Women’s Condition in Buddhism : (Role and Position)

Preface :
Buddhism, one of the world's major religions, has a rich history and philosophy that
encompasses the roles and positions of women within its framework. Buddhism, has a rich
history of inclusivity when it comes to women's participation in spiritual life. While Buddhism is
often regarded as a path to enlightenment and spiritual growth that transcends gender, the
historical and cultural context has shaped the experiences of women in Buddhist communities
differently across various regions and time periods.
The positions and roles of women have evolved and continue to reflect both the core
teachings of Buddhism and the cultural contexts in which it is practiced. Today, women in
Buddha Dhamma continue to play vital roles, reflecting both the enduring teachings of the
Buddha and the changing dynamics of contemporary society.
In this article, we will explore the diverse roles and positions of women in Buddhism and
how these have evolved within different Buddhist cultures.
Historical Perspective :
The early days of Buddhism, during the time of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), who
laid the foundation for a more inclusive approach towards women compared to the prevailing
social norms of the time. The Buddha welcomed women into the monastic Sangha, or
community of monks as Bhikkuhnies, thus granting them a significant spiritual role.
Buddhism preaches the fundamental equality of all sentient beings, irrespective of
gender, caste, or social status. This principle laid the foundation for an more inclusive approach
to spirituality that welcomed women into its fold as equals. This inclusive philosophy of
Buddhism has empowered women to actively engage in Buddhist practice, both as lay
practitioners and within the female monks Sangha (Bhikkhuni Sangha).
1. The Bhikkhuni Sangha
The establishment of the Bhikkhuni Sangha was a significant milestone in the history
of Buddhism and a crucial, groundbreaking development in Buddha Dhamma. It granted
women the opportunity to renounce worldly attachments, engage in monastic life, and follow
the path to enlightenment on equal terms with men. Bhikkhunis, like their male counterparts,
undertook the same monastic practices, precepts, meditation, and the study of Buddhist
scriptures, making them equal partners in the pursuit of spiritual liberation and achieve
spiritual enlightenment.
However, the history of Bhikkhunis in Buddhism has been marked by challenges and
periods of decline. In some Buddhist cultures, the Bhikkhuni Sangha faced opposition, and its
existence was threatened. Nevertheless, resilient women persisted in preserving this
important institution, and in recent decades, efforts have been made to revive and reestablish
the Bhikkhuni Sangha in various parts of the Buddhist world and various Buddhist traditions.
This revival has been a significant step towards gender equality within Buddhism.
Today, Bhikkhunis are found in various Buddhist countries, where they pursue
rigorous training in meditation and Buddhist teachings. They offer spiritual guidance and
serve as inspirational figures for women and men alike.
Prominent Bhikkhunis in Buddhist History :
Throughout Buddhist history, women have emerged as influential figures. India
witnessed the rise of remarkable Bhikkhunis who played pivotal roles in spreading Buddhist
teachings.
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 Notable examples include Mahaprajapati Goutami, the Buddha's stepmother, who
played a pivotal role in requesting and establishing the Bhikkhuni Sangha.
Sanghamitta Theri, daughter of Emperor Ashoka, is celebrated for bringing a sapling
of the Bodhi tree from India to Sri Lanka, thus contributing to the growth of Buddhism in that
region.
Another notable Bhikkhuni, Khema, was renowned for her wisdom and is one of the
chief female disciples of Buddha.
2. Laywomen and Household Practice
While monastic life represents one path to spiritual growth in Buddha Dhamma, many
women have chosen to remain as lay practitioners while leading virtuous lives within their
communities.
Buddhism recognizes the significance of laywomen who support the Sangha through
various means. Laywomen often play essential roles in supporting Buddhist monasteries,
offering alms, and participating in rituals and ceremonies, assisting in the upkeep of monastic
establishments. Their devotion for Dhamma and contributions are highly regarded within the
Buddhist community.
In some Buddhist cultures, laywomen have played pivotal roles as patrons of the arts,
education, and social welfare. These women have made substantial contributions to the
preservation and dissemination of Buddhist teachings and culture.
3. Spiritual Leadership
Women have also assumed leadership roles in Buddhism, both as lay practitioners
and within the monastic Sangha. Throughout history, there have been female teachers,
scholars, and meditation masters who have guided others on their spiritual journeys. Their
wisdom and teachings have been instrumental in inspiring and guiding Buddhist
communities.
Contemporary Perspectives :
Buddhism continues to impact the lives of women positively. The condition, roles and
positions of women in Buddha Dhamma vary in contemporary times, reflecting the diversity of
Buddhist communities worldwide. Here are some contemporary perspectives on women's
positions in Buddhism:
Buddhist Cultures and Women's conditions :
The roles and positions of women in Buddhism have evolved differently in various
Buddhist cultures. Here are a few examples of how women's positions in Buddhism have been
influenced by cultural contexts:
1. Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism has a strong tradition of Bhikkhuni Sangha. In countries like
India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar, female monastics have preserved their presence
and continue to contribute to the Buddhist community. However, the recognition and
acceptance of Bhikkhunis can still be a contentious issue in some Theravada Buddhist
societies.
2. Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism has diverse attitudes towards the role of women. While women
have played significant roles as lay practitioners, there have been variations in the
acceptance and practice of female monastics across different regions.

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 In Mahayana Buddhism, the Bodhisattva ideal is central, emphasizing compassion and
the aspiration to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. This inclusive
approach has provided opportunities for women to engage actively in spiritual practice.
3. Tibetan Buddhism (Tantric)
Tibetan Buddhism presents another perspective on women's roles. Historically, female
practitioners known as yoginis and female lineage holders have been revered for their
spiritual attainments.
Tibetan Buddhism's unique Tantric practices have also been open to women, allowing
them to engage in advanced meditation and ritual practices.
However, like other Buddhist cultures, the Tibetan Buddhism has faced challenges in
addressing gender equality issues, particularly within monastic institutions.
Challenges and Progress :
Despite the inclusive principles laid out by the Buddha, Buddhism has not always lived up
to its egalitarian ideals. Over time, cultural and societal norms have influenced the treatment of
women within Buddhist communities.
Gender Equality
The question of gender equality remains a significant topic of discussion within Buddha
Dhamma. Some Buddhist communities have been progressive in promoting equal opportunities
for women in religious practice, while others continue to grapple with traditional gender roles
and expectations. Challenges to gender equality in Buddhism include issues related to:
1. Ordination and Recognition:
The recognition of Bhikkhunis remains a contentious issue in many Buddhist cultures.
Some Buddhist communities are reluctant to fully accept female monastics, leading to
debates and divisions within these communities.
2. Leadership and Decision-Making:
In some Buddhist institutions, women continue to be underrepresented in
leadership and decision-making roles. This lack of representation can hinder efforts to
address gender-related issues and promote greater equality.
3. Cultural Barriers:
Cultural norms and traditions can sometimes reinforce gender roles and
inequalities within Buddhist communities. Challenging these deeply ingrained cultural
beliefs can be a complex and ongoing process.
Progress and Changes :
Despite these challenges, there have been significant strides toward addressing gender
equality within Buddhism. Many Buddhist women and men are working tirelessly to promote
inclusivity and create spaces for women to participate fully in the spiritual life.
Nevertheless, the spirit of Buddha Dhamma's inclusivity and the determination of women
practitioners continue to drive positive change. Advocacy for women's rights and gender
equality within Buddhism is gaining momentum, and many are hopeful that the path to equality
will continue to evolve.
Efforts include:
1. Reviving the Bhikkhuni Sangha:
While significant progress has been made, challenges persist in achieving full
gender equality within Buddha Dhamma. Some Buddhist traditions and communities
continue to grapple with traditional gender roles and resistance to change. The
recognition and acceptance of Bhikkhunis, in particular, can be a contentious issue in
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 some regions. In Theravada Buddhist countries, there are ongoing efforts to revive the
Bhikkhuni Sangha, with more women ordaining as Bhikkhunis and receiving recognition
within their respective traditions. In some Buddhist countries, there has been a
resurgence in the ordination of Bhikkhunis. Efforts to re-establish and recognize the
Bhikkhuni Sangha have gained momentum, addressing historical gaps and working
towards gender equity within Buddhism.

2. Education and Awareness:

Buddhism emphasized education as a means to attain enlightenment, and this
emphasis was extended to women. Ancient Buddhist monasteries served as centers of
learning, where both monks and Bhikkhuni received education. This educational
empowerment of women was groundbreaking in a society where female literacy was
rare.
Many Buddhist organizations and institutions have taken steps to promote the
education and leadership of women within the tradition. Women are increasingly
assuming roles as teachers, scholars, and leaders, contributing to the preservation and
propagation of Buddhist teachings.
Buddhist organizations and institutions are increasingly promoting gender
awareness and education to address gender-based discrimination and promote equality.

3. Female Leadership:
More women are assuming leadership roles within Buddhist communities, leading
to greater representation and a stronger voice in decision-making processes. Women
have taken on leadership roles in various capacities within Buddhist communities. They
serve as meditation instructors, Dhamma teachers, and community organizers. These
leadership positions enable them to guide others on their spiritual journeys and contribute
to the growth of Buddhist communities worldwide.
Many Buddhist organizations and institutions have taken steps to promote the
education and leadership of women within the tradition. Women are increasingly
assuming roles as teachers, scholars, and leaders, contributing to the preservation and
propagation of Buddhist teachings.

4. Social Engagement and Compassion:

One of the core teachings of Buddha Dhamma is the cultivation of compassion
and the alleviation of suffering. Contemporary Buddhist women are actively involved in
addressing social issues and engaging in charitable and humanitarian work. Their
compassionate efforts align with the teachings of Buddhism, emphasizing the alleviation
of suffering and the cultivation of kindness and compassion.
In today's world, many Buddhist women are actively engaged in charitable and
humanitarian work. Their efforts extend beyond the temple walls, reflecting their
commitment to making a positive impact on society.

5. Buddhist Women's Organizations:

Challenges persist and gender disparities still exist in many aspects of society,
including within some Buddhist communities. It is crucial to address these issues and
work towards the complete realization of gender equality, in line with the teachings of
Buddhism.

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 In many countries, Buddhist women have formed organizations to promote gender
equality and support women's participation in Buddha Dhamma. These organizations
provide a platform for women to share their experiences, receive education and training,
and advocate for gender equality within Buddhist institutions.

Today's women in Buddha Dhamma:

Today's women in Buddha Dhamma are breaking barriers and making significant
contributions to the practice and preservation of this ancient tradition. Their empowerment
through practice, education, leadership, and social engagement demonstrates the enduring
relevance of Buddha Dhamma in the modern world. The roles and positions of women in
Buddha Dhamma today reflect a dynamic interplay of tradition, culture, and the timeless wisdom
of the Buddha's teachings.
Buddha Dhamma continues to inspire both women and men to seek enlightenment,
cultivate compassion, and contribute to the well-being of society. As the tradition continues to
adapt to the modern world, the hope is that it will increasingly reflect the principles of equality,
compassion, and spiritual growth for all.
Conclusion :
Since the time of the Buddha, women's positions in Buddha Dhamma have evolved
significantly. Buddha’s visionary decision to establish the Bhikkhuni Sangha was a profound
step towards gender equality in spiritual practice. The legacy of Bhikkhunis like Mahaprajapati
Gotami, Khema and Sanghamitta Theri continues to inspire women in their pursuit of spiritual
awakening.
The conditions of women in Buddhism and Buddhist cultures are diverse and have
evolved over time. Buddhism continues to impact the lives of women positively, while challenges
remain and disparities still persist in many aspects of some Buddhist communities, progress is
being made towards greater gender inclusivity. Buddhism remains a beacon of hope and
empowerment for women around the world, offering a path towards inner peace and
enlightenment irrespective of gender.
Women's contributions to Buddhism, whether as monastics, scholars, lay practitioners, or
leaders, are invaluable and continue to shape the face of Buddhism around the world. As
Buddhism continues to adapt to changing times, the path towards greater gender equality
remains a journey of exploration, transformation, and hope.

Article by :
Er. Shrikant H. Nandgaoli,
(MCA, MBA, MA(Dr.AT), MA(BS), PGDMM, PGDCA, PGDIM)

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