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Jatropha tanjorensis – Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and

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 Journal of
Pharmaceutical and
Allied Sciences
JOPHAS
JATROPHA TANJORENSIS – REVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY,
PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOTHERAPY
ABIODUN FALODUN1, 5* ANTHONY ADEYANJU UDU-COSI1,
OSAYEMWENRE ERHARUYI1,4, VINCENT IMIEJE1,4, JOYCE EHIZOGIE
FALODUN3, OKHUAROBO AGBONLAHOR2 AND MARK T HAMANN5
1
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF PHARMACY ,
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY NIGERIA
2
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, FACULTY OF
PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY NIGERIA
3
DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, NIGERIA.
4
INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK, ALBERT-EINSTEIN-
STR. 3A, 18059 ROSTOCK, GERMANY
5
NATIONAL CENTER FOR NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH, SCHOOL OF
PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI, 38655, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI, USA.
*Corresponding author: abiodun.falodun@fulbrightmail.org, afalodun@olemiss.edu,
faloabi@uniben.edu; Tel: 662-638-5786.

ABSTRACT
Jatropha tanjorensis (L) (Fam – Euphorbiaceae), which has been consumed as leafy vegetable and as
medicinal plant in Nigeria has shown hematological, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hypoglyceamic,
hypolipidemic and antihypertensive activities. This review focuses on valuable knowledge of
traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Jatopha tanjorensis against some
tropical diseases, in order to highlight its therapeutic potentials with a view to integrate it into
conventional medical use. Several classes of phytochemical compounds such as the polyphenols,
saponins, tannins and alkaloids have been associated with the plant. It has also been shown to possess a
wide spectrum of biological activities such as antiplasmodial (antimalarial), anti microbial,
antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic and as remedy for
anaemia. The review has thus provided a comprehensive and critical appraisal of the phytochemistry,
pharmacology and toxicity of Jatropha tanjorensis in the tropics. Based on the findings of this work,
future study on the phytochemistry and chemical constituents in relation to certain other biological
activities are required to fully understand the phytochemical and complex pharmacological effect of
the plant specie. Further work to isolate active compounds from the plant is also necessary.

Keywords: Jatropha tanjorensis, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, medicinal uses

INTRODUCTION Jatropha tanjorensis (Ellis and Saroja)

The family Euphorbiceae, is a large
family of flowering plants with 300
genera and around 7500 species. Most are
herbs, but some, especially those
distributed in the tropics, are shrubs or
trees. They are used by man as food or
for ornamental purposes.
belongs to the family ‘Euphorbiaceae’
and is widely grown in southern Nigeria
(1). Other species are Jatropha curcas, J.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences
Vol. 10 No. 3 (2013)
ISSN: 1596-8499
Websites: http://ajol.info/index.php/jophas
http://www. facebook.com/jophas2003

1955
 Falodun et al /Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 10 (3) (2013) 1955 - 1964
glandulifera, J. gossypifolia, J.
chevalieri, J. elliptica, J. multifida, J.
podagrica, and J. intergerrima (2). J.
tanjorensis is a natural hybrid between J.
curcas and J. gossypifolia (3). Its leaf is
commonly consumed as vegetable in
many parts of southern Nigeria. It is
commonly called ‘hospital too far’,
lapalapa (4). In southwestern Nigeria, it is
called ‘Catholic vegetable or Reverend
father’s vegetable’ (5) possibly because it
is grown in the premises of the catholic
churches as ornamentals.
J. tanjorensis has received a lot of
attention due to its potential health
benefit, availability and affordability (6,
7). Its primary use is for fencing, and as
medicine (8). Phytochemical screening of
Jatropha tanjorensis leaf revealed that it
contains bioactive principles such as
alkaloids, flavonoids, tanins, cardiac
glycoside, anthraquinones and saponions
(6). The pharmacological studies revealed
that the plant showed some wide range of
biological activities, which include
antihypertensive, antioxidant,
antimicrobial, antimalarial,
hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic and
hematological activities. However, the
plant‘s popularity was doused by
unproven claims that the whitish latex
emanating from the leaf stem and stalk
may be toxic to man (9). Although there
is a growing popularity of herbal
medicines as safe, scientists still advocate
proper physiological and toxicological
tests in order to ensure safety in the use
of traditional medicines (10, 11). In view
of the common use of J. tanjorensis both
as food and as herbal medicine, there is
need for proper physiological and
toxicological tests in order to ensure its
safety (12). This review also discusses
the toxicity profile of the plant.
1956
Medicinal properties
Medicinal plants are the sources of many
scientific drugs of the modern world.
Jatropha tanjorensis has been used
locally as a source of leafy vegetable and
as medicinal plant for a number of years.
Olayiwola et al. (13) showed that
Jatropha tanjorensis is popular as a
natural remedy against diabetes in
southern Nigeria. The plant’s leaf has
also been shown to improve
heamatological indices (14). Jatropha
tanjorensis has also been shown to
exhibit antibacterial activity (4). It is also
used ethnomedically in the treatment of
hypertention (5). The leaf extract also has
antioxidant property and is effective in
the treatment of malaria in southern
Nigeria (15). Extracts from the plant
leaves have also been used in Nigeria to
control sickle cell anaemia (16).
Phytochemistry
The phytochemical studies of Jatropha
tanjorensis revealed that it contains
biochemical principles such as alkaloids,
flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides,
anthraquinones and saponins (6). These
compounds are known as secondary plant
metabolites, and are organic compounds
from plants, that are not directly involved
in the normal growth, development or
reproduction of the plant (17). Other than
the direct usage of secondary plant
metabolites in their original forms as
drugs, these compounds can also be used
as drug precursors, templates for
synthetic modification, and
pharmacological probes (18).
Polyphenols are a wide and complex
group of secondary plant metabolites
which are essential for the physiology of
plants, having functions in growth,
structure, pigmentation, pollination,
allelopathy, and resistance for pathogens
and predators (19 – 21). Polyphenols
 Falodun et al /Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 10 (3) (2013) 1955 - 1964

have attracted the interest of researchers

because of their antioxidant capacity.
They have long been recognized to
possess anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory,
antiviral, anti-poliferative, H H H
anticarcinogenic and antioxidant
activities (22 – 26). Studies have shown
that there is an inverse relationship
between the intake of flavonoids and the O
risk of developing coronary heart disease
Friedelin
(27, 28), stroke (29), lung cancer and
stomach cancer (30). The leaves of
Jatropha tanjorensis have been shown to
be rich in both free and bound phenols
and flavonoids (31). This may partly
explain the rationale behind its H
widespread usage in folkloric medicines
for the treatment of ailments. Friedelin, β- H
amyrin, stigmasterol and R(+)4-
HO
hydroxypyrrolidinone (Figure 1) have H
been isolated from the leaf extract of J. β -Amyrin
tanjorensis (32).

Pharmacology
The enthnomedical uses of Jatropha
tanjorensis has led to its discovery by
scientists for the treatment of various
ailments.

Antioxidant property
In view of the recognition of the potent
antioxidant properties of polyphenols, HO
researchers have been tailoring their Stigmasterol
effort towards identifying plants with
potent antioxidant properties that could HO
be exploited for the management of
degenerative diseases31. Earlier reports
have shown that J. tanjorensis is rich in N O
antioxidant nutrients such as phosphorus, H
selenium, zinc, and vitamins C and E7. R(+) 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone
Antioxidant properties of plants have
direct relationship with the polyphenol Figure 1: Chemical structures of
content in that plant. In view of this, J. compounds isolated from Jatropha
tanjorensis have been shown to be rich in tanjorensis

1957
 Falodun et al /Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 10 (3) (2013) 1955 - 1964
both free and bound phenols and
flavonoids. Various mechanisms of this
antioxidant property of the plant have
been studied, such as, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
scavenging, Iron(II) chelating, ferric
reduction, hydroxyl radical scavenging
and lipid peroxidation activities (31).
This may partly explain the rationale
behind its widespread usage in folkloric
medicines for the treatment of tropical
diseases and other infections.
Nutritional property
Fresh green Jatropha tanjorensis leaves
were analysed for protein, moisture
content and mineral content, using
various analytical methods (8). The
dominant constituent of the plant leaves
was water, which accounted for 78.77%
of their weight. Fresh leaves had a protein
content of 2.01% and an ash content of
0.51%. On a fresh weight basis, mineral
content was as follows: phosphorus, 77.0
µg g-1; selenium 5.4 ×10-3 µg g -1; iron,
9.4 µg g -1 and zinc 6.1 µg g-1. The
moisture content was similar to published
values for cassava, cabbage, cowpea and
sweet potatoe leaves. Protein content was
low and similar to published value for
cabbage, but was lower than published
value for cassava, cowpea and sweet
potato leaves (33). Overall, foods such as
leafy vegetables, with high water and
adequate dietary fiber content, provide a
low energy density contribution to the
meal and create a feeling of satiety. Ash
content of the leaves was low indicating a
low content of minerals (8).
Activities against Tropical diseases
a) Antimicrobial activity
Researchers have conducted series of
experiments to determine the antibacterial
and antifungal profile of J. tanjorensis
using some parts of the medicinal plant.
1958
The aqueous extract of Jatropha
tanjorensis leaves was assayed for its
antimicrobial activity against Gram
positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram
negative Escherichia coli bacteria with
their zones of inhibition measured. Both
organisms exhibited sensitivity to the
extracts, giving zones of inhibition of 1.6
cm and 1.13 cm for S. aureus and E. coli
respectively (8). The ethanol extract of
the plant leaves was also tested for
antimicrobial activities and showed
positive activity against Gram positive-
Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Gram negative-
Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium
pheli (34). Viswanathan et al. (32),
showed that the antimicrobial potency of
Jatropha tanjorensis was greater than
that of Jatropha curca2. Methanol extract
in that study was more active against
Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella
paratyphi, Proteus vulgaris,
Staphylococcus epidermi and Vibrio
alcaligenes. It was followed by
Aeromonas hydrophila, Proteus vulgaris,
Salmonella paratyphi A, Eschericia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa which commonly cause skin
infections (32). S. aureus and P.
aeruginosa are predominant organisms in
both leg ulcers and superficial wounds
and showed increased resistance to
commonly used antibiotics 35). The
potential of Jatropha tanjorensis extract
against the strains of S. aureus and P.
aeruginosa may be explored to develop a
topical antimicrobial therapy to promote
skin wound healing (32). Phenolics
including tannins are used topically for
the care and healing of skin wounds (36).
Tannins have been shown to be toxic to
filamentous fungi, yeast and bacteria
(37). Hence, as reported by Viswanathan
et al., the presence of phenolics and high
contents of tannins in the methanol
extract may be responsible for the
 Falodun et al /Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 10 (3) (2013) 1955 - 1964
antimicrobial activities (32). The potent
inhibition by the Jatropha tanjorensis test
extracts, of the causative agents of the
urinary tract infections such as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia
coli, Pseudomonas mirabilis,
Pseudomonas vulgaris and Klebseilla
pneumoniae suggests a possibility of
their use in developing drugs against
urinary tract infections (32).
b) Antiplasmodial / Antimalaria
activity:
In vitro antiplasmodial study revealed
that the ethanol extract of Jatropha
tanjorensis was more active, when
compared with other extracts, against
chloroquine sensitive 3D7 strain of
Plasmodium falciparum with 50%
inhibitory concentration of parasite
growth (IC50) observed at 10.86 ± 1.52
µg/ml when compared with that of the
aqueous (44.0 ± 2.40 µg/ml) and hydro-
ethanol (48.0± 1.34 µg/ml) extracts (9).
An extract is regarded as highly active if
IC50 < 10 µg/ml, moderately active if IC50
is between 10 µg/ml and 50 µg/ml, and
inactive if IC50 ˃ 50 µg/ml (38). Based on
this classification, the three extract forms
were found to be moderately active
against Plasmodium falciparum when
compared to standard antimalarial drug,
chloroquine (IC50 < 0.087 ± 0.0003
µg/ml). The antiplasmodial property of
the plant extracts, particularly the ethanol
extract may be attributed to the presence
of phytochemicals which might have
relatively conferred some protective /
antioxidant effect against oxidative stress
induced by the malaria parasite (9).
c) Hematological property
Jatropha tanjorensis has been shown to
be rich in iron (Fe) (39). This high
amount or concentration of iron in the
extract increases the amount of iron
1959
available for erythropoiesis. Increased
amount of iron leads to an increase in the
production of red blood cells and
hemoglobin. This could be the cause of
the observed increase in packed cell
volume and hemoglobin concentration,
when 20 Wistar rats were administered
0.5 g/kg body weight of the extract of
Jatropha tanjorensis for a period of 28
days 40). It is also possible that some of
the chemical constituents of the extract
may have erythropoietin-like effect on
the bone marrow leading to the increase
in the rate of erythropoiesis and a
resultant increase in packed cell volume
and hemoglobin concentration. Extracts
of Jatropha tanjorensis can, therefore, be
used in building up the blood level in
physiological conditions like pregnancy
and during menstruation when there is
drop in hemoglobin concentration and
packed cell volume. This applicability
will be of great use in rural communities
where there are inadequate health care
provisions (40).
c) Hypolipidemic activities
The leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis
has been shown to cause significant
reduction in serum total lipids, total
cholesterol and LDL cholesterol with no
significant difference in the levels of
serum triglycerides and HDL cholesterol
between rats in the test groups and the
control (41). This observation of
significant reduction in serum total lipids,
total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol by
the extract, implies that it can be used to
prevent cardiovascular complications
arising from hyperlipidemia (42). This
might explain the traditional use of the
leaf extract as a natural remedy against
heart diseases in the West Africa sub-
region. High levels of LDL cholesterol
promote health problems and
cardiovascular disease, and are often
called “bad cholesterol” as opposed to
 Falodun et al /Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 10 (3) (2013) 1955 - 1964
HDL particles, which are referred to as
“good cholesterol” or “healthy
cholesterol” (43). It was reported that
those with higher levels of HDL
cholesterol seem to have fewer problems
with cardiovascular diseases, while those
with low HDL cholesterol levels have
increased rates of heart disease (44). The
results of these studies suggest that the
medicinal properties attributed to
Jatropha tanjorensis as a useful herb in
the treatment of heart diseases could be
based on effects of phytoconstituents
present in the plant on serum lipid profile
in albino rats.
Toxicity
Toxicological effects of herbal medicines
are rare and occurrence of undesirable
side effects seems to be less frequent but
well controlled randomized clinical trials
have revealed that they do exist (45).
Oyewole et al. (46) reported the
assessment of renal and hepatic functions
in rats administered methanol leaf extract
of Jatropha tanjorensis. Results of organ
weight index of rats administered
Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract for 21
days indicate a significant increase in
kidney weight in the animals
administered with the extract compared
to the control (P<0.05), an indication of
kidney enlargement. The results of
kidney and liver function indicators in the
serum of rats administered with the
extract and the control show significant
increase in serum creatinine, urea, ALT,
AST and total bilirubin compared with
the control (P<0.05). The significant
elevation in the serum level of creatinine
and urea is a pointer to renal dysfunction
in rats administered with the extract.
Creatinine is a break-down product of
creatine phosphate in muscle. It is usually
produced at a fairly constant rate by the
body and filtered out of the blood by the
kidneys. If the filtering capacity of the
1960
kidney is deficient, creatinine blood
levels rise (46). The observed elevation
of serum ALT and AST in the serum of
rats administered Jatropha tanjorensis
leaf extract are indications of their
leakage into the bloodstream due to liver
damage (47). The study showed that oral
administration of Jatropha tanjorensis
leaf extract to rats disrupted renal and
hepatic functions in the animals. Serum
biomarkers of renal and hepatic functions
in rats given the extract were significantly
altered compared with the control at the
end of the short term studies. It was
concluded that, although the leaf extract
has been discovered to contain useful
medicinal ingredients which makes it a
popular remedy for the treatment of
different ailments, the hepatotoxic and
nephrotoxic potential of the plant need to
be carefully considered before
administering it to patients.
Aqueous (2 mL) crude extract of leaves
of J. tanjorensis injected intramuscularly
into the fish Clarias garriepinus each in
various concentrations (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0,
8.0 and 10.0 g/L) over a period of ninety-
six (96) hours shows that serum bilirubin
and uric acid, creatinine and urea were
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the
injected fish, while muscle and kidney
bilirubin, and kidney uric acid were
significantly lower (P < 0.05) (48). Urea,
creatinine and uric acid levels are
indicators of kidney function. Urea is a
product of the deamination of glucogenic
amino acids in the liver typically in the
alanine cycle. The kidneys usually
excrete urea, uric acid and creatinine.
Urea, creatinine and uric acid levels can
be used as rough indicators of glomerular
filtration rate and kidney functions.
Elevated levels of urea, uric acid and
creatinine concentrations therefore
indicate impairment in renal function,
muscular dystrophy and physical exertion
 Falodun et al /Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 10 (3) (2013) 1955 - 1964
of organisms (49). The elevations in the
concentrations of urea, uric acid and
creatinine in the tissue/organ of fish
exposed to crude extract of J. tanjorensis
after 96 hours is therefore indicative of
diminished renal function as a result of
kidney damage (48). Other researchers
(50, 51) also reported increased level of
creatinine, urea and uric acid. It is also
important to note that a decrease in urea
and creatinine levels in exposed fish may
be an indication of compromised renal
function as is observed in mammals (52 –
54).
Experimental results revealed that J.
tanjorensis showed no much significant
toxicity acutely and sub-acutely, but there
were significant mild toxicity on the liver
and the lungs as revealed
histopathologically. Thus there is need to
exercise caution when using it for long
period (7). Recent studies have
demonstrated that administration of
Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract could
cause renal and hepatic dysfunction due
partly to the disruption of protein
metabolism function of the liver, and also
the negative filtration capacity of the
kidney.
CONCLUSION
Jatropha tanjorensis has been used
ethnomedically in majorly southern
Nigeria for the treatment of anaemia,
diabetes, hypertension and malaria.
Phytochemical studies revealed that it
contains compounds such as, flavonoids,
phenols, tannins, saponins and alkaloids.
Various extracts of the plants have been
found to possess biological properties
including, antioxidant, antimicrobial,
antiplasmodial, anti-diabetic, nutritional,
hypolipidemic and hematological. Also,
studies on the toxicity of the plant
extracts revealed that it showed
significant low toxic effect. This suggests
1961
that it has potential to be a beneficial
therapeutic remedy. This review has
provided insight into the phytochemistry,
pharmacology and toxicity of Jatropha
tanjorensis. However, future studies are
required to fully understand the
phytochemical and complex
pharmacological effect of the plant.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was in part supported by a US-
Senior Fulbright Award granted to Dr. A.
Falodun for study at University of
Mississippi CIESCs for the Fulbright
award. University of Benin is also highly
acknowledged.
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