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Andrographis paniculata a traditional herb with pharmacological properties:

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 5 | May 2014 | 206–214

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Research Article

ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA A TRADITIONAL HERB WITH

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES: A REVIEW
Nishan Chatterjee1, Sunipa Biswas2, Nimai Chandra Saha3, Surjyo Jyoti Biswas4*
1,2,4
Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India-721101.
3
Education Directorate, Government of West Bengal, Bikash Bhavan, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal India-
700091.
*Corresponding author: E-mail: surjyo@rediffmail.com

Received: 14/03/2014; Revised: 20/04/2014; Accepted: 30/04/2014

ABSTRACT
Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) is herb belonging to family Acanthaceae and cultivated
widely in India. This plant is known for its wide range of pharmacological properties and various
traditional uses. Considerable efforts are being made by various scientists to validate its utility
through scientific and pharmacological screening. The reported biological activities are antibacterial,
antifungal, antiviral, anthelmintic, anticancer, hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antivenomic,
antiasthmatic, hepatoprotective and used to treat cold and fever. This review intends to integrate
traditional knowledge, summarizes modern scientific findings and suggests areas where further
research can be conducted.

KEYWORDS: Andrographis paniculata, Pharmacological properties, Kalmegh

Cite this article:

Nishan Chatterjee, Sunipa Biswas, Nimai Chandra Saha, Surjyo Jyoti Biswas (2014),
ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA A TRADITIONAL HERB WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES: A REVIEW, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(5): 206–214

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 5 | May 2014 | 206–214

INTRODUCTION flowers are small, solitary and flowering time is

Andrographis paniculata (AP) commonly
known as Kalmegha in Hindi, Kalamegha in
Sanskrit and Kalmegh in Bengali is an erect
herb belonging to family Acanthaceae which
grows in many South east Asian countries and
in India. Other vernacular names of AP have
been listed in table 1. The plant is highly
praised for its therapeutic potential in Indian
phytotherapy and traditional medicine. Both
crude and alcoholic extracts of AP have been
reported to have wide variety of
pharmacological activities viz. antibacterial,
antifungal, antiviral, anthelmintic, anticancer,
hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory,
antivenomic, in alleviation of upper respiratory
tract infections, hepatoprotective, preventive
effects against cold (Dey et al., 2013, Datta et
al., 2012, Coon and Ernst, 2004, Akbar, 2011).
The herb grows upto 3–4 feet in height, the
leaves are lanceolate and 2–3 inches long. The
from September to December. Traditionally the
leaves of this herb are used for bronchitis,
worm infestation, influenza and dyspepsia. The
expressed juice of the leaves is a domestic
remedy in flatulence and diarrhoea. This plant
is also known as ‘King of bitters’ which was
used for centuries both in Indian and Chinese
systems of medicines where both fresh and
dried leaves and roots were used as folkloric
medicines and traditional household remedies.
Traditionally this plant was used as powder,
raw juice, decoction either singly or in
combination with other plant extracts for
various types of ailments. There is need for
critical evaluation since few scientists have
reported side effects of AP (Akbar, 2011). This
review is intended to give a view mainly on the
biological activities of AP, the compounds
isolated, their pharmacological properties,
clinical and laboratory investigations and their
safety evaluation.

Table 1: Vernacular names of Andrographis paniculata

Sl.No. Vernacular Names

1. Sanskrit: Bhunimba
2. Hindi: Kirayat
3. Bengali: Kalmegh
4. Telugu: Naelavemu
5. Tamil: Nilavaembu, Siriyanangai
6. Oriya: Bhuinimba
7. Chinese ChuanxinLian
8. Kannada Nelabevu
9. Thai FaThalai Chon
10. Malay HempeduBumi
11. Punjabi Chooraita

Phytochemical studies: found in roots but the aerial parts are

It has been reported by various
investigators that AP contains lactones,
diterpenes, alkanes, ketones and aldehydes and
flavonoids. Though flavonoids are mainly
predominant in alkanes, aldehydes and ketones.
The intense bitter taste of the leaves is due to
presence of large amounts of kalmeghin and
andrographolide. Deoxyandrographolide, 19β-

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 5 | May 2014 | 206–214
D-glucoside has been isolated from leaves of
AP (Weiming and Xiaotian, 1982). 12 new
flavonoids and 14 new diterpenoids have been
isolated from the aerial parts of AP (Chen et
al., 2006a, Chen et al., 2006b). Li et al., (2007)
isolated andrographic acid which is a new
diterpenoid and two new ent-labdane
diterpenoid glycosides from the aerial parts of
the plant. On the other hand 1, 8-dihydroxy-3,
7-dimethoxyxanthone, 4,-8-dihydroxy-2, 7-
dimethoxyxanthone, 1, 2-dihydroxy-6,8
dimethoxyxanthone and 3-7- 8 trimethoxy-1-
hydroxyxanthone were isolated from roots (
Dua et al., 2004, Akbar, 2011).
Medical formulations
There are many formulations commercially
available in the market both nationally and
internationally, where the major constituent is
Andrographolide. They are Bhunimbadi khada,
kalansundarras, kalpataruras, Andrographis
200 and 400, Liv 52, andrographis 60V caps,
Ilogen excel etc (www.iherbs.com,
www.ayurvedicherbs.com,
www.paradiseherbs.com).
Pharmacological activities
Antimicrobial effect:
It has been experimentally proved that
crude powder from the aerial parts of the plant
shows no antimicrobial activity but it’s aqueous
extract of leaves exhibit significant
antimicrobial activity against Gram positive S.
aureus, and Gram negative Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. Mishra et al., (2009) found that the
IC50 of methanol extract was 7.2microgram/ml
against Plasmodium falciparum.
Andrographolide, neoandrographolide, 14-
deoxy-11, 12-didehydro andrographolide
showed antiviral activity against herpes
simplex virus or HSV1 (Wiart et al., 2005).
Antiprotozoal and antihelmenthic property
Dua et al., (2009) reported antiprotozoal
activity of some xanthones isolated from roots
of AP, xanthones reduced the growth of T.
brucei, T. cruzi and L. infantum. Further, it has
been reported by other workers that water
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extract of the leaves of AP showed significant
filaricidal properties in canines (Dutta and
Sukul 1982). Kaleysa 1975 reported significant
anti-helminthic action of AP against Ascaris
lumbricoides.
Immunomodulatory properties
Puri et al., (1993), reported several
immuno-stimulatory agents from AP.
According to Puri intragastric administration of
ethanolic extract of aerial parts of AP at a rate
of 1 mg/kg body weight to mice stimulated
antibody production, it was also responsible for
delayed hypersensitivity reaction in sheep red
blood cells. The whole extract of AP was more
effective than andrographolide or neo
andrographolide alone suggesting other
constituents may involve in the immuno-
stimulant response/process. Sheeja et al.,
(2006) showed that administration of
cyclophosphamide increased cytokine TNFα
which was considerably reduced with
administration of AP extract.
Anti-inflammatory activities
Chiou et al., (2000) reported suppression of
inducible NO synthase (iNOS) by
andrographolide. Other investigators reported
inhibitory effects of neoandrographolide on
prostaglandin E2 and NO production in LPS
stimulated murine macrophage (Liu et al.,
2007a, Liu et al., 2007b, Abu-Ghefreh et al.,
2009). Suppression of NO production in
activated macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by
neoandrographolide isolated from AP was also
reported by Batkhuu et al., (2002). Methanolic
extract of this plant inhibited formation of ROS
(reactive oxygen species) which completely
inhibited carrageenan induced inflammation as
reported by Sheeja et al., (2006).
Antioxidant properties
Since this plant contains higher flavonoid
and phenolic content, this might attribute to its
antioxidant capabilities. It has been reported
that suppression of rat neutrophil ROS
production by diterpenoid lactone
andrographolide (Shen et al., 2000, Shen et al.,
2002). Verma and Vinayak (2008) reported
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antioxidant action of AP on lymphoma. It has
been reported that activities of mitochondrial
electron transport chain complexes were
decreased in different brain parts by
pretreatment with water and ethanolic extracts
of AP (Das et al., 2009). Ojha (2009) reported
antioxidant activity of AP in ischemic
myocardium of rats. It might be that the
neoandrographolide present in the plant extract
take up the free oxygen radical due to the
donating activity of allylic hydrogen of the
unsaturated lactone ring.
Effects on Reproductive system
The therapeutic efficacy of AP needs
critical evaluation because there are many
reports that the extract of this plant affects the
reproductive system. Some studies reported
that AP extract may be used as an antifertility
agent. When dry leaf powder were
administered to male albino rats there was a
decrease in spermatogenesis, increased
abnormal sperm head morphology, decreased
sperm motility, regression of cells of Leydig,
degeneration of epididymis and prostrate
(Akbarsha et al., 1990). It has also been
reported that intra-peritoneal injection of aerial
parts of AP to female albino mice caused
abortion and also it prevented implantation of
embryos. Panossian et al., (1999) reported that
treatment with extract of AP did not alter
progesterone levels in pregnant rats. Since
experimental investigations contradicted each
other there is ample scope of research in this
direction.
Cardiovascular activity
The aqueous extract of AP lowers the
systolic blood pressure of spontaneously
hypertensive rats possibly by reducing
circulating angiotensin converting enzyme in
the plasma as well as by reducing free radical
levels in the kidneys (Zhang and Tan 1996). A
hypotensive activity of AP in rats was also
reported by Yu et al., (2003). Further, studies
by Zhang et al., (1998) and Zhang and Tan
(1997) on cardiovascular activity of 14-
deoxyandrographolide and 14-deoxy-11, 12-
didehydroandrographolide revealed that AP
induced relaxation of the isolated rat thoracic
aortae. They also reported that 14-
deoxyandrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-
didehydroandrographolide significantly
decreased the mean arterial pressure and heart
rate of anaesthetized rats.
Antivenomic activities
It has been reported by Chang and But
(1987) that 10 cases of viper bites were cured
within 3-5 days by a formula which has AP as
primary constituent. It has been demonstrated
by Premendran et al., (2011) that AP has cobra
venom neutralizing activity at dose of 2 g/kg.
Further, methanolic extracts of AP has potent
Daboia russelli venom neutralizing activity and
could be used as snakebite evenomation
(Meenatchisundaram et al., 2009). Kale et al.,
2013 reported anti-scorpion venom activity of
AP when treated with 1g/Kg dose.
Effect on respiratory infections
Upon literature survey it was revealed that
there were contradictory reports of AP
administration against respiratory infections.
Thamlikitkul et al., (1991) administered AP
extract to cure cough and sore throat and
compared it with paracetamol administration;
they found that 6g AP powder administration
for 3 days reduced sore throat and fever
considerably. In a double blind study conducted
by Caceres et al., (1997) revealed that common
cold was prevented by 4% andrographolide.
Effect on hepatic enzymes
A crude extract of A. paniculata was
recently found to induce hepatic CYP1A1 and
CYP2B expression, based on observations of
significant increases in ethoxyresorufin O-
dealkylase (EROD) activity and
pentoxyresorufinO-dealkylase activities
(Jarukamjorn et al.,2006). Interestingly,
andrographolide plus typical CYP1A inducers,
including-naphthoflavone, TCDD, and
benz[a]anthracene, synergistically induced
CYP1A1 expression in mouse hepatocytes in
primary culture, and the synergism was blocked
by an AhR antagonist, resveratrol
(Jaruchotikamol et al.,2007).

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 5 | May 2014 | 206–214
Antidiabetic activity
It has been reported by Umamaheswari et
al., (2009) that oral administration of an
ayurvedic formulation of AP considerably
reduces streptozotocin induced diabetes
mellitus. Further ethanolic leaf extract of this
plant reduces oxidative stress and also have
antihyperglycaemic properties. The
antihyperglycaemic properties have been
attributed to andrographolide which is present
in leaves of AP in high amounts (Yu et al.,
2003). Antidiabetic property of aqueous extract
of AP was further confirmed by Borhanuddin et
al., (1994) and Husen et al., (2004).
Insecticidal activity
The ethanolic extracts of AP have been
reported to have insecticidal property which
was mainly attributed to andrographolides,
homoandrographolide and andrographin. A
study conducted by Elango et al., (2010)
revealed that hexane fractions of AP have
potent larvicidal, ovicidal and insect repellent
properties.
Anticancerous property
Zhou et al., (2006) reported that
andrographolide induced cell death which is
proapoptotic via Bcl2. Andrographolide
induced DNA fragmentation and enhanced
percentage of apoptotic cells has been reported
by Harjotaruno et al., (2007), in TD-47 human
breast cancer cell line by increasing expression
of p53, Bax and caspase 3 in a concentration
dependent manner and also lowering the
expression of Bcl2. Satyanarayana et al.,
(2004) reported cell cycle inhibition in MCF-7
cells which are human breast cancer cell line by
decreasing the expression of p27 and also
cyclin dependent kinase. Zhou et al., (2010)
demonstrated that Andrographolide is able to
significantly suppress both constitutively
activated and IL-6-induced STAT3
phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear
translocation in cancer cells. Such inhibition is
found to be achieved through suppression of
Janus activated kinase (JAK)1/2 and interaction
between STAT3 and gp130. They also
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
investigated the effect of andrographolide on
doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in human
cancer cells. Their observation revealed that
andrographolide could be a potential candidate
for treatment of cancer with combination with
other chemotherapeutic agents.
Adverse health effects
It has been reported that high doses of AP
extract causes gastric discomfort, vomiting,
head reeling and anaphylactic effects. When
being administered with anticoagulants, there
may be increased risk of bruising and bleeding
since Andrographis itself inhibits the platelet
aggregation and prevents blood clots
(Calabrese et al., 2000).
CONCLUSION
Kalmegh was used in Indian systems of
medicines for centuries. Literature survey
showed that extensive works has already been
done worldwide with regard to its efficacy
against various types of ailments. However it
would be prudent to investigate its constituents
singly and in combination against various other
diseased states, how they modulate
pathological changes and which form is more
potent or effective in treating disease. AP
showed consistent hepatoprotective effects in
animal models against various types of induced
hepatotoxicity however inconsistency was
found against bacterial investigations. This
might be due to collection of plant materials at
different time intervals, place of collection,
seasonal variation, different extraction
procedures, and its storage which might affect
its active compounds both quantitatively and
qualitatively. Antihyperglycemic activity of AP
extracts (both water and alcohol) was found to
be even better than commonly available
antidiabetic drugs in animal models. Further, it
shows a profound impact on blood pressure
thereby making it a good candidate for
understanding of its constituents on blood
pressure and its regulation. Effect of AP
extracts on reproductive system has been
carried out in animal model by some
investigators however till date its efficacy on
human reproductive system or on nervous
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 5 | May 2014 | 206–214
system has not been carried out, so focus can
be generated on these aspects for better drug
development. The information summarizes here
concerning Andrographis paniculata is
intended to serve as a reference and update
researchers with adequate information involved
in ethno-pharmacological research.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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