Reading for Primary 1 [ | ba Time Trusted Quality a Edition icaPHYSICAL ACTIVITY anb YOUR BODY Your body is made up of many moving parts. @ some wayg)it’s just like a machine, an amazing machine. Your heart, lungs, bones, and muscles work as a team helping you to have fun)every day. To keep your bodyuned vp) ‘you've got to move. Would you Let’s check out the heart! like to know how? Its a very important organ. It beats and pumps all day, every day, to keep you alive. I's a very special muscle. It pumps blood through your body and moves air ~ or oxygen ~ from your (ungs to the rest of your body. The blood carries oxygen and food everywhere. Oxygen is the body’s fuel. To keep your heart in good working order] you have to play shun’ siceh korieg hard to make your heart beat fast and Try this out you have to eat right to give your Put your hand over your heart and.see body the fuel it needs. if you can feel it beat. Now jump up and down or hop around the room for a few minutes. Check your heartbeat now. It should be | easier to feel because you have just putitto work and it is working harder. Do you remember what the heart pumps. all around the body? |. If you said blood, you were right. If you said blood and oxygen, then you # are amazing!Quiz Check off)" all the activities you think would make your heart beat faster: @running O skating @ jumping O playing with the computer @ walking fast @ dancing © playing video games O watching TV O working on the computer If you checked running, skating, jumping, walking fast, and dancing, you are correct! These activities make your heart beat faster and it is healthy to be active every day. Did you Know? Your heart beats a year! How often does your heart usvally beat in a ~ minute when you are not being active? If you said between 75 and 110 beats a minute - good for you! Bravo!A What do you know about muscles? / Muscles help you to move and be active. You have lots of muscles all over your body ~ in your arms, in your legs, in your neck, in your back, in your (ummy...and many more places. Muscles need lots of oxygen to grow and be strong. WOW! That means your 3 muscles need help from the heart and lungs as well. Do you remember how the muscles get oxygen? if you said, “through the lungs,” well done! if you said, “through the blood. with the help of the heart and lungs,” you are amazing! Your muscles help you to move. They are attached to the bones and they help you move in different directions. They help you to throw and catch. They help you to run and bend. The more active you are, the stronger your muscles become. nr ad C .Why is blood red? Blood is red because half of it is made from red blood cells, which contain iron - an element with a red-brown colour. The rest is mainly made from water and other types of cell, such as broken-up cells called platelets. The cells in blood float along called plasma. in a liquid Killing machines White blood cells destroy germs by swallowing them Up, or by squirting killer chemicals at them. Why do veins look blue? yt Veins cary blood back tothe heart This blood carnes less oxygen gos, which mates it darkred colour fered blood flows inside light-coloure which are covered by a layer “This makes veins look bive Plasma.:* Blood cells float in plasma. Plasma contains proteins, sugars, salts, hormones, vitamins, and minerals mixed into lots of water,Repair team Platelets are broken up cells that stick together when you get a wound. They make a scab and repair the damage. . Gas transporters Red blood cells carry ‘oxygen gas to wherever itis needed in the body. They drop oxygen off and then carry away a waste gas called carbon dioxide. Haemoglobin Red blood cells get their colour from a protein called haemoglobin. This contains an element called iron, which is a red-brown colour. Haemoglobin grabs and holds onto ‘oxygen. The blood cells then carry this oxygen around the body. qiue orfalse?- 1. Veins carry blood away from the heart. 2. Iron makes blood red, 3. Red blood cells fight off germs. ‘See pages 132-133 forthe answersWhat are bones made of? Bones give your body strength and structure. They are organs with a blood supply, nerves, and several layers of tissue. The outer shell is solid, but inside there is a jelly-like substance called bone marrow. Here is a thigh bone, or femur. — Compact bone It’s the largest bone in your body. The outer layer of bone is hard and heavy. It is made up of tightly packed tubes of strong «bone tissue called osteons. . Strong vg And light Human bones are six times lighter than steel, but they are just as strong Periosteum.” Bones are covered in a smooth coating called the periosteum. This protects the bone and helps connect it to dit the muscles around it. Steel beamsHow many bones are in the body? a Renbletave acintogetharjand This is a enas the baby OHA one of the 4 * separ jones, which fuse bones in together overtime. By the sge a baby’s of about 16, an adult human has just 206 bones Bone marrow Spongy bone There are two types A light, but strong layer of bone marrow. Red of spongy bone sits under marrow makes blood the compact bone. It is cells, while yellow filled with bone marrow, marrow stores fat, and the holes hold blood which gives you energy... vessels and nerves... Quick quiz. 1. What does yellow bone marrow store? 2. What makes bones so strong? 3. What are babies’ skeletons mostly made of? See pages 132-133 forthe anawers Head The head of the femur is round so it fits in the socket of the hip bone, to make the hip joint. The head has both sponay bone and compact bone. » Honeycomb structure ‘Spongy bone has a pattern like honeycomb. Tiny bars of hard bone cross over each other with spaces in between. The spaces keep bones light, while the bars make them strong. =Cushioning fluid The’brain floats in one type of fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It keeps the brain afloat and helps cushion it if you bang your head, It also supplies the brain with nutrients. Membranes - These three sheet-like layers of tissue surround and protect your brain. Together, they are called the meninges. Food and water Moving fluid ‘A healthy diet supplies your brain with Toe eeeenccnesege® rere eee iibeiios te tielet CSF flows around your brain. $rrounds the brain This fiddlers It follows the arrows on this tnavers and takes away wale diagram asit moves around your brain and spinal cord. What's between my brain and skull? Clear fluid flows around between your brain and your skull, and there are three flat layers of tissue, called meninges. One layer wraps around your brain, your skull is lined with another layer, and the third layer floats between the two.,.Blood vessels These supply blood to the brain. They are different to the blood vessels in the rest of your body as they do not allow viruses or germs to enter the brain. These are filtered out {rom the blood by cells in the ventricles. «Spinal cord "Your spinal cord is also cushioned by CSF It flows down the back of your spinal cord and then back up the front to reach the brain again. ++, Making fluid Cavities in the brain called ventricles are lined with cells that make CSF. It flows around and inside the brain and down the spinal cord, CSF has white blood cells, sugar, and proteins in it to help the brain to work Skull Your skull helps to protect your brain, Itis mada of several bones, and encases your brain and other organs in your head, such as your eyes. Py, 1. How many membrane layers are there between your brain and skull? 2. What does the fluid around your brain do? 3. Apart from your brain, where would you find CSF? See pages 132-133 forthe answersPlant respiration Like every living thing, a plant needs energy to live. Plants get it by breaking down sugar during respiration when they take in oxygen. Plants also make their own food through photosynthesis. Stomata Tiny holes, called stomata, are on a plant's leaves, stem, roots, and flowers. When open, the stomata let gas flow in and out during both respiration and photosynthesis. Open Photosynthesis ., Plants use sunlight to make sugar from carbon dioxide in the air. They can only do this in the daytime, when the Sun is out. Plants need water from the ground, too. Photosynthesis releases ‘oxygen from the plant, which you need to breathe. Why do | need plants to breathe? When you breathe, you take in a gas called oxygen and release a gas called carbon dioxide. Plants produce the oxygen you breathe in a process called photosynthesis. Plants and animals use oxygen to generate energy during a process called respiration.Human respiration Respiration in humans is very similar to respiration in plants. However, humans take in oxygen with their lungs and can't make sugar from sunlight Instead, sugar comes from the food we eat. We mix oxygen with sugar to release energy to power the body. Trachea, or windpipe Nose and mouth. ‘You take air in and out through two holes — your nose and mouth. Lungs. You breathe in and out by inflating and deflating your lungs. Air travels down your trachea and into your lungs, where it ends up in air sacs called alveoli When you breathe in, oxygen fills the alveoli in your lungs. The blood takes this oxygen and sends it around your body. Carbon dioxide is passed into the blood and back to the alveoli, to be released when you breathe out. Alveoli 1. Plants take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. dioxide ' moves from 2. Alveoli are located in the blood the small intestine f et 3. Humans breathe in order to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood. See pages 132-133 or the answersBaf & "Why Soesn'l it «hurt when | cut my nails? The ends of your nails are made © ~ of old dead cells, which have no "nerves or blood vessels connected | = to them. This means you can't feel pain when you cut them. Nail cells =-grow from your skin and, just like skin, they are made froma tough, | awaterproof protein called keratin.Free edge of nail Body of nail Nail bed Matix Parts of a nail Nails have a root, body, and free edge. Behind the root is an area called the nail matrix, from which new living cells grow. The old cells are pushed forwards over the nail bed, which is made of skin. As the nail grows, the old cells flatten and die. Keratin Nails are made of flattened, dead cells filled with keratin. As the nail grows, the cells form thin plates that lock together in overlapping layers. This makes nails hard and strong. Keratin cells ‘Where else do we find keratin? Hair Like ails, air grows from the skin. Living calls in tre hair fle, of roo, ae filed vith keratin and push the hair upward ‘As the hair grows, the cells de 35 more re cll are made in the root skin ‘Skin cls stick together in layers. At the top ea layer of flattened, dead calls filled with keratin. These cells are shook vahen skin flakes off and new cells are Continually mado underneath 1. What are your nails made from? 2. What part of the nail is behind the nail root? 3. Do your fingernails grow faster in summer or winter?How do | breathe? When you breathe in, the muscles in your diaphragm and ribs contract. This makes. the space in your lungs bigger, $0 air rushes in. The muscles relax as you breathe-out, Brain stem..eesereeeseeees Breathing is controlled i by the brain stem. It monitors the level of the waste gas carbon dioxide in the blood. When it is too high, the brain sends messages to the body telling you to breathe harder. pushing air out of the lungs iy § = —~ = a Ribs Nasal cavity. Ss SS This space bel he nose == i cleans the air you breathe j in before it passes down P the windpipe. 4 Diaphragm ® “ff | Mi sat Inhalation Exhalation Why don’t! ever forget to breathe? Breathing happens automatically, even when you're asleep. You don't need to think about it because your brain controls it. However, you can take over from your brain and choose to slow your breathing down, or blow at certain times and with varying force, such as to play an instrument.2s those in the int work automaticaly | | ,.Trachea Ribcage \ The windpipe, or trachea, carries The brain sends a % ‘ ! air to your lungs. It splits into message to the muscles two tubes, one going in the ribcage to move to each lung, faster when you need more oxygen in the body and less carbon dioxide. Diaphragm The diaphragm is a muscle that helps you breathe. When you inhale, the diaphragm becomes flat and when you exhale, it ees becomes a dome shape. 1. Why do you breathe out after holding your breath? 2. What happens to your diaphragm when you breathe out? 3. Can you choose when to make your heart beat? ‘See pages 132-133 for the answers 18In the evening - During the day, gravity slowly pulls your body down from your head to your toes This squashes your spine, By the end of the day, you are up to 2 em (0.8 in) shorter than when you woke up! Vertebrae in spine ~~ When you stand up » Th Vertebra straight, the vertebrae in your spine are stacked vertically on top of each other. As gravity pulls on your body, the flexible cartilage ig in the discs between 7 nach vertebra gets squashed down. mie makes you shine \ throughout the day. Am | ae in the morning? Yes! Throughout the day, a force called gravity pulls your body downwards as you walk, sit, or stand. This makes you shorter as your spine gets squashed. When you go to sleep at night, your spine stretches out because you lie flat on your back. By the morning, you are a little bit taller again. ee ee130 cm — 120. cm 110. cm 100 cm 90cm 80cm 70cm 60cm 50cm 40cm 30cm 20cm 10cm Ocm ? In the morning . You wake up taller after sleeping because your 1. People get taller in space. muscles relax and your spine extends 2. You shrink overnight Out to its normal length. Gravity keeps you on the 3. Your spine bends when bed when sleeping, but you get older. it doesn't shorten your spine because you See pages 12-128 for the ansmers are lying flat ‘Ae you get olde, the bones get amaller and our dice that the cartlage takes up size. Wen you shirk, your spine bends, wich can make you look hunches cover when you siznd up What is gravity? Gravity is a pulling force. When you use your muscles and joints to jump, gravity pulls you back down so you do not float away!% 1. Eating When you chew, ae your food is mixed Stomach muscles. ¥ with saliva and cut squash and up small enough Yourtongue squeeze food to be swallowed, moves balls i ps foe Sphincter muscle towards your thi opens to allow Ro be | food through swallowed... Gastric juice squirted into stomach to break food down 2. Swallowing 3. Digesting Balls of food mixed’... ¢ 4. | Food enters your stomach, with saliva are pushed where itis broken down and down a tube called mixed with a liquid called the oesophagus, gastric juice. It then’ which carries the \ et food to your stomach your small intestine. Hy What happens to the food | eat? © Your food goes on a two-day journey from your mouth to your bottom. This process is called digestion. Food is pushed along your digestive tract, where it is squashed and broken down with the help of chemicals, called enzymes. The nutrients and water from the food are absorbed into your blood and waste is pushed out of your body.4. Absorbing Partly digested food is squeezed along ‘the small intestine and enzymes break it down into simple nutrients. These are absorbed into your blood. Appendix The appendix an store good bacteria Sand contains cells that hale ight agains infection 5. Leaving The leftover waste food travels into the large intestine. Muscles squeeze the waste into segments, pushing it along until it leaves your body as poo. liver This makes chemicals and enzymes that speed up digestion uses bile from the gallbladder to break down fats. It also cleans blood, ? 1. What does bile help the body to do? 2. How long does it take for food to go through your body? Seo pages 132-133 for the anewersMathematical EUREKA!!! mastermind Archimedes is most famous for a bright idea at y bath time, but he is also remembered asin for a lifetime of brilliant calculations and d inspiring inventions. a Royal request Archimedes was born in ancient Greece in about 288 ace. He soon developed a love of math and word spread of his genius. King Hiero II asked Archimedes to solve a very tricky problem—to figure ‘out if the royal crown was made % from a bar of pure gold, 6 or if the goldsmith had mixed in some silver.Bathing brilliance Archimedes couldnt solve it, until one day he thereon stepped into a bath and saw the water overflow. "2meq ay. Legend has it he jumped out of the bath shouting “"**imedeg, “Eureka!” (‘I've found it!”), He realized that if the crown was really made from a bar of pure gold, if he put it in water it would shift the exact same amount of water as a bar of gold, but it didn't! Lasting legacy Archimedes continued to dream up new ideas and inventions such as a type of catapult, and a pulley that is still used today. Archimedes catapult Although Archimedes was a math whiz, he also Archinedes: loved poetry, art, ule; ‘and music. parceSH i ltd ay ft a Bright spark... \, Flying a kite on a windy day can be a lot of fun. But this American electricity enthusiast risked his life flying a kite in thunder and lightning to prove his groundbreaking theories. Bookworm Born in 1706, Benjamin Franklin was the youngest son in a family of 17 children. He didn't receive much education, but loved books, and gained a wealth of knowledge from reading, especially in science.“OF all my inventions. the glass armonica has given me the greatest personal satistaction,” —Renjamin Franklin ' = Lighting rod Inventions and influence Franklin’s work with lightning i Perfect storm One stormy day in 1752, Franklin went outside resulted in him inventing the and flew a kite with a metal key attached to it lightning rod, which protects by string, Despite the pouring rain, deafening thunder, and lightning strikes, Franklin noticed sparks flying off the key. It was a dangerous f experiment, but it proved that lightning is a form of electricity, buildings agaitist lightning strikes But he was a man of many talents who dreamed up other innovations, including an instrument called the armonica, a metatlined stove, and bifocal glasses! Franklin appears on $100 f Bile ee hecie Franklin was also celebrated for @ series of groundbreaking firsts, ineluding helping found the first library in the US and establishing the first university in PennsylvaniaThe discovery of dynamit 1Lte This scienti cientist set the world alight with his explo: vention: n the end plosive inventions, but in t! ) peace became his lasting legacy exper: During the 18505 Swedish tee Alfred Nobel was 5 ‘ nd became 2, exp) very unstable, and Alfred wanted © them safer. In 467 he succeede by inventing dynamite. ager udying crerical erested very int losives were ‘o makePim YoRae Ca Se ou seha Dynamite replaced gunpowder as a safer explosive for mining, blasting tunnels, and building roads and railroads. Alfred became very rich, but there was a downside—dynamite eu sad A glimpse of the future Alfred was shocked one day, when he read about his own death in a newspaper! The article had been printed by mistake, but claimed dynamite = ae made him rich while making others suffer, and € ). called him “The Merchant of Death.” Alfred didn’t want to be remembered for this, and. Pioneer of peace When Alfred really died, he left his riches to help set up a yearly award for achievements in physics, chemistry, Geant uC ca an Ca ease In 1901 the Nobel Prize was launched. To this day, it remains among the most important awards in the world,An accidental seit stroke of. luck — Alexander Fleming Doctors and scientists work very hard to : j discover new and better ways to treat illnesses. But one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history was discovered completely by accident! oo Brainy..but messy. Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming studied bacteria and regularly collected petri dishes of germs taken from tears, saliva, and even snot. Fleming wasFantastic fungus In 1928, when Fleming came back from a two- week vacation, he noticed one of the dirty petri dishes hel left in the sink had grown fungus Not only that, the germs that had been in the dish had been killed! When Fleming studied the fungus, i he found it nade a 2 je @ special substance Dee eel Gane that was great at Killing gerne ae called the substance “penicillin.” = A lucky discovery Fleming had discovered the world's first antibiotic. Antibiotics are used to treat all kinds of illnesses of scientists, Howard © Florey, Ernst Chain, and pace ; Norman Heatley, continued saved millions of lives, and is one of history's Fleming's work by purifying that make people sick. Fleming's discovery has most important innovations, penicilin to make it sateThe inventor of instant noodle This Japanese genius helped feed the world with his quick-fix foodie favorite Cheap eats After World War I, money stant noodles was scarce and food shortages were voted Japan's best invention of were common. Japanese inventor ame ei? Momofuku Ando thought he might have a solution. After a lot of experimenting, he came up with a method of flash-frying noodles, which made them last a lot longer. Instant hit It wasn't long before these “instant” noodles were popular all over Japan. They were cheap to buy, tasty to eat, and easy to prepare (just add water! In 1971, a foam container was introduced and “cup noodles” became a worldwide phenomenon. s A factory worker holding a box of the first instant noodles you" D) Ando came up with the idea for the cup on a trip to the US. when he spotted customers putting noodles in cottee cups instead of bowlssf we Momofuku a \ Hero to the hungry tea indo Not only had Ando invented the ultimate convenience food, he had also helped feed the hungry. The Japanese and American governments were both grateful, and soon awards flooded in—including the 1977 Medal of Honor for his service to the people of Japan, Ando claimed his good health was due to eating cup noodles. He lived to be 96! The CupNoodles Museum in Osaka, Japan is dedicated to Ando and his creations. a LO)Measuring the Earth Have you ever wondered how big the Earth is? Or how you might find out? Over 2,000 years ago, a very smart mathematician decided to do just that. 3 Reflecting rays '| One day in Syene, Egypt, the Greek mathematician Eratosthenes noticed that when he looked down rays reflected "off the water and bounced straight back out. He realized this meant the sun was directly above him, but he } ‘also realized it only happened once a year, fon the summer solstice (the longest day of the year)Curious angles oe ‘One year later, on the summer solstice in Alexandria, 500 miles (800 km) from Syene, Eratosthenes observed that the sun’s rays didn’t fall directly down—they fell ata slight angle He used the height of a pillar and the length of its shadow to figure out that the angle was 7.2° Tricky calculations | Earth is a circle, and circles are made up of 360°. Eratosthenes figured out that 7.2 goes into 360 50 times. So he multiplied 50 by the ~ ~~ distance between Syene and Alexandria, which is 500 | — ; miles (800km) and got 25,000. TLET ty We now know the distance around Earth is about 24,901 miles (40,075km) . Eratosthenes was very close! Ae syene Eratosthenes was the first person to accurately estimate the size of Earth What's even more amazing is that at the time many people believed the world was flat! Center of Sy3 ae 4 a The epic explorer f Bitten by the travel bug at a young age, this “aor j spent 30 years exploring before writing i i: c § : vel books. ‘ adventures in one of the world’s first tra j wk eee AOE TE ener ne Holy pilgrimage In 1325, Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta turned 21 and set off on a religious pilgrimage to Mecca, in what is now Saudi Arabia. His trip was challenging, and he faced struggles with thieves and illness. He kept on going, however, and 16 months later he finally reached Mecca Today, millions of Muslins A pee betwee make a religious pilgrinage SS Hecea each year ree ferroFar and wide ~~ 1 fer to Mecca sparked Battuta’s sense of adventure, we and he couldn't wait to see more of the world! For years, " o® . visited different places, including Timbuktu, Afghanistan, india, and China. His goal was to never travel the same road twice—unless it was back to Mecca ~ Europe ~ r y © . Asi ' Fat a eS » #6 afghanistan P é erat iy PY t oat : a Africa 9 "mecca 7 eidiay * yi * rinbuktu ‘ : The return Battuta returned home in 1354 ¥ and wrote about his experiences , in a book called Rihla, which means “The Journey” in Arabic. The ; stories sounded so far-fetched that g many readers didn’t believe them! 1 likely traveled farther Rihla, however, remains an important than any explorer on Earth, book that tells the story of one of history's most amazing explorers.The lost city The location of the lost city of Petra remained a mystery to much of the world for more than 1,000 years, until it was finally rediscovered. City of stone Petras an ancient city sculpted from stone. Tt was the capital city of the Nabataean Kingdom, built in what is now Jordan in about 300 ace. Petra thrived for centuries ‘The stunning backdrop of pink sandstone cliffs earned Petra the nickname “The Rose City.” as a trading center, but after being badly damaged by earthquakes, the city was abandoned in 663cé. ‘he Nabataeans were skilled craftspeople and architects - ; : who built exquisite hones 7 ss and beautiful gardensInto the rock Petra is made of beautiful buildings carved into steep cliffs. The word Petra comes from the Greek word for rock, The ancient site is full of tombs, temples, houses, and historic monuments Found again In 1812, Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt became the first outsider to rediscover the secret city Petra is surrounded by mountains, and can only be reached via a small canyon, called Al Sig, which is why it remained hidden {for so long. The vast majority of Petra is still underground and untouched Al Sig