they are able to earn good incomes and achieve
economic security and independence. For others such as transgender people there aren’t many other
occupational choices if they want to maintain their transgender identity and live as transgender
people due to the binary social construction of gender. These multiple forms of discrimination and
stigmatization function as a trap for prostitutes since they feed and tend to expand the cycle of
violence they are subjected to. Moreover, it takes away the possibility of considering prostitutes as
individuals that are consecutives deprived from their basic human and civil rights, forcing them to
continue to live and work within the sex trade and in often toxic environments that ultimately will
contribute to decay rather than an improvement of their overall health ad well-being. Despite all of
these considerations, sex work and sex workers continue to be neglected by a state by society
researchers and some feminist and social activists.

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There is an ongoing academic and political debate on how to tackle prostitution mainly led by
abolitionists verses. regulation supporters, even though both positions conflict with what sex workers
rights NGOs demands are:-

Therefore I wonder: How and why do sex / workers Right NGOs Demands contrast with the
positions and work of other civil society organizations on tackling the issues of prostitution in the
European context?

1.3. Objectives of the study

To establish the relationship between attitudes and and prostitution of the residents of Iganga
Municipality.

1.3.1. Specific Objectives

To establish the causes of prostitution among the youths in Iganga Municipality.

To identify the effects of prostitution on the residents of Iganga Municipality.

To assess Governments effort efforts in minimizing prostitution in Iganga Municipality.

1.4. Research Questions

What are the causes of prostitution among the youths in Iganga Municipality?

What are the effects of prostitution on the residents of Iganga Municipality?

Have the government’s effort to minimize prostitution in Iganga municipality been effective?

1.5 significance of the study

This research shall find solutions prostitution in Uganda and Iganga municipality in particular.

The results of this study shall act as a point of reference for future researchers interested in
understanding attitudes and prostitutions.

The study shall provide a framework for policy makers and other stakeholders geared toward
curbing prostitution in Iganga Municipality.

It will help the researcher to get deeper understanding about the concepts attitudes and prostitutions
and how to develop an intervention programs for the residents of Iganga Municipality.
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1.6. Scope of the Study

1.6.1. Content Scope

A variety of factors normally influence this type of research which the study intends to explore.
Some of these factors include gender, level of education. However, this study will only examine the
relationship between attitudes and prostitution: attitudes will be the independent variable and
prostitution the dependent variable.

1.6.2 Geographical scope

The study will be carried out in Iganga district: its made up of counties i.e. Bugweri. Kigulu North.
Kigulu South and the Municipality and the Municipality shall be the unit of inquiry and unit of
analysis.

1.6.3. Time scope

The period for the present study shall be between August 2018 and January 2019.

1.7. Theoretical Framework

It is possible to identify carelessness and abandonment attitudes from the state and responsible
entities towards prostitutes. third-part actors. and even the whole of the sex industry as a subsystem
incorporated in and a product of a broader social. legal and economic system. which is state
governed. the matter of prostitution has been persistently treated as secondary or even excluded from
feminist and political reform is tagendas. even by agents whose work gravitates towards dealing with
minorities constrains and foreclosed social groups or even feminist issues.

there are many baised conceptualizations about the of buying and selling sex that block any
progresses among policy-makers and social-activists.

consequently there is yet no consensus among different African countries regarding binding laws
and policies on sex work as wellas on how feminists scholars there is a clear division between either
a critical or supportive standpoint concerning prostitution. the two main contrasting position debated
by second –wave feminists are the abolition ist positions which eliminates prostitutes voice and
labels them all as victims of sexual exploitation and in need of protection; while on the other side of
the discussion. the work position feminists identify prostitution as a viable work but oftenadopt an
over optimistic position of support. which doesn’t seem to acknowledge some of the typical
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problems within the sex industry and end up overlooking its negative consequences and effects on
sex workers lives as well as neglecting their needs. The sexual domination frame a new-abolitionist
position produces a discourse that does not open space to think about prostitution as an activity that
an autonomous adult may choose to perform in order to finance their independence, acquisition of
free agency and control over their life. it completely eliminates the possibility of freedom of choice
and it fails to accept that, individuals can voluntarily entering this kind of job. For new-abolitionists.
Trafficking is caused directly by prostitution hence its elimination becomes a necessary measure for
all states.

The act of decriminalizing prostitution is seen as leading to an increase in human trafficking for
sexual exploitation, and supported with statistical data. On the other hand some sex work supporters
might display an over positive, idealized, topic view of prostitution and so they end up neglecting
what are the main abolitionist concerns related with structural. oppositely to the abolition ist
perspective, they accept sex work as a profession and are open to create a space to rethink
prostitution in order to find new ways to tackle it respecting the sensibilities of all parties involved. it
happens so. since the sex work position feminists encompasses at least twomarked variations of
their prime position (Ibid). On one side there are the radical liberals who subscribe to free choice an
d sexual diversity and on the other there are feminist who despite understanding prostitution as sex
work still hold the feminist critique that contextualizes prostitution within unequal power relations,
and therefore as a product of a patriarchal society that should ultimately be eradicated. This position
has been recently reinforced by new postcolonial reflections that tease out the strong correlation
between abolitionists and a western.

white middle-class women’s movement whose work aims “obsessively” to “protect”, provide “help”
and “save” non-western women who are massively victimized (Doezema. 1998: 2001:Agustin
2003,pp.378,cited in outshoorn 2005,pp.147). concerning human trafficking these pro sex work
feminists contradict abolitionists by acknowledging there are sex workers that migrate exclusively to
work in the sex industry to earn a living and make enough money to support themselves and their
families because they “chose” to do so (Ibid). these feminists identify the unequal distribution of
wealth and their migrate women into prostitution (Ibid). occasionally, the pro sex work feminists
may have an incomplete understanding of the issue as they at times misrepresent the violence and
exploitation commonly experienced by the majority of sex workers and deny the fact of how
prostitution is intrinsically linked to actions, behaviors and activities that might undeniably involve
sexual exploitation, coercion and exposure to several different types of violence – e.g. trafficking in
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human beings; sexual submission and objectification based in heteronomative power structure and
dogmas; the violence, abused and lack of opportunities that come from several forms of
discrimination and social stigma (Toni Mac 2016). this absence of addressing the violence and
exploitation-which are contingences of the profession and must be challenged – has been
unceasingly stressed in official statements, studies and reports conducted by sex-workers-rights
NGOs worldwide.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

ATTITUDE PROSTITUTION

1.8 Definition of key terms

A. Attitudes: An “attitude is an evaluation of an attitude object, ranging from extremely negative to

extremely positive.

B. Prostitution: prostitution, the practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity, in

general with someone who is not a spouse or a friend. in exchange for immediate payment in money
or other valuables.

prostitutes may be female or male or transgender, and prostitution may entail heterosexual or
homosexual activity, but historically most prostitutes have been women and most clients men

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.Intrduction

prostitution in Uganda’s 1950 penal code, but is wide spread despite this. many turn to prostitution
because of poverty and lack of other opportunities. a study of kampala teachers in 2008 showed that
teachers were turning to prostitution to increase their income. a sex worker can earn around 1.5
million Ugandan shillings(---439) per month, whereas this would be a yearly wage for a secondary
school teacher. There are many Kenyan prostitutes in the country . sex trafficking. HIV, and child
prostitution are problems in the country. The legal status of prostitution in Africa varies widely. it is
frequently common in practice, partially driven by the widespread poverty in many sub-saharan
African countries and is one of the drivers for the prevalence of AIDS in Africa.(36.9% in sub-
saharan Africa). Senegal and Cote d’lvoire permit the operations of brothels. In other countries,
prostitution may be legal but brothels are not allowed to operate. in some countries where
prostitution is illegal, the law is rarely enforced. transactional sexual relationships are particularly
common in sub-saharan Africa. where they often involve relationships between older men and
younger women or girls.

In many cases, the woman in a transactional sexual relationship may remain faithful to her
boyfriend. While he may have multiple sexual partners. In both of these cases, transactional sex
presents an increased risk of HIV infection. as a result, transactional sex is a factor involved in the
spread of AIDS in Africa

2.1 Causes of prostitution

prostitution (according to Google)is the practice of engaging in sexual activity with someone for
payment. these sex workers usually work in the night or evening hours in Uganda. they have
occupied the streets of Iganga though the act of prostitution is illegal in Uganda. prostitutes make a
lot of money (about one and half millions a month, according to Wikipedia) which has attracted very
many people into the act hence the big number. prostitutes can either be men or women though in
Uganda the females have dominated the industry. they (prostitutes) can be found on different states
and towns of Iganga.

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The act of prostitution is on rampant increase in Uganda because of different reasons though poverty
is like the primary reason as to why prostitutes are flocking the business. With the constantly
increasing cost of living and little or no increase in salaries of people in Uganda, the citizens and
non-citizens living in the country are working day and night at every cost to add an income to what
the earn to be able to survive with the current situation so they engage into prostitution.

as if that is not enough, the high taxes imposed on every single thing by the government, like the
electricity, water, transport and many more others, things that are needed by everyone even the most
poor person in living on the land of Uganda has kept people into poverty hence their turn to
prostitution as savior. most disappointingly, the poorest person and the richest person are all taxed
the same amount of money yet their incomes are the same. this has kept all the people in the circle of
poverty(mostly the ones living in the villages) so they step out of their houses to find an income to
survive in this hard world which does not go as they expect so the poor people end up into
prostitution since it is the easiest business that does not need too much capital (the only capital being
oneself, time, confidence and commitment).

Poverty on the other hand has caused desperate youths to see light in prostitution. The fact that these
poor youths do not have money to sustain them throughout the fast growing economy of this world,
they end up running to prostitution to earn a living to try to catch up. This has also increased the
numbers of prostitutes on the streets and in the towns of Uganda.

It is also arguable that poverty has denied very people a chance of education in Uganda. as people
cannot afford the tuition and school dues and other personal necessitates to walk the path of
education like any other lucky child, they end up dropping out on the way or not even stepping onto
school soil. this keeps them out of the struggles and competition of jobs that could have helped them
earn an income to survive through. it is because of this poverty that these people join prostitution to
earn a living.

Poverty is not the only one to be blamed for the existence and increase of prostitution in Uganda.

There are a couple of other reasons why prostitution has increased in or is increasing in Uganda.

These are shared below:

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The lazy action (s) of the government upon the act(s) of prostitution has caused the existence and
increase of the practice in Uganda. Despite the fact that prostitution is illegal in Uganda according to
the law, the government has not been able to arrest these sex workers but instead it has gotten into
negotiation with the to make their work easier. For example in 2003, the members of parliament met
these sex workers to hear them out since they complained to the parliament that the police was being
a little harsh on them by chasing them off the streets and arresting them. as if that is not enough,
even the arrested ones are just released since the law against prostitution is not being enforced.

“An idol mind is the devils workshop”. the scarcity of jobs in the country has caused unemployment
and it is because of this unemployment that people living in the land have been left so idol so they
have ended up working as prostitutes to keep them busy and to earn them an income.

Illiteracy among the people living in Uganda has caused prostitution. it is because of this illiteracy
that people are so ignorant about the dangers of prostitution and on the other hand, it had caused
unemployment that people cannot compete for jobs in the employment field. this has pushed them
into prostitution.

Success of one person is an inspiration to another person. The success and testimonies of some
people working as sex workers has caused others to run into prostitution hoping to gain the same or
even better. at times this work out so well or even better than expected or sometimes it just back
fires and the assumed heaven turns out to be hell on earth.

the poor up bring of children by very unserious parents is also another cause of prostitution in
Uganda. parents have neglected their children all in the name of “we are working hard” or some go
like, “we are too busy to sit with these children and listen to them”

on the other hand, the love and very high libido of sex among people has caused prostitution in
Uganda. people (prostitutes) in Uganda join the business because they love sex and they think that if
they can get paid for something they love, it would be a super bonus to them. for example a lady by
the name of Rose, 21 years that works along William street shocked one of our members, Philip,
when he had a short and quick interview with her on Thursday June 19. 2014 when she told him that
she gets paid for doing something she likes just like these international soccer players

In some societies families sell children into prostitution. the child is honor bound to the contact and
prostitution is the main target of such sales. they movie about a Geisha recently showed how this

9
works in Japan. It is also the same situation in Korea. Immigrants to the USA are often bound to
repay the people who smuggle them across the border.

Drugs also contribute to prostitution, it may be for some an attractive way to make a living. I am
sure it has its moments. But, probably in most of its form it is not the happiest of choices. I think the
main effect is the violence associated with it. in places where it is legal I don’t know that this exists.
It is big money so gangsters take an interest in it. but for the case of Uganda where it is illegal, the
case is very difficult.

Anyways if we are to discuss causes prostitution in Uganda. We may end up agreeing that that the
primary cause of all this is poverty. I therefore advice the government to come out and work hand in
hand with the people and other organization to fight poverty in Uganda. it will not only deal with
prostitution but also other immoral activities in the country.

2.2 Effects of prostitution

Prostitution is listed among the crimes some refer to as victimless or consensual crimes, but research
shows that may not be the true picture of prostitution. Before proceeding, we need to define
prostitution. Despite of the fact that, prostitution being known as the oldest profession in the history
of mankind. the workable definition has proven elusive. from a dictionary we learn that prostitution
is the act or practice of engaging in sexual intercourse for money’. but a prostitute cannot simply be
a woman who sells her body, since that was the norm of the society that women will get marriage in
order to accomplish home and better life style. promiscuity has been proposed as another candidate.
Medieval canon lawyer Johannes Teutonicus suggested that a woman who had sex with more than
23,000 men should be classified as a prostitute, although, furthermore he says that sexual intercourse
with 40 to 60 opposite gender would also be called prostitute. However, promiscuity itself does not
turn a woman into a prostitute. Although a vast majority of prostitutes are promiscuous, most people
would agree that sleeping around does not amount to prostitution. Hence I define prostitution as
sexual and oppression against female.

Selected national and international research projects and various programs by women have been
initiated to address the health burden of violence against women. such project have especially
focused on the health consequences to women if battering or domestic violence, rape and sexual
assault, child sexual abuse and incest, and female genital mutilation (see, for example. world Bank
Discussion Paper 255, violence Against Women: the Hidden Health Burden). in depicting the health

10
effects of such forms of violence against women, these projects attempt to make the violence, harm
and human rights violation to women visible. However a consideration of the dire health
consequences of prostitution demonstrates that prostitution not only gravely impairs women’s health
but it is obviously violence against women. the health consequences to women form prostitution are
the same injuries and infections suffered by women who are subjected to other forms of violence.
The physical health consequences include: injury (bruises, broken bones, black eyes, concussions) A
1994 study conducted with 68 women in Minneapolis/ St. Paul who had been prostituted for at least
six months found that 50% of these women had been physically assaulted by their purchasers, and a
third of those experienced purchaser assaults at least several times a year 23% of those assaulted
were beaten severely enough to have broken bones. Furthermore, 90% of the women in this study
had experienced violence in their personal relationships resulting in miscarriage, stabling, loss of
consciousness, and head injuries (Parriott, Health Experiences of Twin Cities Women Used in
Prostitution).

prostitution is physically harmful to women. STDs (including HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, gonorrhea,

herpes, human papilloma virus, and syphilis) are alarmingly high among women in prostitution.

only 15% of the women in the Minneapolis/ St. Paul study had never contracted one of the STDs,
not including AIDS, most injurious to health (Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrheal, herpes).

General gynecological problems, but in particular chronic pelvic pain and pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID), plague women in prostitution. the Minneapolis/St. Paul study reported that 31% of the
women interviewed had experienced at least one episode of PID which accounts for most of the
serious illness associated with STD infection. Among these women , there was also a high incidence
of positive pap smears, several times greater than the Minnesota Department of Health’s cervical
cancer screening program for low and middle income women. more STD episodes can increase the
risk of cervical; cancer. Another physical effect of prostitution is unwanted pregnancy and
miscarriage. Other health effects include irritable bowel syndrome as well as partial and permanent
disability. the emotional health consequences of prostitution include severe trauma, stress,
depression, anxiety, self-medication through alcohol and drug abuse: and eating disorders. almost
all the Minneapolis/St. Paul study categorized themselves as chemically addieted. Crack cocaine and
alcohol were used most frequently ultimately, women in prostitution are also at special risk for self-
mutilation, suicide and homicide, 46% of the women in the Minneapolis/St. Paul study had
attempted suicide and 19% had tried to harm themselves physically in different ways for example in

11
another survey of 55 victims / survivors of prostitution who used the services of the Council for
Prostitution Alternative in Portland. Oregon. 78% were victims of rape by pimps and male buyers an
average of 49 times a year: 84% were the victims of aggravated assault and were thus horrible
beaten, often requiring emergency room attention and hospitalization: 53% were victims of sexual
abuise and torture: and 27% were mutilated (Documentation available from the council for
prostitution Alternatives).

In developing countries, it has also been estimated that “70 percent o female infertility is caused by
sexually transmitted diseases that can be traced back to their husbands of partners (Jodi I. Jacobson.
The other Epidermis. P. (10). Among women in rural Africa, female infertility is widespread from
husbands or partners who migrate to urban areas, buy commercial sex and bring home infection and
sexually transmitted diseases. Women in prostitution industries have been blamed for this epidemic
of STDs when in reality, studies confirm that it is men who buy sex in the process of migration who
carry the disease from one prostitute woman to another and ultimately back to their wives and
girlfriends. The movement of abandoned or rejected “barren’ women to urban prostitution has been
documented in Niger, Uganda, and the Central Africa Republic. Numerous studies in Africa and
Asia by the World Bank and a number of international research organization have found that
divorced or separated women comprise the great majority of prostitutes or ‘semi’ prostitutions’
(Jacobson. p. 13). Thus, a major health effect of the mass male consumption of commercial sex and
the expansion of sex industries in developing countries is not only a rampant increase in sexually
transmitted diseases but an exponential increase in infertility. The further effects of this vicious cycle
insure that a whole new segment of women who are abandoned by their husbands due to infertility,
are propelled into prostitution for survival. In both developing and industrialized country context,
current campaigns to control the spread of HIV / AIDS by advocating “safe sex” for women in
prostitution fail to address the blatant inequities between women who are bought for sex and the men
who pay for it. Any AIDS strategy based on negotiating condom used between the purchaser of sex
and the woman who must supply it assumes symmetry of power that does not even exist between
women and men in many personal consensual relationships. If AIDS programs are serious about
eradicating AIDS they must challenge the sex industry.

Women in prostitution are targeted as the problem instead of making the sex industry problematic
and challenging the mass male consumption of women and children in commercial sex. This is
institutionalized when governments and NGOs argue for the medicalization of prostitution when
they propose laws on prostitution which subject women to periodic medical check-ups. It is stated
12
that women in the sex industry would be better protected if they submitted, or were required to
submit, to health and especially STD screening. The way in which sex industries are responsible for
the widespread health problems of women and children is mystified with proposals to implement
health checks of women in the industry. No proposals have been forthcoming, from those who
would propose both mandatory and voluntary medical surveillance for women in the sex industry, to
medically monitor the men who would purchase sex. The industry more than legitimating
prostitution through the heath care system. If medical personnel are called upon to monitor women
in prostitution, as part of occupational health safety, we will have no hope of eradicating the
industry. Furthermore, from a health perspective alone. It is inconceivable that medicalization of
women in the industry in the industry will reduce infection anf injury without concomitant
medicalization of the male buyers. Thus medicalization, which is rightly viewed as a consumer
protection act for men rather than as a real protection for women, ultimately protects neither women
nor men.

As with other forms of violence against women eradicating the health burden of prostitution entails
addressing but going beyond its health effects. To address the health consequences of prostitution,
the International human rights community must understand that prostitution harms women and that
in addition to needing health services: women must be provided with the economic, social and
psychological means to leave prostitution. Until prostitution is accepted as violence against women
and a violation of women’s human rights, the health consequences of prostitution cannot be
addressed adequately.

2.3. Measures to minimize Prostitution

In 1992, a national effort was launched to eradicate child prostitution and to assist those at risk of
entering the sex industry. At that time, the problem of child prostitution became a high priority for
the government, with several strategies implemented, including prevention, suppression, assistance,
rehabilitation and legal measures to eliminate entry into the sex industry by people under 18.
Preventive measures were viewed as best practice in that they could substantially reduce the people’s
risk of exploitation or of contracting a fatal disease. Some of the key strategies were these:

All people should receive nine years of quality basic education. Those impoverished people with no
opportunity for further education needs access to education and vocational training.
The quality of education must be relevant to the local environment and condition as well as to the
demands of the labour market.
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Girls and boys must have the same access to both formal and non-formal education.
Counseling and guidance services for solving family and youth problems and job selection must be
provided in every school and to out-of-school people.

Recreational and social services should be provided so that people and young people can spend their
leisure time appropriately.

Campaigns to raise awareness about prevention and feasible solutions to problems related to the sex
industry should be encouraged. An inspection surveillance system should be set up to prevent
coercion or deception of people into becoming prostitutes.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0. Overview

This chapter presents the methods and procedures that the researcher will use during the study, these
include: the research design, study population, sampling size and sampling methods, data collection
methods and data processing, presentation and data analysis.

3.1. Research Design

The research will use survey research design. Survey design According to Amin (2005). a servey
design aims at providing a systematic that is factual and as accurate as possible.

3.2. Population

A total of (102) worker targeted in this study as the total population. These are workers employed by
the Iganga District social welfare department as per the work force strength obtained from the
Human Resource Manager. The unit of analysis will be the social welfare department comprised of
the unit of inquiry. Guided by Gay, this study will accept a minimum of 3 respondents per social
welfare department at the district. A total of 102 social welfare departments will respond to
questionnaire and a response rate of 70.1 percent will be expected.

3.3. Sampling Strategy

According to Oso and Onen (2009), a sample is part of the target (or accessible) population that has
been procedurally selected to represent it. The study will use stratified sampling and a sample of 100
respondents will be selected to represent the views of the entire population as illustrated in table 3.1.
below: This method has been preferred by the research because it will reduce the weaknesses of
simple random sampling and it will consider every major stratum.

3.4. Data Collection Methods

3.4.1. Review of Primary Data Documents

This is also known as the field data collection method, the different Primary data collection methods
that will be used included:

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3.4.2. Review of Secondary Data Documents

This source will include a review of related literature from recognized Journals, Reports brochures,
newsletters library internet research newspapers and written literature on attitudes and prostitution.

Interview

According o Bradburn (1992) interview is a face to face dialogue that takes place between the
interviewer and interviewee. This method will be used for it yields first hand data from the
respondents. It will be described as two-way conversation that the parties involve have some sort of
objectives of goals to accomplish. Ask. com defines in interview as a “Meeting between two or more
people in order to ascertain if there is adequate compatibility to achieve a specific purpose

Observation Method

Kothari (2004) defined observation method as examining some services offered using his eyes.

this method will be employed for it will help the researcher to physically observe using his naked
eyes other than getting second hand data

3.6.1 Questionnaires.

self-administered questionnaire is a type of questionnaire, either a paper or electronic form that a

respondent on his /her own. Trochim and William (2006). The self-administered questionnaire shall
provide adequate representation of reliable data on Attitudes. prostitution and quality of prostitution.
the researcher will administer the questionnaires to respondents who can read and write like the staff
from all departments, executive committee members, heads of department and customers.

the questionnaire as a researcher tool can refer to as a form or blank to be filled by a researcher
respondents or research assistant (enumerator). it consists of questions to be answered and
statements to be completed by respondents (Trochim and William, 2006) self-administered
structured questionnaire will be constructed by the researcher to assess judgment, insight and
feelings about the topic under investigation. they will be administered to management.

Technical officers and customers of Iganga district social welfare department by the researcher

3.6.2 interview guide

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an interview is a research tool that allows dialogue between interviewers and interviewee for the
purpose of gathering data about respondents. the researcher will unstructured interview guide to
Management, Technical officers and customers of Iganga District Social welfare department.

this tool will involve face to face interaction between the researcher and the respondent. this helped
the researcher to get in-depth exploration of the information needed, face to face conversation about
the study, higher response rate and for clarification of difficult question on spot

Observation check list

Kothari (2004) defines observation as a tool that examines phenomena by use of the naked eyes.

Observation tool is useful to researchers in a variety of ways,. it provides researchers with ways to
check for nonverbal expression of feelings, determine who interacts with whom, grasp how
participants communicate with each other, and checks for how much times is spent on various
activities. The researcher will use a standardized controlled observation procedure and he will decide
where the observation will take place, at what time, with which participants and in what
circumstances the variables of the study outplay each other

3.7 Validity and Reliability

3.7.1 Validity

Kothari (2004) asserts that validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to
measure. This is determined by its content. Content validity refers to the degree to which the
research instrument or test measures what it should measure (Kasomo. 2007).content validity of the
instrument will be established by the researcher’s supervisor who will assess whether the items in
the instruments accurately address the objectives of the study. Beside, a pilot study will be done
before administering the instruments to the selected respondent

3.7.2 Reliability

reliability is a measure of the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results or data
after repeated trials (Mugenda and Mugenda,2003). A test-retest method will be used to test the
reliability of the instruments. This is because, it shows the consistency of subject’s scores obtained
by the instrument over time

3.8 Data Collection Procedure

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the researcher will obtain an introductory letter and research consent forms the dean of students of
Busoga University which will be used to seek authority to conduct research from Iganga District
Social welfare department (IDLG). the researcher will then make preliminary visits to the
administration department of Iganga district to inform the informants and seek appointment of the
intended research. The interview guide will be conducted to the selected informants after briefing
them on what is expected. the interview will be done for 45 minutes on every respondent where as
semi structured questionnaires will be given to selected respondents to be filled for a period of 2
weeks and thereafter collected back. observation will be done throughout the entire study. the
researcher will ensure maximum confidentiality of information and identity of the informants in an
effort to get good results with precisions.

3.9 .Data Processing

Data collected through questionnaire will be edited to establish any errors. this will be preceded by
summarizing of responses using a designed coding system. The entire processing of data will be
done using computer software packages of Microsoft Excel and Statistical Packages for Social
Science (SPSS) data will be processed so as to condense it in a convenient form for data presentation
and analysis.

3.10 Data Analysis

the researcher shall analyze data through using SPSS and descriptive statistics like regression and
correlation analysis to establish the relationship between the Variables and also to determine the
strength of the relationship between variables. Spearman’s correlation will be used to determine the
relationship between the variables.

3.11 Limitations to the study

this study acknowledge the following limitations. Firstly, the study measures attitudes toward
prostitution in a single moment thereby rendering causal links difficult to ascertain.

secondly the study will employee a unitary methodological approach instead of qualitative approach
(interviews) to forma basis for triangulation.

finally, this empirical study concerns a single district (Iganga district social welfare department).

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There making generalization of results to other setting difficult given the fact that prostitution
practices and attitudes vary from district to district.

The relationship between prostitution and attitudes may need to be tested in other districts to
ascertain its functionality.

3.12 Ethical Consideration

Every research which involves human beings deals with issues relating to ethics which must be
given critical considerations. Oka and Shaw (2010) argue that both quantitative and qualitative
researchers should focus on such ethical issues especially as the nature of qualitative research adds
its own complications. They note in particular issues pertaining to confidentially, attention to. In this
research we are particularly concerned with issues relating to confidentiality and informed consent
of our respondents.

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 APPENDIX A

THE INFLUENCE OF ATTITUDES TOWARD PROSTITUTION IN IGANGA

DISTRICT

(ACASE STUDY IGANGA MUNICIPLITY)

Introduction

Dear respondent,

This research questionnaire is prepared by the researcher to gather information regarding attitudes
and prostitution in Iganga municipality. the study is for purely for academic purposes.

You are hereby assured that your identity and the information you provide will be kept confidential.

Section A: Background Information of the respondents

Instructions: Please tick against the category that best describes you.

1. Age bracket of the respondent

a)21-30…….b)31-40……c)41-50……d)50+…..

2. Sex of the respondent

Male Female

3. Level of education of the respondent

4. Are you a resident or citizen of the United States?
Yes (1)
No (2)

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 SECTION B

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: ATTITUDES

Instructions:

Please indicate the extent to which you strongly Agree –SA. Agree A. Degree D. or strongly
Disagree SD to the following statements by way of ticking appropriate.

Legalizing Prostitution SD D A SA
1 prostitution should be legalized in the district where I live
2 It is ok for consenting adult to agree to exchange
3 Prostitution is ok as long as the health risks can be minimized
4 Demand for prostitution increase when prostitution is legalized
5 Legalized prostitution promotes sex trafficking
6 When prostitution is legal men are more likely to pay fro sex.
7 Legalizing prostitution protects the women used in prostitution
8 Prostitution is a necessary evil in our society
PUBLICATION ATTITUDES TOWARD PROSTITUTION
10 pimps often use physical force to control the women they prostitute
11 Pimp-controlled prostitution is a form of human trafficking
12 Prostitution is a form of sexual exploitation.
13 Prostitution and sex trafficking are the same thing.
14 Believe that the majority of girls used in prostitution are controlled by a
sex trafficker or “pimp”
15 Without male demand prostitution would ease to exist
16 Pimps should be considered legitimate businessmen and entrepreneurs.
17 Pimps sexually exploit vulnerable women and children
18 Human traffickers prey on the weak and vulnerable and the exploit them
for their own financial gain.
19 Human traffickers use physical and psychological abuse to control and
sexually exploit their victims
20 Most people who engage in prostitution choose to do so of their own free
will.

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21 Women and children used in prostitution are victims of sex trafficking
22 Nearly all of the women and children used in prostitution are victims of
child sexual abuse, rape, or incest
23 I believe that the majority of women and children who have been
prostituted are chemically dependent
24 Nearly all of the women and girls used in prostitution want to “escape the
life” but don’t know where to turn for help.
25 Women and children used in prostitution should be arrested for breaking
the law.
26 Women and children used in prostitution should be treated as victims not
criminals
27 I believe that the majority of women and girls who have been prostituted/
trafficked are psychologically damaged
28 It is normal for men to pay to have sex
39 Men are less likely to commit rape if they can pay to have sex with a
prostitute.
30 The current penalties for engaging in prostitution are appropriate.

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Budget Estimate

N Item Description Estimated Amount

O
1 Transport To and from the field and university for corrections 50,000
2 Stationary Typing photocopying, binding 100,000
3 Professional Pilot study. Data coding, data entry, data analysis 100,000
expenses
4 refreshments Breakfast and lunch 50,000
Sub total 300,000

Research Time Frame

Activity Work plan Time Responsible Date

Research topic University 1 month Supervisor August. 2018
development
Proposal writing Home 1 months Self September. 2018
Data collection Field/home Self September. 2018
Data organization Home Self December. 2018
Final submission University Self/supervisor December. 2018

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DECLARATIONS

I Nanyombi Shaminah declare that this research proposal is a result of my efforts to the be of
knowledge: its original and has never been presented to any university or institution for academic
award.

Students name.

NANYOMBI SHAMINAH

Signature

Date …………….

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APPROVAL

The following research proposal entitled “community attitude toward prostitution in Iganga District”
(a case study of Iganga municipality)

I certify that it has been under my supervision and is now ready for submission to the department of
Records and information management of MTAC.

Academic supervision

Signature………………….

Data……………………...

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would love to thank the almighty god who has brought me this far and blessed me with wisdom
that enabled me to complete this study.

My family especially my sisters and brothers for their spiritual and moral assistance they rendered
me without whom this research proposal would not be a reality. Not forgetting lecturers of MTAC

My special thanks also go to my parents Mrs. naigaga Nowa, Isabirye Julius who helped me to make
this work a success. May the good lord continue to bless you.

Special tribute goes to the students of Records, weekend programme class, MTAC, your tire less
support during the course played on indispensable role. God bless the works of your hands.

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