2

SYSTEMS

AIRFORM

SPECIAL GRAMMAR BOOK FOR STUDENTS

1/1/1900 teacher’s edition

Page 1 of 21
 Contents
Past Perfect tense, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect tense ----------------------- 3

Future Perfect Continuous, Passive Voice ------------------------------------------------------ 4

Modal verbs, May, Might, Must --------------------------------------------------------------------6

Need ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

Would like, Should, Ought to, Had better -------------------------------------------------------8

Possessive form ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10

Compound and Pronouns ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11

Verb, there to be ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

Finitive and non-finitive verbs-------------------------------------------------------------------14

Present continuous and Present simple --------------------------------------------------------15

Past simple and Past continuous ----------------------------------------------------------------16

Articles -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

Numbers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

Adjective and Adverb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

Present perfect simple -----------------------------------------------------------------------------20

Present Perfect continuous -----------------------------------------------------------------------21

THAT’S ALL FOR PRIMARY II

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 The first one is Past Perfect tense
Structure
P: S + had + V3/ed + C + M
N: S + had not + V3/ed + C + M /
hadn’t
I: Had + S + V3/ed + C + M
N-I: Had + S +not + V3/ed + C + M
Hadn’t + S + V3/ed + C + M
(kimdir nimadir qildi)
Let’s examples: We had finished our
lesson by 2 p.m yesterday.
Biz kecha 2gacha darsimizni tugatgan
edik.
⚠️Past Perfect tense o’tgan zamonda
ma’lum bir vaqtgacha tugab bo’lgan ish
harakatlarni ifodalaydi.
e.g: I had cleaned my room before
my mum came, as soon as I had
bought a new phone I sold my old one,
I had already had lunch when my
friend called me to have lunch together.
when + past simple, + past simple
Action happen in sequence
e.g: when I entered the room, the cat
moved out (tezda chiqib keti)
when I had entered the room, the cat
moved out (oz muddatdan
so’ng)
when I entered the room, the cat had
moved out (u chiqib ketib
bo’lgan ekan)
when + past perfect + past simple
The thief had escaped by the time the
police arrived.
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as soon as he had borrowed a lot of
money he left for abroad.
⚠️Ish harakatni vaqti aniq bo’lsa past
perfect ishlatilmaydi.
e.g: I had finished school in 2018.
They had failed from the exam in
December 2023.
BUT: before 2017, (no exact time) We’d
lived in Dubai
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Structure
P: S + had + been + Ving + C + M
N: S + had not + been + Ving + C + M
I: Had + S + been + Ving + C + M
N-I: Had + S + not + Ving + C + M
hadn’t + S + been + Ving + C + M
e.g: She had been sleeping when her
exam started; Uning imtihoni
boshlanganida u uxlayotgan edi.
⚠️
Past perfect continuous o’tgan
zamonda ma’lum bir vaqtgacha davom
etgan ish harakatlarni ifodalaydi.
e.g: When Mark arrived at Dombit
everyone had been solving the quiz.
My friend had been thinking about my
laptop when HP service came
had been thinking came
now
My friend was thinking about my laptop
when HP service came. (the same time)

thinking came
Lola had been studying in America for 3
years by 2023,
We had been playing tennis till 3 p.m
Yesterday
I had read Science before I started
Blueprint.
I had been reading Science before my
head started to ache.
it was now 6 and he was tired because
he had been working since dawn,
it was now 6 and he was tired because
he had worked since dawn.
soat 6 edi va u charchagan edi chunki
u ertalabgacha ishlab chiqayotgan edi.
soat 6 edi va u charchagan edi chunki
u ertalabgacha ishlagan edi.
⚠️by = noun;
by the time = sentence
• Agar ish harakatning davomiyligi
nazarda tutisa biz past perfect
continuous ishlatamiz.
e.g: When we left Tashkent, my
mother had been working in a bank for
2 years.
• Agarda ish harakatning
tugallanganligiga urg’u berilsa past
perfect simple ishlatamiz.
e.g: When we left Tashkent, my
mother had worked in a bank for 2
years
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Structure
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P: S + will + have + V3/ed + C + M
N: S + will not + have + V3/ed + C + M
I: Will + S + have + V3/ed + C + M
N-I: Will + S + not have + V3/ed + C +
M
Won’t + S + have + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilib bo’lingan bo’ladi)
e.g: by 5:20 pm, We will have
finished our lesson.
I will have done my tasks till 5 p.m.
by the end of November, students won’t
have finished science.
⚠️Future Perfect tense kelasi zamonda
ma’lum bir vaqtgacha tugatilgan ish
harakatlarni ifodalaydi.
e.g: The train will have been at the
station at 9 a.m.
You will arrive at the station at 9:15
a.m.
Till you arrive at the station, the train
will have left.
now left arrive
Attention: Quyidagi misolda birinchi
yoki ikkinchi qismi present simpleda
bo’lishi kerak.
e.g: Lucy will have finished cooking
before the guests come.
A classmate of yours will have already
escaped from school by the time you
come.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Structure
P: S + will have been + Ving + C + M
N: S + will not have been + Ving + C
+M
I: Will + S + have been + Ving + C + M
N-I:Will + S + not have been + Ving +
C+M
Won’t + S + have been + Ving + C +
M
(nimadir qilinayotgan bo’ladi)
e.g: I will have been cleaning my
room by the time you come my room.
⚠️Future perfect continuous kelasi
zamonda ma’lum bir vaqtgacha davom
etadigan ish harakatni ifodalaydi.
e.g: in September, We will have been
studying here for 3 months. I will have
been doing housechores for 4 hours
when you come back home.
PASSIVE VOICE
⚠️Ish harakatni bajaruvchisi noma’lum
bo’lsa Passive voicedan foydalanamiz.
Ish harakarni bajaruvchisi ahamiyatsiz,
muhim bo’lmagan hollarda passive
voicedan foydalanamiz.
e.g: Tom cleaned the room,
The room was cleaned. (xona
tozalangan edi)
She informed me about your lie,
I was informed about your lie.
Ish harakatni bajaruvchisini ikki xil
usulda ko’rsatishimiz mumkin:
by + proper name; by +
objective pronoun
e.g: The police caught 25 criminals
yesterday;
25 criminals were caught by the police
yesterday.
ATTENTION: Gapni Passivega
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aylantirish uchun hech bo’lmaganda
bitta complement ishtirok etishi zarur.
e.g: I go to school;
the school is gone ❌
PRESENT SIMPLE IN PASSIVE VOICE
AC | S + tobe + V1 + C + M
(kimdir nimadir qiladi)
PV | Sc + tobe + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilinadi {kimdir tomonidan} )
e.g: We clean this room every day
The Room is cleaned (by us)
Do many children in your country like
ice-cream?
is ice-cream liked by many children in
your country?
NOTE: Subject complement o’rniga
o’tganda object pronoun bo’lib keladi.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS IN PASSIVE
AC | S + tobe + Ving + C + M
(kimdir nimanidir qilyapti)
PV | Sc + tobe+being + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilinyapti)
e.g: The police is questioning the
criminal right now.
The criminal is being questioned right
now.
PAST SIMPLE IN PASSIVE VOICE
AC | S + V2/ed + C + M
(kimdir nimanidir qildi)
PV | Sc + tobe + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilingan edi)
e.g: Children broke my uncle’s
window
my uncle’s window was broken.
(children)
PAST CONTINUOUS IN PASSIVE
AC | S + tobe + Ving + C + M
(kimdir nimanidir qilayotgan edi)
PV | Sc +tobe +being + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilinayotgan edi)
e.g: was she explaining the topic well?
was the topic being explained well?
FUTURE SIMPLE IN PASSIVE
AC | S + will + V + C + M
(kimdir nimanidir qiladi)
PV | Sc + will be + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilingan bo’ladi)
e.g: We will buy the most expensive
car in the future.
the most expensive car will be bought
in the future.
ATTENTION: Biz to bedan keyin
infinitivedan foydalanishimiz shart. (be)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS IN PASSIVE
AC | S + will be+ Ving + C + M
(kimdir nimadir qilayotgan bo’ladi)
PV | Sc + will be + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilanayotgan bo’ladi)
e.g: Ozoda will be giving a
presentation next lesson.
A presentation will be gave (by her) in
the next lesson.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN
PASSIVE
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AC | S + have/has+been+Ving + C + M
(kimdir nimadirni qildi)
PV | Sc + have/has+been + V3/ed + C
+M
(nimadir qilindi)
e.g: I have been explaining the
passive voice for nearly an hour.
the Passive voice has been explained for
nearly an hour.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE IN PASSIVE
AC | S + had + V3/ed + C + M
PV | Sc + had + been + V3/ed + C +M
e.g: Builders had built a new house
in Tashkent.
A new house had been built in
Tashkent.
Her sister had cleaned all the rooms
when I came.
All the rooms had been cleaned (by her
sister) when I came.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN
PASSIVE
AC | S + had + been + Ving + C + M
PV | Sc + had + been + V3/ed + C + M
e.g: She had been revising all the
grammar rules.
All the grammar rules had been revised.
Alex had been eating the meal before I
entered.
The meal had been eaten before I
entered.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE IN
PASSIVE
AC | S + will have + V3/ed + C + M
PV | Sc + will have + been + V3 + C +
M
e.g: I will have finished my lesson by
the time my friend comes.
my lesson will have been finished by
the time my friend comes.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
AC | S + will have + been + Ving + C +
M
PV | Sc + will have + been + V3/ed +
C+M
e.g: I will have been learning math by
the next month.
Math will have been learnt by the next
month.
⚠️if an action voice has a phrasel verb it
should be in the passive voice
e.g: Salim has been looking after the
children for 3 hours.
The children have been looked after for
3 hours.
I was looking for my keys at lunchtime.
My keys were being looked for at
lunchtime.
PRONOUN CHANGES
Biz gapning mazmuniga qarab to’g’ri
pronounni tanlashimiz zarur, aks holda
mazmuni o’zgarib ketishi mumkin.
e.g:
A:Tom lost his wallet at the bus station
last year.
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P: His wallet was lost by Tom at the bus
station last year. ❌
Tom’s wallet was lost by him at the
station last year. ✔️
A:Ann gave many books and pens to
her parents.
P:Many books and pens were given by
Ann to her parents. Anna’s parents
were given many books and pens by
her.
P: Abdurahmon was presented flowers
by her.
A: She presented flowers to
Abdurahmon.
A: Jorj had been using his father’s
typewriter for two hours when his
father told him not to touch.
P: Jorj’s father’s typewriter had been
used for two hours by him when his
father told him not to touch.
A: My friend has been repairing his
father’s car which broke down three
days ago for 3 hours.
P: My friend’s father’s car which broke
down three days ago has been repaired
by him for 3 hours.
Turn the following sentences into
passive voice.
1. Did Sloane win 3.7 million dollars in this
year’s US open tournament?
2.Although John never reads books, he has
gathered hundreds of them by famous
English writers for mant years.
3. It is scientifically proven that snakes and
scorpions use their poison to express their
feelings to the opposite gender.
4. At the moment, poor Tom is washing all
of his family’s clothes while his wife is
having a rest in the living room.
5. By the end of this century, man will have
destroyed the ecosystem and used all fresh
water supplies.
6. When I entered the room, the doctor was
sterilizing his needles with brandy from the
local bar.
7.Until when had Van Gogh painted more
than two hundred and thirty five works
which describe nature?
8. Why does the government of this country
forbid people to beg or busk after seven
o’clock?
9.My brother who is a fire-fighter became a
national hero because he rescued around
five hundred people in forest fires.
10. According to this statistics picpockets
steal more than twenty-five million
pursesor wallets every year.
11. Margaret and John have been watching
this American quiz show since their parents
left for work.
12. This year Hollowood is making a lot of
documentaries about famine and water
shortage in Africa countries.
13. Some sea animals give off a cloud of
dark liquid that keeps them from being
seen when they are in danger.
14. The constitution or our country
guarantees freedom or word, belief and
choice to all citizens of the county.(2)
15. Most doctors advice doing yoga
exercises and chewing gum, playing woth
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worry beads in order to relieve stress.
16. How long had Bollywood been looking
for some young actors, actresses and
producers until it found them?
17.Don’t most unsuccessful food
manufacturers pay attention to the color of
packaging and food?
18. NASA will have been observing its
artificial satellites for more than two
centuries by 2020.
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs
that are used to change the meaning of
the sentences and are used before the
main group. After modal verbs we
should use bare infinitive.
e.g: We will finish our tasks
tomorrow.
We should finish our tasks tomorrow.
We can finish our tasks tomorrow.
We may finish our tasks tomorrow.
⚠️can, could and be able to are used to
express someone’s ability to do
something
Can – cannot – can’t - present
Could – could not – couldn’t past
am,is,are – able to – present
was, were - able to - past
will – able to - future
e.g: We can ride a bicycle
She could run very fast in her
childhood.
They cannot remove their minuses.
He couldn’t cook well.
He was able to escape from the dog
when it chased him. (one time action) I could help you with
We will be able to speak in English if we English(suggestion)
finish all the grammar.
Can you bring me a chair?
could you bring me a chair? - more
polite
Could and was/were able to
When I was a child I could swim very can+ I + V? used to do permission can I
well. When the shark attacked me I was go home
able to swim to fast.
may+ I +V? used to permission (more

🎯Ikkala modal ham o’tgan zamondagi

polite

qobiliyat lekin tobe able to tashqi omil MAY, MIGHT POSSIBILITY

sabab bir martalik imkoniyatni (ehtimollik)

⚠️May and might are used the

ifodalaydi.

The driver was able to stop before they

possibility of the action. May is stronger
crushed into each other
than might.
e.g: I may be late for the lesson.
Can and Could

👉ability – I can speak four languages

(50%)
I might be late for the lesson. (30%)
70% u kelishi aniq
(present)
I could play a guitar when I was a

🔄️but might not stronger than may not

child (past)

👉possibility – smoking can cause canser
(present)
A lot of crime could be prevented (past)
she might not come today = I may (70%)
she may not come today = I might not
(50%)
kelish ehtimoli 70%

👉permission – can I use your pen MUST

(obligation)

⚠️Must is used to say that it is necessary

please? (present, informal)
could we go home now? (polite)

👉request – can you lend me the pen?

to do something. (biror kimning
fikricha)
(informal) e.g: you must go to the dentis’s,
could you lend me this book?(polite) otherwise your teeth will get worse.
all of you must come to remove your

👉offer – can you help me?

minuses.

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 do you think that +
is it likely that
tobe S likely full in+
⚠️have to is used to express generals
responsibility that some outhority or
situation makes at necessary to do
something.
e.g: We have to come to the lessons
at 8:30 at university.
MUST / HAVE TO → present
HAD TO → past
MUST / WILL HAVE TO → future
e.g: you had to work here 2 years
according to the contract.
He will have to give up smoking, if he
wonts to join this organization.
I must do my homework tonight
because I’m telling myself it is
important.
I have to do my homework tonight this
is why I can’t go to the party tonight.
DON’T HAVE TO →it is not necessary
to do something, it is optional
e.g: you don’t have to worry about
children (shart emas)
DIDN’T HAVE TO→it was not
necessary to do something but you did
it
e.g: their nephew didn’t have to carry
umbrella it doesn’t rain very often here
•Must /have to 👉innegative and
interrogative
•Must not (mustn’t) 👉prohibition
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Possibility(savoldagi
ehtimollik)
+
•Not have to 👉it is not necessary to do
something (not obligation)
e.g: You mustn’t use your pen.
You don’t have to use your phone.
Must we finish our task till tomorrow?
I must talk with the director. (I have sth
to discuss with him)
I have to talk with the director. (director
called me)
☢️You mustn’t smoke here(qat’iy)
you do not have to smoke (maslik
kerak)
Gapda darak holatida have/has to
kuchlik mustdan ko’ra lekin inkor
gapda esa do/does not have to kuchsiz
mustn’tdan
must < have/has to
mustn’t > do/does not have/has to
⚠️To be →
must
She is to clean everywhere today.
He was to stop watching TV
am I to call you in the morning?
MAY + S + V …? ⇒ used to ask
permission
e.g: may I go home? may I use
phone?
⚠️Mayni so’rog’ini hosil qilinganida
ehtimollikni emas balki ruxsatni
ifodalaydi, shu sabablik biz quyidagi
strukturadan foydalanamiz.
e.g: do you think that Clare will
participate in the meeting.
(Clare majlisda qatnashadi deb No Obligation
o’ylaysizmi) (majburiyat bo’lmagan)
present:⑴ You don’t have to come early
is it likely that she will get accepted to ⑵ you don’t need to come early
university? (U universitetga qabul ⑶ you needn’t come early
qilinish ehtimoli bormi?) (shart emas)
past: ⑴ you didn’t have to come
are we likely to pass the exam? ⑵ you didn’t need to come
(biz imtihondan o’tish ehtimolimiz
bormi?)
{ruxsat, ehtimollik}

may I pass the exam? 😊 yes you may

WOULD LIKE
(taklif xoxlaysizmi xoxlasa berish shart )

(imtihondan o’tishim mumkinmi)

would like = want
wouldn’t like = don’t want
NEED
would + you + like = to offer
ORDINARY (structure)
P:S + need(s) + C + M
e.g: We would like to have ice-
N:S + do/ does not + need + C + M
cream.
I:Do/does + S + need + C + M?
She wouldn’t like to be here.
Don’t/doesn’t + S + need + C+ M?
would you like drink water.
(kimgadur nimadir zarur)
or do you like drink tea?
e.g: I need a notebook.
He needs much knowledge.
I don’t need a notebook. do you like bilan would likeni farqida
do I need a notebook? do you likeda present simpleda bo’ladi.
ex: would you like eat noodles or
P:S + need(s) + full infinitive + V + C + dumplings? –I will go with noodles.
M do you like to watch a horror movie? –
N:S + do not/doesn’t + need to +V + C I’m not in that mood now.
+M
I:Do/does + S + need to + V + C + M?
(kimdir nimadir qilishi zarur) SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD
e.g: She needs to write task. BETTER
She doesn’t need to write task. (advise)
does she need to write? We should read many books.
We shouldn’t read.
AUXILIARY Should we read.
P: POSITIVE SHAKLI YO’Q He ought to sleep more.
N:S + needn’t + bare infi + C + M
I:needn’t + S + bare infi + C + M S + had better + bare inf + C + M
e.g: He needn’t be here.
needn’t he be here? e.g: You had better finish everything till
needn’t I study? (o’qishim shart emasmi) tomorrow.

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(sen ertagacha hamma narsani
qilganing yaxshi)
…had better not…
(qilmaganiz yaxshi)
… had you better…
(qilganingiz yaxshimi)
…had you better not…
(qilganingiz yaxshimasmidi)
They had better not smoke here
had I better speak loudly?
MODAL VERB IN PASSIVE
S + modal verb + verb + C + M
Sc + modal verb + be + V3/ed + C + M
e.g: I can bring your possessions
your possessions can be brought (by
me)
A:We should plant many trees
P:Many trees should be planted
A:She has to bake a lot of cakes
P:A lot of cakes have to be baked by her
A:They need to repair their car
P:Their car needs to be repaired
A:She needs to bake a cake
P:A cake is needed to be baked
A:We needn’t cook a meal
P:A meal needn’t be cooked.
IMPERATIVES
(buyruq gaplar)
Imperatives are used to show wish,
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suggestion, order, advice we don’t
mention the subject in imperative
e.g: clean the window, don’t panic,
write, do it, listen to me
Positive: V1 + C + M
Negative: Don’t + V1+ C + M
open the window please! (permission)
First person I/WE
let + me/us+ bare inf + C + M
e.g: Let’s do our homework.
(kel uyga vazifamizni bajaramiz)
Let me help you (order)
Negative: let + us/me + not + bare inf
e.g: Let me not remove my minuses.
(minuslarimni yo’qotmaslikka ruxsat
bering) let’s not waste our time.
before catching a device make sure
your hands aren’t wet.
second person YOU
P: Bare inf + C + M
e.g: Learn blueprint words well
Speak loudly, Sleep well
N: don’t + bare inf + C + M
don’t worry, don’t give up
don’t be selfish
I: bare inf + C + M, will you?
e.g: take some money with you, will
you?(xo’pmi)
don’t stop trying, will you?
forget every thing, will you?
third person HIM/HER/IT/THEM
P:Let + him/her/it/them +bare inf +C
+M
e.g: let them go home,(ular uyga
borsin!)
let him sleep,(u uxlasin!)
let it go, let your nephew drive your
car!(jiyaning mashinaningni minsin!)
N:Let + him/her/it/them + not +
bare inf
e.g: let it not go, let students not
remove
Translete into imperative
vaqtimizni oqilona sarflaylik va uyga
vazilarimizni qilaylik!
13.Hech kim kitoblarni ehtiyorkorlik
bilan o’qishing ahamiyatini
tushunmaydimi?
14.Sen pul yig’gunincha, bu arzon lekin
shinam uylar sotib bo’lingan bo’ladi.
15.Universitetni bitirgandan keyin u,
endi odamlarni maslahati va yordamiga
muhtoj emas.

1. U yerga yiqilgandan so’ng, sen uni

yana urishing shart emas edi.
2.Qachon sen o’qituvchini maslahati va ADDITION TO REMARK
ko’rsatmalariga amal qilishni (somebody’s openion)(sentence idea)
ahamiyatini tushunasan?
3.Hech qachon sen boshqalarni who is ready for the lesson?
masxara qilishlariga yo’l qo’lma!
4.Biror kishi bu eski binolar qachon I’m ready → remark
qurilganini biladimi?
5.Uning kasalligi juda jiddiy bo’lgani I am also → addition
uchun, u futbol o’ynagani ko’chaga
chiqmasin! (me too → informal)
6.Hozirgi kunda, har bir inson uchun

⚠️O’zbekchada bildirilgan fikrga

kompyuter va boshqa zamonaviy
qurilmalardan foydalanishni bilish juda
muhim. qo’shimcha kiritish uchun ishlatiladi,
7.U imtihonga juda yaxshi informal ya’ni norasmiy shakli me too
tayyorlanganiga qaramasdan, uning yoki you too hisoblanadi.
natijalari yaxshi emas edi.

🔴Positive remark: → agreeing

8.U nuqul otasidan keragidan ortiq pul
so’raydi, meningcha u buncha pulga
muhtoj emas.
So + aux + S or S + aux + too/also
9.O’quvchilarning fikriga ko’ra,
matnlarni yodlash so’zlarni →disagreeing
yodalashdan ko’ra muhimroq.
But, S + negative aux
10.Sening akang ertaga tushlik
e.g: I love chocolate.
vaqtigacha to’y uchun olib kelingan
so do I / I does too
barcha tovarlarni oziq-ovqat do’koniga
but I don’t
qaytarsin!
11.Hatto sen imtihondan eng yaxshi
I had to remove my minuses to enter
natija bilan o’tsang ham, o’zingni daho
the lesson
deb o’ylama!
so did you / you did also
12.Kelinglar urushishni o’rniga
but you didn’t

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 c) predicate alter
his students are very clever d) modifier alter
so are mine / mine are too / but mine 4–Tag questions
aren’t a) questions tags
b) comment tags

🔴Negative remark: → agreeing

1) General → Yes/No+ S + aux
S + negative aux + either
e.g: are children at home? Yes they are
neither / nor + aux + S

→disagreeing Do you have many friends? Yes I do /

No I don’t
but, S + aux
should he go to dentist? Yes he
e.g: children shouldn’t go out because it
should / No he shouldn’t
is so cold
adults shouldn’t either/ neither should + V + C +M?
2) Special questions
adults But I should
a) special subject
questions
Tom didn’t steal this expensive
only we can ask subject that’s way we
diamond
can use what and who
What
Jack didn’t either / neither did Jack
Who
but Jack did / Tom didn’t steal this
expensive diamond either e.g: who phoned you? Ali phoned me.
who prepared lunch? Mom prepared it
Students aren’t allowed to enter the
tutor’s room
neither are strangers/ strangers aren’t ⚠️Shunchaki oddiygina gapdagi subjectni
either / but I am
o’rniga what yoki who olmoshlaridan
My friend could not score any goal. birini qo’yish bilan yasaymiz.
neither could I / nor could I / e.g: Mark teachs English.
I couln’t either / I couldn’t score any Who teaches English?
goal either / but I could I’m from Japan. Who is from Japan?
Who gave you this ring? Mark gave me
this ring.
QUESTIONS
b) special object questions
1–General Who
2–Special What + Aux + S + V + M?
a) special subject Whom
b) special object

⚠️Bu strukturada bizga objectni bilish

3–Alternative
a) subject alter
b) object alter muhim va tuzishda biz zamonga qarab

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yordamchi fe’lni tanlaymiz. Tarjimada
egadan keyin so’roq olmoshni tarjima
qilamiz.
e.g: Kate knows Pamela. Who does Kate
know? (Kate kimni taniydi?)
I will buy a car tomorrow. What will you
buy tomorrow? What did the thief steal
from the bank? The thief stole a very
expensive diamond. What does this car
produce? This car produces electricity.
3) Alternative questions
a)subject alternative
aux + S + V + C + M or aux + S ?
e.g: did you eat this cake or your
brother❌
did you eat this cake or did your bro? ✔️
will you decorate this house or will your
niece
did you fix this car or did master?
b)object alternative
aux + S + V + O or O + …?
do you like tea or coffee?
do you read Science or Blueprint?
b)Predicate alternative
aux + S + V + O or V …?
will you go home or do your homework?
do you cry or do laugh
c)modifier alternative
aux + S + V + C + M or M …?
did you run fast or slowly
is our lesson interesting or boring?
is his phone cheap or expensive?
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TAG QUESTIONS
1) Question tags→ confirmation or
agreement (shundaymi/shunday
emasmi?)
2) Comment tags→ surprise (rostana)
Question tags is used to ask
confirmation about what you have just
told. If we have positive statement we
should use negative auxiliary.
e.g: He is always late for the lesson,
isn’t he?
(u darsga doim kech qoladi, shunday
emasmi?)
These children have been in China
many times, haven’t they?
Alosh wan’t allowed to enter the lesson,
was he? We have a quiz in today’s
lesson, don’t we?
scarcely, hardly ever
never, no one, seldom+ positive
auxiliary + S
no, nothing, rarely
O’z ichida inkor ma’nosi bor shu sababli
biz positive
ikkinchi sentence.
qismini positivedan
+ positive aux + S?
foydalanamiz.
e.g: He scarcely ever comes to the lesson
on time, does he? (U deyarli darsga o’z
vaqtida kelmaydi, shunday-a?)
They hardly ever tolk with each other, do
they? (Ular bir birlari bilan deyarli
gaplashmaydi, shunday-a?)
2) Comment tags

⚠️Asosan bildirilgan fikrga munosabatni
ifodalaydi, va fikrga qiziqilgani
tajublangani, hayron qoldirgani, jahli
chiqanligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi.
e.g: I saw Messi in Chorsu. ~ did he?
(rostana)
If he tried very hard, he was not able to
pass the exam. – wasn’t he?
this, that→it (itga o’zgaradi)
e.g: This is a book, isn’t it?
these, those→ they
e.g: these books are yours, aren’t
they?
I am→ aren’t I
e.g: I am a generous, aren’t I? I
am late, aren’t I?
let→ will you
e.g: let Jim sleep well, will you?
let’s → shall we
e.g: let’s eat ice-cream, shall we?
Let’s take a walk, shall we?
bare inf → will you
e.g:do your homework, will you?
Don’t close your book, will you
don’t come close te the fireplace, will
you?
EMBEDDED
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⚠️Embedded sentence is used to report
what somebody asked to somebody’s else
e.g: —Where do you live?
—Alex wants to know where I live. (Alex
mendan qayerda yashashimni bilishni
hohlaydi.)
—what is your name?
—She is asking me what my name is.
Special questions as an embedded
structure
S+V+C+M+ WH questions + S+V+C
e.g: —What are you going to do on
Sunday?
—Tim wants to know what I’m going to
on Sunday.
—how much does an iphone cost?
—he is asking how much an iphone
costs
(zamoni bir xil bo’lishi shart).
—What did you use to drive in
childhood?
—he wants to know what I used to drive
in childhood. (prounni gap mazmuniga
qarab o’zgaradi)
General questions as an embedded
S+V+C+M + If/whether + S +V+C+M
⚠️Gapdagi zamoni va pronouniga e’tibor
berilsin!
e.g: —are you ready from Science?
—the teacher’s always asking me
if/whether I’m ready for Science.
(o’qituvchi menda sciencega tayyor yoki
tayyor emasligimizni so’ragani so’ragan)
—Do you like reading?
—Tom is asking Jim if/whether he likes
reading.
Subject alternative as an embedded
 e.g: —Did Tim miss many lessons or did
Sam?
—the teacher is asking me if Tim missed
many lessons or Sam did.
—What are physical properties of matter?
—A tutor wants to know what physical
properties of matter are.
Negative alternative as an embedded
—will you come to an extra lesson or not?
—A teacher is asking students if they will
come to an extra lesson or not.
if … or not / whether … or not
whether or not … .
—Does Tom want to give up smoking or
not
—Jimmy wants to know whether or not
Tom wants to give up smoking.
—can you go with us if we ask
permission from a teacher?
—they’re asking Tom whether he can go
with them if they ask permission from a
teacher.
Pronoun change in embedded
—do I have to sell my house if I want to
move your country with my family
members?
—Bob is asking Ann whether she has to
sell her house if she wants to move to his
county with her family member.
—is your child going to visit my wedding?
—My classmate is asking Sarah whether
her child is going to visit his wedding.
Tense change
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⚠Ostidagi so’ralayotgan qismi PAST
zamoniga aloqador bo’lsa biz gap
zamonini bitta ortga suramiz.
—When will your son graduate from
school?
—The doctor asked the woman when her
son would graduate from school?
—Would you like to know what it is?
—He asked us if We would like to know
what it was.
—Are the teachers going to have a
meeting before a new term starts?
—The boss is asking me whether They
are going to have a meeting before a new
term starts.
ARTICLES
Indefinite articles (a/an)
1. a/an→ one
ex: A person needs to have a common
sense.
2. a/an→ any
ex: A student should respect her teacher.
3. a/an→ per (each)
ex: it is compulsory to have a passport
for person/each person/a person.
a lot of
a great many of
a great number of many
a dozen of (12)
a couple of (2)
a great deal of

the + title ✔️
a good deal of

We use a article before the word half

ex: He ate one and a half of the cake, the + title + name❌
We have got two and half days/hours ex: The queen brought some
flowers from Japan.
The President Mirziyoyev is trying to
a/an→when we don’t know a person
develop our country.
ex: He is a Jimmy Wardy who is your
new neighbor
Other / Another / the other

⚠️Man so’zi odamzod ma’nosida kelsa

article ishlatib bo’lmaydi. 📌another + singular → different
ex: Man should not destroy the nature! one(boshqa biri)
ex: this pen doesn’t write well. can you
bring me another one (boshqa biri)

WITH EXCLAMATIONS

📌other + plural → some more (ko’proq)

Such a clever boy! —qanchalar aqlli bola
such a interesting book! (positive)
ex: These bricks aren’t enough to build
such a bad wheather! →uncountable
this house. You should bring other bricks
(ko’proq)
what a clever boy! (negative)

📌other+uncountable→ different one

(boshqasi)
Definite article (the) ex: This information is fake. Can you
search for other information.
the + adj → plural noun

📌the other + singular → the last one

ex:He investigated much money to
help the blind (ko’rlar)
The arrogant underestimate other people (oxirgisi)
ex: Tom has three pens. One is his hand,
the article pluralda ishlaganda ma’lum bir another is on the desk. The other is in
ko’plikdagilarni nazarda tutadi. the bag

📌the + others → the rest

the + surname = family
ex: the Johnson = Jonsonlar oilasi
ex: twenty people came to the party.
5 of them are Russian, 7 of them are
the + name→ to mean exactly one person
German, the others are Uzbek.
ex: Can you call me the Dora?

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📌another+
ex: 35 minutes is not enough to solve this
quiz, can you give another 5 minutes?
I pay another ten dollars for lunch.
(A) little / (A) few
PREPOSITIONS
preposition + noun /gerund/ pronoun
ex: I saw a big cat under the tree,
before speaking you should think twice,
Forman came after him

🐞A little + uncoun nouns

⚠️exception: but/expect → bare infinitive
1) Determiner → aniqlovchi ex: my dog can do everything but except
ex: There is a little sugar in the tea. speake (bare inf)

2) Adverb
Besides/ Except
ex: he eats little. That’s way he is thin.
ex: Besides teacher, everyone should
3) Pronoun
come to the lesson. (teacherdan tashqari)
ex: The boss thought they finished the
you added everything to the salad except
work, but a little was done.
salt, so that nobody ate it.
besides rice, you should carrot and onion
a little (yetarli) vs little
to the pilaf
(yetarlimas)
ex: there is a little water in the glass,
you can drink it. beside→ yonida
there is little water in the glass, you
should bring some more. ex: Melon always sits beside
watermelon.

🐞(A)few + countable plural

Only a little = little
1) Determiner
Only a few = few
ex: He could find a few correct the
Quite a little = much
mistakes from the quiz.
Quite a few = many
2) Pronouns
ex: He added only a little salt to the soup,
ex: who passed the exam? A few passed
did he?
only a few questions were answered by
a few (oz lekin yetadi) vs few (kam)
students, were they?
ex: Jerry has a few friends that’s way can you give quite a little information
he is very happy. about the topix?
Jerry has few friends that’s way He is quite a few fans of this actor come to the
upset concert didn’t they?

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 Follow more
@airformdev
TENSE
CHANGE

Direct question Reported question

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Present simple Past simple
Do you eat meals without heatings? =I asked him if he ate meals without heatings.
Why does she always do the things that she =Brain explained me why she always did the
wants? things that she wanted.
Present continuous Past continuous
Are you preparing hard for the final quiz? =The tutor asked us if we were preparing hard
What is John doing as a part-time job? for the final quiz.
=His friend inquired me what John was doing
as a part-time job.
Present perfect Past perfect
Has a shortage of water been prevented in the =The reporter asked the governor whether a
city? shortage of water had been prevented in the city
Where have you submitted applications =he asked me where I had submitted
documents? applicaions documents.
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Have they been snacking on a bar of chocolate? =I wanted to know if they had been snacking on
How long has an old man been walking? a bar of chocolate.
=He wondered how long an man been walking.
Past simple Past simple / Past perfect
Did Ann take my dictionary with her? =Did they know whether or not Ann took/had
Which of the programs were effective? taken my dictionary with her?
=The ambassador was questioned which of the
programs were/had been effective.
Future Future in the past
Will you give me one more chance to try? =She asked me if I would give her one more
How long will some Russian officials be under chance to try.
the European Union’s sanctions? =He wanted to know how long some Russian
officials would be under the EU’s sanctions.
Future Continuous Future continuous in past
Will werewolves be fighting against dark power =The wizard could not tell whether or not
with vampires? werewolves would be fighting against dark
Who will be playing on the piano the power with vampirs.
performance? =One woman asked me Who would be playing
on the piano the performance.
Conditional Conditional
Would you believe if animals turned into man? =She asked me if/whether I would believe if
animals turned into man (no change)
Must Had to
Must I water the tomato plants twice a day? =He asked if he had to water the tomato plants
May Might
May I use your phone? =He asked whether he might use my phone.
Can Could
can you jump over the wall? =They asked me if I could jump over the wall.
will / shall Would/should (would is more common)
Will you come back in ten minutes? =My friend asked me if I would come back in ten
minutes.

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