NUST Institute of Civil Engineering

Department of Urban & Regional

Planning

Regionalization
of Punjab

Using factor Analysis (SPSS) &

Weighted Index Method
By: Muhammad Usman (451112)
Affan Siddique (450399)
Background
• Punjab: "Land of Five Rivers," heart
and soul of Pakistan.
• Population: Approximately 120
million, over half of the country.
• Agricultural Hub: Waterways nourish
vast fields, earning the title
"breadbasket" of Pakistan.
• Socio-economic Hub: Pivotal role in
the country's socio-economic
landscape.
Need for Regionalization

• It is a Mix of urban and rural communities.

• It has the major contribute to Agriculture
and industry significantly to the national
economy.
• To addressing inherent diversity and
developmental needs crucial.
• Regionalization – “Dividing a large area for
better governance and planning”
 Performing factor Analysis and
Weighted Index Method.

To uncovering Distinct Regions by

identifying inherent geographical
groupings.
Objectives
To analyzing the factors: Population density,
Economic activity, Infrastructure, Culture,
Environment, Electricity access, Healthcare,
Education, Urbanization Rate, Migration Rate.

Identifying diverse needs and

challenges in different parts of Punjab.
Factors Contributing to Regional Variations

Analyzing Regional
Insights: Understanding
Development: Population
drivers of regional
density, Economic
development, disparities,
activity, Infrastructure,
and unique
Cultural patterns,
characteristics.
Environmental conditions.
Benefits of Regionalization

01 02 03
Improved Efficient Resource Enhanced
Governance: Allocation: Participation and
Enhancing Reducing Development:
representation and administrative Tailoring strategies
responsiveness. burden. to unique regional
needs.
Study Overview
Radio Pakistan Study (2008-2013):
Insights into Central Punjab's socio-
economic development.

AHP and GIS Techniques: Utilized for

spatial mapping in infrastructure
development.

Private School Participation Study:

Relevant insights for the broader context
of regional development.
Methodology
Data Sources & Collection
Primary Sources:
• Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), District Census Reports, and Punjab
Bureau of Statistics (PBS).

Secondary Sources:
• World Bank, UNDP, and Academic Research Papers.

Purpose of Data Collection:

• Comprehensive socio-economic indicators.
• District-level details: Population, education, health, employment, and
economic indicators.

Academic research papers:

• Provide insights into regional development in Punjab.
 Regionalization using Factor Analysis on SPSS

• Data Preparation: Clean and format data in SPSS.

Factor Analysis • Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA): Determine underlying dimensions.
Procedure • Selection of Factors: Based on eigenvalues, scree plot, and theoretical
considerations.

• Factor Loadings: Examine how variables correlate with factors.

Interpreting Results • Factor Naming: Assign meaningful names based on loaded variables.
• Factor Scores: Calculate scores for each district.

Regionalization • Identify distinct regions based on factor profiles.

• Understand dimensions shaping regional variations.
Insights • Inform targeted policies tailored to specific regional needs.
Regionalization using Weighted Index Method

• Formula and Calculation: Standardize variables, assign

weights, and calculate index scores.
Weighted Index • Index Score = Σ (Standardized Variable * Weight)
Method • Application to Specific Variables in Punjab: Literacy
rate, healthcare access, per capita income, road density.

• Overlaying Factor Profiles and Index Scores: Visual

Regionalization representation of regional characteristics.
Process • Interpreting Regional Characteristics: Define each
region based on identified factors and index scores.
Regionalization Representation

• Holistic Approach: Combine strengths of factor analysis

Holistic Approach and weighted index method for effective regionalization.

• Overlaying Factor Profiles and Index Scores: Visual

representation of regional characteristics.
Representation • Import Factor Scores into ArcGIS.
with ArcGIS • Visualize Factor Distributions: Highlight variations and
potential clusters.
• Understand overall development index of region.
Results
Factor Analysis (SPSS) & Weighted Index Method (MS-Excel)
 Dataset
District GDP_per_capita Employment Rate Industrialization Agricultral_Productivity Road Network Electricity Access Healthcare Education Population_Density_people_km² Urbanization Rate Migration_Rate_net_in_migration_per_10 Underdevlopment_Index Development Index Underdevlopment_Region Developed_Region
00_residents

Attock 62.2 69.4 50.0 60.4 65.3 78.0 72.0 42.0 102.30 79.10 14.70 0.18 2.39 2.39

Bahawalnagar 49.8 57.4 35.6 67.2 53.1 69.5 45.3 39.2 28.50 38.90 2.80 0.33 1.08 1.08

Bahawalpur 56.2 68.1 42.3 71.5 59.8 77.9 52.1 48.7 34.70 42.30 4.10 0.26 0.64 0.64

Bhakkar 35.6 55.6 24.0 81.2 37.3 57.3 43.0 23.0 32.89 70.78 4.77 1.83 0.52 1.83

Chakwal 42.3 58.9 30.0 73.4 45.0 63.4 51.0 28.0 51.26 74.52 11.99 1.33 1.43 1.43

Chiniot 69.5 72.1 55.4 60.8 64.1 79.7 55.5 50.0 59.30 56.10 7.80 0.74 0.30 0.74

Dera-Ghazi-Khan 40.4 48.4 24.0 58.6 40.7 52.7 31.7 28.2 25.90 35.10 1.90 1.18 1.51 1.51

Faisalabad 78.6 75.1 62.0 49.3 77.4 87.3 82.0 67.0 39.78 42.68 3.78 1.91 0.91 1.91

Gujranwala 72.9 72.1 55.0 54.6 71.7 83.6 84.0 49.0 26.30 36.70 1.50 1.53 1.37 1.53

Gujrat 65.4 69.0 52.3 58.0 61.7 75.3 50.7 45.2 54.80 52.40 7.10 0.50 0.00 0.50
Hafizabad 52.4 63.9 39.0 69.6 54.6 70.5 62.0 35.0 31.80 40.20 3.60 0.15 0.71 0.71 0.15

Jhang 40.6 58.4 29.0 76.1 42.2 60.1 47.0 27.0 27.61 69.76 2.61 1.33 0.11 1.33
Jhelum 57.2 66.5 44.0 65.6 59.8 73.9 68.0 37.0 98.10 76.29 8.13 0.21 1.75 1.75

Kasur 58.6 64.3 44.5 62.2 56.5 71.1 46.7 41.2 30.50 39.70 3.10 0.17 1.06 1.06
Khanewal 54.8 65.2 42.0 67.4 57.4 72.3 66.0 38.0 40.60 47.80 5.50 0.01 0.22 0.22

Khushab 39.0 57.5 27.0 78.7 40.8 60.9 48.0 26.0 87.40 72.00 2.44 1.62 1.16 1.16 1.62

Lahore 88.3 78.7 70.0 43.8 87.0 92.4 92.0 64.0 84.20 70.10 10.50 2.31 1.08 2.31

Layyah 38.3 57.1 26.0 79.9 39.9 58.8 44.0 25.0 72.58 37.73 4.58 1.51 0.12 1.51

Lodhran 47.9 61.4 35.0 72.5 49.5 67.7 56.0 33.0 48.13 31.50 13.35 0.64 0.21 0.64

Mandi Bahauddin 62.1 65.8 48.9 57.1 59.8 73.5 48.3 42.8 37.10 44.30 4.70 0.42 0.77 0.77

Mianwali 51.0 63.2 38.0 70.9 50.2 69.4 58.0 32.0 88.16 40.18 -1.26 0.45 0.23 0.45

Multan 65.9 70.7 53.0 57.9 68.5 79.8 74.0 43.0 83.90 61.08 2.44 0.75 0.41 0.75

Muzaffargarh 52.7 62.4 38.9 70.0 55.9 72.5 47.7 42.2 32.80 40.90 3.50 0.12 0.81 0.81

Nankana Sahib 49.1 62.5 36.0 71.9 51.9 68.7 60.0 33.0 44.10 50.30 6.20 0.53 0.06 0.53

Narowal 61.3 64.0 47.2 56.8 58.5 72.1 47.9 42.4 39.20 46.60 5.30 0.30 0.64 0.64

Okara 54.3 56.8 50.2 54.1 58.4 80.1 60.8 55.3 87.40 72.80 11.40 0.86 1.64 1.64
Pakpattan 47.5 55.2 32.1 65.3 50.2 66.9 42.9 36.4 20.10 31.50 2.44 0.45 1.51 1.51

Rahim-Yar-Khan 45.1 52.9 29.8 62.9 46.4 61.1 38.5 33.7 41.20 48.70 6.30 0.93 0.37 0.93

Rajanpur 44.0 51.5 28.2 61.7 45.0 59.3 36.1 30.6 27.20 37.60 2.20 0.90 1.31 1.31

Rawalpindi 75.6 73.4 59.0 52.1 74.8 85.2 78.0 52.0 42.90 47.50 5.80 1.57 0.49 1.57

Sahiwal 59.5 67.8 47.0 63.7 62.1 75.6 69.0 40.0 72.90 61.50 8.70 0.17 0.92 0.92

Sargodha 67.8 71.3 54.6 59.3 62.9 76.9 52.5 47.0 42.90 47.50 5.80 0.73 0.42 0.73

Sheikhupura 70.2 73.7 57.1 59.8 63.5 78.1 54.9 49.4 84.20 70.10 10.50 0.57 1.35 1.35

Sialkot 72.9 75.4 59.5 62.4 66.7 82.3 58.1 53.6 79.50 64.70 9.20 0.86 1.04 1.04

Toba Tek Singh 64.8 68.5 51.7 57.5 60.8 74.3 51.1 45.6 48.10 50.70 6.50 0.51 0.23 0.51

Vehari 45.7 60.2 33.0 75.2 48.1 66.0 55.0 30.0 38.40 45.60 5.10 0.81 0.21 0.81
Factor Analysis

Descriptive Statistics

Mean Std. Deviation Analysis N Missing N

57.208 13.1287 36 0

64.844 7.6049 36 0

43.369 12.4147 36 0

64.428 8.6583 36 0

57.153 11.4565 36 0

72.169 9.2347 36 0

56.383 13.8722 36 0

40.069 9.8910 36 0

52.4086 24.19124 36 0

52.0894 14.36108 36 0

5.8075 3.62761 36 0
 Factor Analysis

KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

.726

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square

836.116
df
55
Sig.
.000
 Factor Analysis

Total Variance Explained

Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings

Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance

7.312 66.477 66.477 7.312 66.477 66.477 6.787 61.698

1.948 17.708 84.185 1.948 17.708 84.185 2.474 22.487

.619 5.629 89.814

.416 3.779 93.593

.322 2.929 96.522

.306 2.785 99.307

.059 .532 99.840

.011 .098 99.938

.004 .036 99.974

.002 .021 99.995

.001 .005 100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Factor
Analysis
 Rotated Component Matrixa

Component
1 2
Road Network .981 .159
GDP per capita .980 .162
Industrialization .960 .232
Electricity Access .956 .216
Education .956

Factor Employment Rate

Agr. Productivity
.885
-.845
.371
.137

Analysis Healthcare
Urbanization Rate (%)
.739
.893
.318

Population Density (people/km²) .175 .844

Migration Rate (net in-migration per 1000 residents) .199 .737
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a

a. Rotation converged in 3 iterations.

Factor Analysis (Regions)

• Region 1 = (Developed Region or

High Class Region)
• Region 2 = (Under-Development
Region or less developed Region)

Region 1
Region 2
 Weighted Index Method

District Weight to All GDP per Capita Weight Index Employment Rate Weight index Industrialization Weight index Agricultral_Productivity Weight index Road Network Weight index Electricity Access Weight index Healthcare Weight index Education Weight index Population Density Weight index Urbanization Rate Weight index Migration Rate Weight index SUM

Attock 0.3 18.7 20.8 15.0 18.1 19.6 23.4 21.6 12.6 30.69 23.73 0.21
204.42
Bahawalnagar 0.3 14.9 17.2 10.7 20.2 15.9 20.9 13.6 11.8 8.55 11.67 0.84
146.19
Bahawalpur 0.3 16.9 20.4 12.7 21.5 17.9 23.4 15.6 14.6 10.41 12.69 1.23
167.31
Bhakkar 0.3 10.7 16.7 7.2 24.4 11.2 17.2 12.9 6.9 9.87 21.23 1.43
139.63
Chakwal 0.3 12.7 17.7 9.0 22.0 13.5 19.0 15.3 8.4 15.38 22.36 3.60
158.93
Chiniot 0.3 20.9 21.6 16.6 18.2 19.2 23.9 16.7 15.0 17.79 16.83 2.34
189.09
Dera-Ghazi-Khan 0.3 12.1 14.5 7.2 17.6 12.2 15.8 9.5 8.5 7.77 10.53 0.57

116.28
Faisalabad 0.3 23.6 22.5 18.6 14.8 23.2 26.2 24.6 20.1 11.93 12.80 1.13
199.48
Gujranwala 0.3 21.9 21.6 16.5 16.4 21.5 25.1 25.2 14.7 7.89 11.01 0.45
182.22
Gujrat 0.3 19.6 20.7 15.7 17.4 18.5 22.6 15.2 13.6 16.44 15.72 2.13
177.57
Hafizabad 0.3 15.7 19.2 11.7 20.9 16.4 21.2 18.6 10.5 9.54 12.06 1.08
156.78
Jhang 0.3 12.2 17.5 8.7 22.8 12.7 18.0 14.1 8.1 8.28 20.93 0.78
144.11
Jhelum 0.3 17.2 20.0 13.2 19.7 17.9 22.2 20.4 11.1 29.43 22.89 2.44
196.36
Kasur 0.3 17.6 19.3 13.4 18.7 17.0 21.3 14.0 12.4 9.15 11.91 0.93
155.52
Khanewal 0.3 16.4 19.6 12.6 20.2 17.2 21.7 19.8 11.4 12.18 14.34 1.65
167.10
Khushab 0.3 11.7 17.3 8.1 23.6 12.2 18.3 14.4 7.8 26.22 21.60 0.73
161.92
Lahore 0.3 26.5 23.6 21.0 13.1 26.1 27.7 27.6 19.2 25.26 21.03 3.15
234.30
Layyah 0.3 11.5 17.1 7.8 24.0 12.0 17.6 13.2 7.5 21.77 11.32 1.37
145.17
Lodhran 0.3 14.4 18.4 10.5 21.8 14.9 20.3 16.8 9.9 14.44 9.45 4.01
154.79
Mandi Bahauddin 0.3 18.6 19.7 14.7 17.1 17.9 22.1 14.5 12.8 11.13 13.29 1.41

163.32
Mianwali 0.3 15.3 19.0 11.4 21.3 15.1 20.8 17.4 9.6 26.45 12.05 -0.38
167.93
Multan 0.3 19.8 21.2 15.9 17.4 20.6 23.9 22.2 12.9 25.17 18.32 0.73
198.07
Muzaffargarh 0.3 15.8 18.7 11.7 21.0 16.8 21.8 14.3 12.7 9.84 12.27 1.05
155.85
Nankana Sahib 0.3 14.7 18.8 10.8 21.6 15.6 20.6 18.0 9.9 13.23 15.09 1.86
160.11
Narowal 0.3 18.4 19.2 14.2 17.0 17.6 21.6 14.4 12.7 11.76 13.98 1.59
162.39
Okara 0.3 16.3 17.0 15.1 16.2 17.5 24.0 18.2 16.6 26.22 21.84 3.42
192.48
Pakpattan 0.3 14.3 16.6 9.6 19.6 15.1 20.1 12.9 10.9 6.03 9.45 0.73
135.16
Rahim-Yar-Khan 0.3 13.5 15.9 8.9 18.9 13.9 18.3 11.6 10.1 12.36 14.61 1.89

139.98
Rajanpur 0.3 13.2 15.5 8.5 18.5 13.5 17.8 10.8 9.2 8.16 11.28 0.66
127.02
Rawalpindi 0.3 22.7 22.0 17.7 15.6 22.4 25.6 23.4 15.6 12.87 14.25 1.74
193.89
Sahiwal 0.3 17.9 20.3 14.1 19.1 18.6 22.7 20.7 12.0 21.87 18.45 2.61
188.34
Sargodha 0.3 20.3 21.4 16.4 17.8 18.9 23.1 15.8 14.1 12.87 14.25 1.74
176.55
Sheikhupura 0.3 21.1 22.1 17.1 17.9 19.1 23.4 16.5 14.8 25.26 21.03 3.15
201.45
Sialkot 0.3 21.9 22.6 17.9 18.7 20.0 24.7 17.4 16.1 23.85 19.41 2.76
205.29
Toba Tek Singh 0.3 19.4 20.6 15.5 17.3 18.2 22.3 15.3 13.7 14.43 15.21 1.95

173.88
Vehari 0.3 13.7 18.1 9.9 22.6 14.4 19.8 16.5 9.0 11.52 13.68 1.53
150.69
MEAN = 169.16

MIN = 116.28

MAX =234.30
Weighted Index Method (Regions)

• Region 1 = (Developed Region or

High Class Region)
• Region 2 = (Under-Development
Region or less developed Region)

Region 1
Region 2
Comparison

Factor Analysis Weighted Index Method

 Conclusion

We must improve the Economic activity, infrastructure

development, cultural patterns, and environmental
conditions. Electricity access, healthcare, education,
Urbanization Rate , Migration Rate etc. in under
development region.

We must have to invest into the underdevelopment

region which consist of district Mianwali Khushab,
Bhakkar, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh, Chakwal, Muzaffargarh,
Rajanpur Lodhran, Vehari, Khanewal, Rahim Yar Khan,
Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Pakpattan, Narowal, Kasur,
Nankana Sahib Hafizabad.
References

• 1. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3036389
• 2. https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/download/9733/8952/19061
• 3. Infrastructure Development in Punjab, Pakistan: From Assessment to Spatiotemporal
Analysis at District Level https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3036389
• 4. Regional development assessment based on socioeconomic factors in Pakistan using
cluster analysis.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277012031_Regional_development_assessment_based
_on_socioeconomic_factors_in_Pakistan_using_cluster_analysis
• 5. Private School Participation in Pakistan, Lahore https://www.grafiati.com/en/literature-
selections/punjab-pakistan/journal/
• 6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2585452/
Thank You