KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW

(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)

NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

SUBJECT – fof/k”kkL= (JURISPRUDENCE)

LL.B 3 Year – 1st Sem
fof/k”kkL= dh ifjHkk’kk
fof/k'kkL= 'kCn dk fofHkUu le;ksa ij fofHkUu vFkZ jgk gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd
fof/k'kkL= 'kCn dh mRifÙk ySfVu in T;wfjliwzMsaf'k;k ls gbZ T;wfjliwzMsf'k;k dk 'kkfCnd
vFkZ gksrk gS fof/k dk Kku ;k fof/k dh dq'kyrkA T;wfjl dk vFkZ gS fof/k vkSj çwMsaf'k;k
dk vFkZ gS KkuA vFkkZr~ nksuksa ds feJ.k ls cuk fof/k dk KkuA ij /;ku jgs jkseu
fof/k'kkfL=;ksa us dHkh fof/k'kkL= dk fodkl ugha fd;kA fof/k'kkL= dks tc ge fof/k ds
Kku ds vFkZ esa ysrs gS rks dHkh&dHkh bldk vFkZ fof/k dh ,d 'kk[kk dh O;k[;k ls gksrk
gSA ;Fkk] lkE;ksa dh ,d ikBî iqLrd dk uke fn;k x;k lkE;k fof/k'kkL=A ;g 'kCnkoyh
dkeu~ yk ns'kksa esa çpfyr ugha gSA o`gÙkj vFkksZa esa fof/k'kkL= 'kCn dk ç;ksx Kku ds ,d
lewg ds fof/kd lEcU/kksa ds o.kZu esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls nkar lEcU/kh fof/k'kkL= ;k f'kYi fof/k'kkL= ;k vkS"kf/ka fof/k'kkL=A Ýkalhlh
fof/k ds vUrxZr y‚ T;wfjlizwMal
s in dk ç;ksx fof/k ds ,sls lewg ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS
ftldk fuekZ.k U;k;ky; fo'ks"k ds fu.kZ;ksa }kjk gksrk gSA fof/k'kkL= 'kCn dks baXySa.M esa
,d rduhdh egRo csFa ke vkSj muds f'k"V vkfLVu ds le; vFkkZr~ 19oha 'krkCnh dks
mÙkjknZ~/k esa çkIr gqvkA
fof/k ,oa lekt ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gSAa lekt ds tkfrxr ,oa lkaL‟frd y{k.kksa dk
çHkko fof/k ij iM+rk gS vFkkZr~ fof/k lkekftd ifjos"k ls vyx ugha gks ldrhA Bhd gh
dgk tkrk gS fd fof/k lekt dk niZ.k gSA pw¡fd fofHkUu lektksa ds tkfrxr ,oa
lkaLd`frd y{k.k ,d ls ugha gSa] vr%&fof/k'kkL= dh loZekU; ifjHkk"kk ¼tks lHkh lektksa
ij ykxw gks½ djuk dfBu dk;Z gSA ;gka ;g Hkh /;ku nsuk mfpr gksxk fd ,d lekt dh
vko';drk] vis{kk] mlds ewY; mldh lH;rk ,d tSlh ugha gksrh vkSj bu lHkh phtksa
dk çHkko fof/k ij iM+rk gSA ;g Hkh fof/k'kkL= dh lokZekU; ifjHkk"kk <wa<us esa O;o/kku
mRiUu djrs gSA

1
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

lkeaM dh ifjHkk"kk
lkeaM fof/k'kkL= dh ifjHkk"kk ukxfjd fof/k ds çFke fl)karksa dk foKku (Science
of the first principles of civil law) ds :i esa djrs gSAa bl rjg fof/k'kkL= fof/k dh
,d fo'ks"k 'kk[kk dh foospuk djrk gS vkSj og gS flfoy ;k ukxfjd fof/kA flfoy fof/k
;k ukxfjd fof/k ls mudk vfHkçk; jkT; fof/k ls gSA bl çdkj dh fof/k fu;eksa dk og
lewg gS ftlds vUrxZr lafof/k] çFkk;sa ;k fo/kk;u vkrs gSa ftls U;k;ky; U;k; ç'kklu
esa ykxw djrs gSa vkSj ftls ekuus ds fy;s çR;sd ukxfjd vf/koäk ,oa U;k;ky; ck/;
gSaA lkeaM fof/k'kkL= dks ukxfjd fof/k dk foKku ¼Science of civil law½ ekurs gSA tc
ge bls ukxfjd fof/k ds foKku ds :i esa ns[krs gSa rks bldk rkRi;Z gksrk gS fd fof/kd
fl)krksa dk Øec) v/;;uA os v‚fLVu ,oa gkySM a nksuksa ds fopkjksa ls lger gSa fd
fof/k'kkL= ,d foKku gS & ,d fo'ks"k fof/k O;oLFkk ds ewyHkwr fl)karksa dk v/;;uA
lkeaM çFke 'kCn dks Li"V djrs gSa vkSj muds vuqlkj bldk rkRi;Z gS fdlh fof/k
O;oLFkk ds ewyHkwr fl)karksa ds ckjs esa oSKkfud vUos"k.k ;k tkap&ij[kA
fof/k;k¡ tks ekuo vkpj.k dks lekt esa fu;fer vkSj fu;af=r djrh gSa os çk; rhu
çdkj dh gksrh gSa & /kkfeZd fof/k] uSfrd fof/k vkSj fof/kosrk dh fof/kA tc lkeaM
ukxfjd fof/k dh ckrsa djrs gSa rks os mlh fof/kosrk dh fof/k dh vksj bafxr djrs gSa u
fd vU; ds çfr vkSj ;gh fof/kosrk dh fof/k fof/k'kkL= dh fo"k; oLrq gSA
lkeaM ds vuqlkj fof/k'kkL= ml fof/k dk uke gS ftlds vUrxZr fof/k ds ckjs esa
dqN fuf'pr vUos"k.k ¼tkap ij[k½ fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk vUos"k.k fof/k ds vewrZ lkekU;
,oa lS)kfUrd LoHkko ds ckjs esa gS vkSj ftlds }kjk ;g ç;Ru fd;k tkrk gS fd fof/k
,oa fof/k O;oLFkk ds vko';d fl)karksa dk Li"Vhdj.k fd;k tk,A
gkySaM dh ifjHkk"kk
gkySM
a ds vuqlkj fof/k'kkL= vf/kjfpr fof/k dk vkSipkfjd foKku ¼Formal
science of positive law½ gSA iwjh ifjHkk"kk bl çdkj gS& Þfof/k'kkL= ls vfHkçk; mu
ekuoh; lEcU/kksa ds vkSipkfjd foKku ls gS ftuds fy;s ;g lkekU;r;k Lohdkj fd;k
tkrk gS fd muds fof/kd çHkko gksrs gSa & vFkkZr~ fof/k'kkL= vf/kjfpr fof/k dk
vkSipkfjd foKku gSA^^ ,d vkSipkfjd foKku og gS tks ,d fo"k; esa vrfuZfgr ewyHkwr
2
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

fl)karksa dh foospuk djrk gS] tcfd ,d ikfFkZo foKku ,d fo"k; ds Bksl fooj.kksa dh
foospuk djrk gSA 'kCn vkSipkfjd ls mudk rkRi;Z fo'ys"k.kkRed ls gS vFkkZr~ fof/k'kkL=
mu fofHkUu lEcU/kksa dh foospuk djrk gS tks fof/k ds fu;eksa ls fofu;fer gksrs gS u fd
fu;eksa Lo;a dh tks mu lEcU/kksa dks fofu;fer djrs gSaA
bu vFkksZa esa fof/k'kkL= dk lEcU/k fdlh fof/kd fl)kar ds lkekU; Hkkx ls gksuk
pkfg;sA mldk lEcU/k mu lkekU; ladYiukvksa ,oa O;kid fl)karksa ls gksuk pkfg;s tks
fdlh ifjiDo fof/k O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj Lo:i gksrs gSaA gkySM a vkSipkfjd 'kCn dh O;k[;k
djrs gq;s dgrs gSa fd fof/k'kkL= ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dh foospuk djrk gS tks fof/k ds
fu;eksa ls 'kkflr gksrs gSa u fd Lo;a HkkSfrd fu;eksa (material rules½ dh vkSj bUgha vFkkZsa
esa ;g vkSipkfjd foKku gSA muds vuqlkj ikfFkZo fu;e (material rules½ os gSa tks
fof/kd O;k[;k] vkykspuk ,oa ladyu dh fo"k;oLrq gSa u fd fof/k'kkL= dhA
vfYi;u dh ifjHkk"kk
mUuhloha 'krkCnh ls igys fof/k n'kZu /keZ] çd`fr] iqjk.k dFkk vkSj fo'oklksa dk
vfHkUu vax jgh gSA vr%] ;g foosd] vUrKkZu] ç‟fr] uSfrdrk] uhfr'kkL=] çFkk vkfn ds
,d mRikn ds :i esa tkuh vkSj igpkuh tkrh FkhaA
mnkgj.k ds fy;s jkseu fopkjd vfYi;u us fof/k'kkL= dks U;k; ds lanHkZ esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k vkSj muds fof/k ds n'kZu dks muds ml çfl) lw= ls le>k tk ldrk gS tks
muds fof/k dh ladYiuk dks vaxhHkwr djrk gS fd bZekunkjh ls jguk] fdlh dks {kfr u
igq¡pkuk vkSj çR;sd dks Bhd fglkc ls ;k ;Fkk fof/k nsukA blhfy;s os fof/k dks mfpr
vkSj vuqfpr dk foKku dgrs gSA mUgksua s fof/k'kkL= dks nSoh vkSj ekuoh; phtksa dk
çs{k.kA mfpr vkSj vuqfpr dk foKku dgdj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA bl ifjHkk"kk dk nk;jk
¼foLrkj {ks=½ dkQh foLr`r gS vkSj ;g lEHkor /keZ] uhfr'kkL= vkSj n'kZu'kkL= ij Hkh
ykxw gks ldrh gSA
flljks dh ifjHkk"kk
çfl) nk'kZfud flljks us fof/k'kkL= ds nk'kZfud i{k dks mtkxj fd;k gSA muds
vuqlkj fof/k'kkL= fof/k ds Kku dk n'kZfud i{k gSA

3
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

v‚fLVu dh ifjHkk"kk
v‚fLVu ds vuqlkj fof/k'kkL= dh lkexzh vf/kjfpr fof/k (Positive law½ gS &
fof/k Li"V :i esa vkSj dBksj :i esa le>h tkus okyh ;k fof/k tks jktuSfrd :i ls
Js"B }kjk jktuSfrd :i ls voj dks funsZf'kr dh tkrh gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa es]a vkWfLVu dk fy;s fof/k'kkL= dk mi;qä fo"k; vf/kjfpr fof/k gS
vFkkZr tks fLFkr ls fo|eku gS ;Fkk ,d Lora= jktuSfrd leqnk; esa ,d laçHkq ;k
loksZPp ljdkj ds vfHkO;ä çkf/kdkj ls fo|ekuA vf/kjfpr fof/k ls ;gka rkRi;Z vkpj.k
ds lkekU; fu;eksa ls gS ftUgsa jktuSfrd :i ls Js"B O;fä }kjk jktuSfrd :i ls voj
O;fä ds fy;s fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA vf/kjfpr fof/k dh rhu eq[; fo'ks"krk;sa gSA ;g
,d çdkj dk lekns'k gS] ;g jktuSfrd :i esa laçHkq }kjk fu:fir ;k fu/kkZfjr fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj mldk çorZu ,d vuq'kfLr }kjk gksrk gSA
fof/k'kkL= ds xq.k vkSj egRo ¼Merits and improtance of jurisprudence½
^fof/k dk us=^
1- fof/k ds v/;;u esa fof/k'kkL= dk ogh egRo gS tks ekuo 'kjhj ds fy;s vk¡[k dk
gSA ftl çdkj vk¡[k ds fcuk euq"; dk thou vU/kdkje; gksrk gS mlh çdkj
fof/k'kkL= ds Kku ds fcuk fof/k dk v/;;u v/kwjk vkSj vLi"V jgrk gSA
fof/k'kkL= fof/k dh ,slh dqath gS tks mlds Hkhrj fNis gq, jgL;ksa dks [kksydj
lkeus j[k nsrh gSA
2- fof/k ds v/;;u ds fy, fof/k'kkL= ogh dk;Z djrk gS tks Hkk"kk ds v/;;u ds
fy;s O;kdj.k&'kkL= djrk gSA bldk vk'k; ;g dnkfi ugha gS fd fof/k'kkL= dk
v/;;u dsoy fof/k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s gh ykHkçn gS] vU; oxksZa ds fy;s ughaA
oLrqr% lekt ds vU; oxZ] tSls vf/koäk] U;k;k/kh'k] jktuhfrK rFkk fo/kk;d]
ç'kkld vkfn ds fy;s Hkh fof/k'kkL= dk v/;;u mruk gh vko';d gS ftruk fd
fof/k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;sA
3- fof/k'kkL= dk O;kogkfjd thou esa vR;f/kd egRo & dkuwu dk v/;;u djus
okys O;fä;ksa dks fof/k dh fofHkUu i)fr;ksa ds ewy fl)kUrksa dh tkudkjh
fof/k'kkL= ls gh çkIr gksrh gSA blh çdkj ;g v/;;u vf/koäkvksa vkSj fo/kk;dksa
4
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

dks dkuwu ds vUrxZr ç;ksx esa vkus okys ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk ;FkkFkZ Kku djkrk
gS rkfd os fof/k ds lgh :i dks le> ldsa vkSj rnuqlkj iSjoh dj ldsa ;k
fof/k;ksa dk n{krkiwoZd fuekZ.k dj ldsAa
4- fof/k'kkL= ds ;Fks"V Kku & fof/k'kkL= dk lEcU/k fof/k ds ewyHkwr fl)kUrksa ds
Kku ls gksus ds dkj.k bl 'kkL= dk v/;;u U;k;k/kh'kksa] jktuhfrKksa rFkk lkekU;
O;fä;ksa ds fy;s Hkh vko';d gSA U;k;k/kh'kksa dks vius fu.kZ; çpfyr fof/k ds
vuqlkj nsuk gksrk gS( vr% fof/k'kkL= ds ;Fks"V Kku ds fcuk mUgsa ;g dk;Z djuk
dfBu gksxkA blh çdkj jktuhfrKksa dks uhfr&lEcU/kh fopkj/kkjkvksa ls voxr
djkus ds fy;s fof/k'kkL= dk Kku gksuk pkfg, rkfd os viuh uhfr;ksa dks fof/k ds
vuqlkj <ky ldsaA fof/k'kkL= dk ekuo fodkl ds lkFk lh/kk lEcU/k gksus ds
dkj.k lekt dh çxfr ds lkFk&lkFk fof/k ds fl)kUrksa esa ifjorZu djuk vko';d
gks tkrk gSA
dSYlu ds “kq) fof/k ds fl)kUr
gSal dsylu] chloha lnh ds cgqr gh çfl) fof/k'kkfL=;ksa esa ,d gS] mUgksaus vius
fof/k fl)kUr „kjk fo'kys"k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk dh foospuk euksoSKkfud rjhds ls dh gSA
dsYlu fo;uk fo'o fo|ky; esa fof/k ds izkQs slj FksA blfy;sa bUgsa rFkk buds leFkZdksa dh
fopkj/kkjk dks fo;uk'kk[kk ;k fo;uk fopkj/kkjk ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
dSYlu dh fopkj/kkjk izfl) nk”kZfud dk.V }kjk LFkkfir vusdksa flíkUrksa ls
çHkkfor FkhA dSYlu }kjk vius fl)kUr dh O;k[;k LVSej dh fopkj&i)fr dks vk/kkj
ekudj dhA
dSYlu us çk‟frd fof/k fl)kUr dh dM+h vkykspuk dh rFkk foKku dh 'kfä dks
Lohdkj djrs gq;s viuk fof/k dk fl)kUr &izLrqr fd;kA
dSYlu dh 'kq) fof/k dk fl)kUr ekudksa dh ,d dzec) J`[kyk gSA dSYlu vkxLV
dkEVs ls cgqr izHkkfor Fks] dSYlu us Hkh lkekftd “kkLrz ij oSKkfud jhfr dk iz;ksx
fd;kA dSYLku us nks vk/kkj okD;ks dk iz;ksx fd;k gS A tks fd bl izdkj gS&

5
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

1- foKku dk vk/kkj okD; & dSYlu ds vuqlkj foKku dk vk/kkj okD; fof/k “kkL=
dk fo’k; gSA foKku dk;Z vkSj dkj.k Eks lEcU/k LFkkfir djus dh ps’Vk djrk gSA
bl dk lECkU/k mu dk;ksZ ls gS tks dk;Z vkSj dkj.k ds #i es vo”; gh ?kfVr
gksrs gS]
tSls & U;wVu dk xq#Rokd’kZ.k dk fl}kUr ftlds vuqlkj isM+ ls fxjus okyk Qy
uhps i`Foh ij fxjsxk] vkdk”k ij ugh tk;sxkA

2- fof/k dk vk/kkj okD; & izkd`frd foKku es fof/k dk vk/kkj okD; mu

ifjfLFkfr;ks dk v/;;u djrk gSA ftles fdlh dk;Z ds fuf”pr gksus dh
lEHkkouk “kr&izfr“kr gksrh gSA dSYlu dgrs gS] fd fof/kd fl)kUr dk lEcU/k
fof/k ds okLrfod #i ls gksrk gS u fd blls fd fof/k dSlh gksuh pkfg,A dSYlu
“kq) fof/k ds fl)kUr es uSfrd pkfg, ds vfLrRo dks ekurs gSA mudk dguk gS
fd dkuwuh pkfg, ds LFkku ij uSfrd pkfg, dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
dSYlu ds vuqlkj] U;k; ,d uSfrd vkn”kZ gS ftldks rdZ ds ek/;e ls Li’V #i ls
ifjHkkf’kr ugh fd;k tk ldrk] dkuwu ds v/;;u es n`f’V dks.k ls gekjk lEcU/k dsoy
fof/kd pkfg, ls gh gksuk pkfg,] D;ksfd dqN fu;e U;k;iw.kZ u gksus ds dkj.k dkuwu dh
Js.kh es ugh vkrs A
dSYlu ds vuqlkj fof/k ds “kq) fl)kUr ds fy, vko”;d gS fd mles jktuhfr
uhfr”kkL=] n”kZu”kkL=] lekt”kkL= vkSj bR;kfn lkekftd fo’k;ks dk lekos”k u gks
vU;Fkk og fl)kUr v”kq) dgyk,xkA Kku dk vFkZ gS] mu leLr oLrqvks dh tkudkjh
izkIr djuk tks fd fof/k ds fy, vko”;d vkSj vfuok;Z gSA vr% fof/k dk ewy Lo#i]
fof/k ds u ekuus okyks ds fdz;k dykiks ls izHkkfor ugh gksuk pkfg,A
“kq) fof/k ds fl)kUr es fuEu eq[; rRo gSA
1- fof/k ^^tSlh dh og gS** dks crkuk pkfg, u fd tSlh og gksuh pkfg,A
2- blds vuqlkj fof/k ds fl)kUr rFkk fof/k es vUrj gSA fof/k ds vUrxrZ dbZ izdkj
ds fojks/kh fu;e gksrs gSA vkSj fof/k ds fl)kUr dk ;g dk;Z gksrk gS fd os lHkh
fojks/kh fu;e es lEcU/k cuk, rFkk mudk ,dhdj.k djsA
6
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

3- fof/k ds fl)kUr dks lHkh LFkkuks rFkk le;ks esa leku #i ls ykxw gksuk pkfg,
vFkkZr fof/k dk fl)kUr vifjorZu”khy rFkk loZekU; gksuk pkfg,A
4- fof/k ds fl)kUr dks fo“kq) gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr jktuhfr uhfr”kkL= n”kZu”kkL=
bfrgkl vkfn ls vizHkkfor gksuk pkfg,A blfy, dSYlu ds fl)kUr dks fof/k dk
fo“kq) fl)kUr dgk tkrk gSA
5- “kq) fof/k dk fl)kUr uSfrd vkns”k dh iwoZ dYiuk ij vk/kfjr gS fd ;fn ?kVuk
*A* ?kfVr gks tk;s rks *B* Hkh gksuh pkfg,A
dSYlu ds fof/k ds fo“kq) fl)kUr dks ewy ekud dk fl)kUr ;k ekudks dk
fl)kUr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dSYlu dk fof/k dk fo“kq) fl)kUr ekudks dh ,d dzec)
J`[kyk gS mUgksus fof/kd dze dks ekudks dk Liwr ekuk gS muds fl)kUr dks le>us ds
fy, nks vk/kkj okD;ks dks le>uk vko”;d gS
foKku rFkk fof/k
1- foKku dk vk/kkj okD; izkd`frd foKku dk fo’k; gS tcfd fof/k dk vk/kkj fof/k
dk fo’k; gSA
2- izkd`frd foKku dk;Z rFkk dkj.k ij vk/kkfjr gS vFkkZr tks gS tcfd fof/k dk
foKku bl ckr ls lEcfU/kr gS fd fdl ifjfLFkfr es D;k gksuk pkfg,A
3- vr% izkd`frd foKku dkj.kr% ls lEcfU/kr gS tcfd fof/k ekudrk ls lEcfU/kr gS
ijUrq fof/k ds pkfg, rFkk uSfrdrk ds pkfg, es vUrj gksrk gSA
dSYlu ds ewy ekud & dSYlu ds fl)kUr dh vk/kkj f”kyk ekud gSA ,d ekud vius
Åij okys ekud ls “kfDr izkIr djrk gSA muds vuqlkj izR;sd izdkj ds ekud pkfg,
fd ,d lh<+h gksrh gSA igys lk/kkj.k ekud gksrs gS rFkk lcls mij ewy ekud gksrk gSA

7
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

ewy ekud

lsds.Mjh ekud

lk/kkj.k ekud

ewy ekud & lHkh ekud ewy ekud ls oS/krk izkIr djrs gSA fdUrq tc dSYlu ls ;g
dgk x;k fd ewy ekud dgka ls oS/krk izkIr djrk gS rks dSYlu ds ikl bldk dksbZ
mRrj ugh gSA muds vuqlkj izR;sd fof/k O;oLFkk es dksbZ u dksbZ ewy ekud vko”;d
jgrk gSA rFkk fof/kd fl)kUr dk dk;Z dsoy ewy ekud rFkk vU; ekudks ds lEcU/k ij
es fopkj djukA
vr% la{ksi es dSYlu ds fl)kUr dh fuEufyf[kr fo”ks’krk, gSA
1- fof/k dks U;k; ds lUnHkZ ifjHkkf’kr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- “kkfLr dk fof/k ls vyx dksbZ vfLrRo ugh gSA
3- fof/k dh vuq“kkfLr mlh es vUrfufgr gksrh gSA
4- ifCyd rFkk izkbosV fof/k dksbZ vUrj ugh gS A
5- fof/k ds pkfg, vkSj rFkk uSfrdrk ds pkfg, esa vUrj gS A
6- “kkfUr rFkk lqj{kk ds fy, “kkfLr dk gksuk vko”;d gS
7- vUrjkZ’Vh; fof/k jkT; dh fof/k ls mPprj gS A
8- jkT; rFkk fof/k ,d flDds ds nks igyq gSA
9- izkd`frd rFkk fof/kd O;fDr;ksa ds chp dksbZ vUrj ugh gSA
vkykspuk & dSYlu ds fof/k ds fo“kq) fl)kUr dh dbZ ckrks ij vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA

8
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

1- Ewky ek=d vLi’V gS rFkk Hkze mRiUu djus okyk gS D;ksfd ;g ifjdYiuk
vk/kkfjr gSA jkT; dh “kfDr dks vR;f/kd lhfer dj x;k gSA
2- ifCyd rFkk izkbosV fof/k ds vUrj Lohdkj ugh fd;k x;k gSA
3- fo“kq) fof/k dk dksbZ O;ogkfjd egRo ugh gS D;ksfd fof/k dks fdlh Hkh izdkj
jktuhfr”kkL=] lekt”kkL= bfrgkl vkfn ls vyx ugh j[kk tk ldrk gS blhfy,
ykLdh us fof/k ds fo“kq) fl)kUr dks csdkj dh fnekxh dljr crk;k gSA
4- bUgksuas vUrjkZ’Vh; fof/k dks jk’Vªh; Lrj ij izkFkfedrk nh gS tcfd og fdlh ewy
ekud ij vk/kkfjr ugh gS A
5- dSYlu dk fl)kUr vk/kqfud le; es leL;kvks dks gy djus es vleFkZ gSA
fo”ys"k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk
bls Imperative, positive, telco-logical, or austian fopkj/kkjk Hkh dgrs gS
fo”ys’k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk jkT; ds lkFk fof/k ds laca/k dks cgqr egRoiw.kZ igyw ds #i es
fopkj djrh gS ;g fof/k dks mlh #i es ysrh gS ftl #i es jkT; fof/k dkas nsrk gS
ftlds izkf/kdkj ij iz”u ugh mBk;k tk ldrk gSA bl #i es ;g vkKkRed fopkj/kkjk
ds #i es tkuk tkrk gSA
bl fopkj/kkjk ds fof/kosrk fof/k ds izFke fl)kUr ds fo”ys’k.k ls lEcU/k j[krs gS
D;ksfd os fof/kd iz.kkyh es cus jgrs gS bl dkj.k ls ;g fopkj/kkjk positive school
dgykrh gSA bl fopkj/kkjk dh LFkkiuk vkWfLVu }kjk dh xbZ gS bls austianian school
Hkh dgrs gSA
csUFke vkSj vkfLVu fo”ys’k.kkRed ;k fo/;kRed fopkj/kkjk ds laLFkkid ekus tkrs
gSA gkykfd vkerkSj ij vkfLVu dks fo”ys’k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk dk firk dgk tkrk gS
v‚fLVu & çeq[k fof/k'kkL=h
fo'ys"k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk dks dbZ ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gS] ;Fkk fof/k dk vkKkkRed
fl)kar ¼Imperative Theory of laws½A ,slk blfy;s dgk tkrk gS D;ksfa d fof/k dks
jkT; dk vkns'k ¼Imperative½ ;k lekns'k ¼command½ ekuk tkrk gSA bls
vf/kjpukoknh fopkj.kkj positivist school ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd bl
9
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

fopkj/kkjk dks ekuus okys fof/k'kkL=h u rks fof/k ds vrhr ls lEcU/k j[krs gSa vkSj u gh
Hkfo"; lsA muds v/;;u&dh fo"k;&oLrq gS okLro esa fof/k tSlh Hkh gS^ ¼Law as it is½
;k ^tSlh Hkh çfrikfnr gS** ¼it is laid down½ bls vaxzsth fo/kkj/kkjk ¼English school½ Hkh
dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g fopkj/kkjk eq[; :i ls bXySaM esa çpfyr gSA bl fopkj/kkjk ds
çorZd v‚fLVu gS]a vr% bls v‚fLVfu;u fopkj/kkjk Austinion School Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
bls fo'ys"k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk blfy;s dgk tkrk gS D;ksfa d fof/k dk egRoiw.kZ igyw jkT;
ls lacaf/kr gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g fopkj/kkjk fof/k dk v/;;u jkT; ds lEcU/k esa djrh
gSA
^fo'ys"k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk çk‟frd fof/k fopkj/kkjk ds Bhd foijhr gSA bldk
fodkl çk‟frd fof/k fopkj/kkj dh iwoZxkeh ^dkj.k dk;Z rdZ jhfr ds çfrfØ;k Lo:i
gqvkA fo'ys"k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk ds tud ds :i esa ;|fi tkWu v‚fLVu dks tkuk tkrk
gS] ijUrq okLro esa bl fopkj/kkjk^ dk tud ¼Father Anytical school½ tsjes h cSaFke
¼Jeremy Benthan½ dks ekuk tkuk pkfg;s vkSj v‚fLVu dks bl fopkj/kkjk dk lcls
eq[kjoäk ¼Chief exponent½ cSaFke dh 1782 esa fy[kh ‟fr The Limits of
Jurisprudence Defined 1945 esa lkoZtfud gqbZ o blh dk iqujhf{kr laLdj.k of Laws
in General 1970 es çks- gkVZ ds laiknu ls çdkf'kr gqvkA v‚fLVu dh ‟fr Province
of Jurisprudence Determined 1832 esa çdkf'kr gqbZA

t‚u v‚fLVu ¼John Austin½ ¼1790&&1859½& v‚fLVu us fof/k dh ifjHkk"kk bl

çdkj nh gS& fdlh cqf);qä izk.kh }kjk fdlh cqf);qä çk.kh ds] tks mldh] “kfä ds
v/khu gks] ekxZn'kZu ds fy, vf/kdfFkr fu;e^^A v‚fLVu us ^^;g fof/k ftls mfpr rkSj
ij fof/k dgk tkrk gS** vkSj og fof/k ftls vuqfpr rkSj ij fof/k dgk tkrk gS&chp Hksn
fd;k gSA
mlds vuqlkj] çR;sd fof/k laçHkqrk/kkjh dk lkekU; lekns'k gS tks ,d drZO;
vf/kjksfir djrk gS tks vuq'kkfLr }kjk ykxw djk;k tkrk gSA
v‚fLVu ds vuqlkj fof/k ds çdkj
1- nsoh fof/k;ka ¼Laws of God½ & bZ”oj }kjk euq"; ds fy, cukbZ xbZ fof/k;ka A
10
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

2- ekuo fof/k;ka ¼Human Laws½ & euq";ksa }kjk euq";ksa ds fy, cukbZ xbZ fof/k;kaA
3- fof/k ftls mfpr rkSj ij fof/k dgk tkrk ls fof/k;ka gSa tks jktuhfrd :i ls
ofj"B }kjk ugha cuk;h tkrh gS] cfYd ;s lk„'; ds vk/kkj ij dgh tkus okyh
fof/k;ka gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,
1- dsoy fopkj }kjk LFkkfir vkSj izoÙk fof/kA
2- QS'ku lac/a kh fof/k;kaA
3- vUrZjk"Vªh; fof/k;kaA
fo'ys"k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡
vf/kjpukoknh fopkj/kkjk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu gSa %
1- fof/k dk lEcU/k jkT; ls gSA ;g jkT; dh mit gSA
2- nwljh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd vxj dksbZ laçHkq ugha gS rks fof/k ugha gks ldrhA nwljs
'kCnksa esa fof/k vkSj lEçHkq dk vU;ksU;kfJr lEcU/k gSAa laçHkq- ,oa çtk ¼turk½ ds
chp dk lEcU/k Js"B vkSj voj dk gS] 'kfä vkSj v/khurk dk gSA
3- fof/k dk çek.k fpUg gS fd mls lEçHkq çofrZr ;k ykxw djrk gSA mlds ihNs
jktuSfrd :i ls laxfBr lekt dk cy gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd
blds ihNs vuq'kkfLr gSA v‚fLVu ds vuqlkj fof/k ds fopkj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ
vax vuq'kkfLr gSA os fof/k ds rhu rRoksa ds ijLij lEcU/k ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs gSaA os
rhu rRo gSa & lekns'k] drZO; ,oa vuq'kkfLrA muds vuqlkj ;g rhuksa 'kCn vfHkUu
:i ls lEcfU/kr gSaA
4- fof/k lEçHkq dk lekns'k gSA v‚fLVu dgrs gSa çR;sd fof/k ,oa fu;e lekns'k gSA
vr% fof/k iw.kZ:i ls ,dkdh fof/k;ksa ,oa lekns'kksa dk leqPP; ¼aggregate½ gSA
5- vf/kjpukoknh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj çFkk,a fof/k ugha gSa tc rd fd mudh oS/krk
U;kf;d fu.kZ; ds ek/;ke ls ;k fo/kkf;dk ds vf/kfu;e }kjk LFkkfir u dj nh
tk,A

11
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

v‚fLVu ds lekns'k

fo'ks"k lekns'k ¼fof/k ugha½ lkekU; lekns'k

nSoh lekns'k laçHkq lÙkk ds vkns'k vU; ds lekns'k

¼fo/;kRed fof/k½ ¼fo/;kRed uSfrdrk½

v‚fLVu dh fo/;kRed fof/k dh ifjHkk"kk ds ikap rRo gSa tks bl çdkj of.kZr gSa&
1- bPNk
2- vuq'kkfLr
3- bPNk dh vfHkO;fä
4- lkekU;rk] vkSj
5- laçHkq lÙkkA
L = W+S+E+G+S
Lkekns”k ds :i esa fof/k ij ;g vkxzg (insistence) vkWfLVu ds fl)kUr ij vk{ksi
dk egRoiw.kZ dsUæ jgk gSA ;g fof/k'kkL= ds {ks= ls u dsoy jhfrxr] lkaoS/kkfud vFkZ
varjkZ"Vªh;] fof/k dks ckgj djus dh vis{kk djrk gSA
csUFke] nwljh vksj] rdZ nsrs gSa fd lekns'k ikap fof/k;ksa esa ls ,d gS ftlds }kjk
laçHkq ¼sovereigrin½ fof/k fo/kku cukrk gSA
os og fof/k tks dqN fuf'pr vkp.kj.k ¼vkKkRed fof/k½ dks leknsf'kr ;k fu"ksf/kr
djrh gS rFkk os fo/kk;ksa tks dqN fuf'pr vkpj.k dh vuqefr nsrh gSa ds chp Hksn crkrs
gSAa lkekU; rkSj ij fof/k;ksa esa] csaFke naM vkSj flfoy fof/k;ksa ds chp ds vUrj ls
12
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

ljksdkj j[krs gSAa çR;sd fof/k dk naM vkSj flfoy lewY; gSA bl çdkj laifÙk ds
vf/kdkj ds laca/k esa ,d naM rRo gksrk gSA
v‚fLVu ds fopkj dk rhu 'kh"kksZa esa foospu fd;k tk ldrk gS &
1- fof/k'kkL= dk vk/kkj ¼Basis of Jurisprudence½
2- fof/k'kkL= dh ç.kkyh ¼Method of Jurisprudence½
3- fof/k vkSj vkpkj'kkL= ¼Law and ethics½
1- fof/k'kkL= dk vk/kkj laçHkq dk lekns'k
fof/k dk vkKkid ifjHkk"kk o`gr vFkZ es]a ftlesa in fof/k dk ç;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gS] ;g ,d lekns'k dks bafxr djrk gS tks fdlh vkpj.k ds fy, fdlh O;fä dks
ck/; cukrs gSAa ,d lekns'k gksrs gq;s] bls vfuPNk dh /kedh ds lkFk fu;r
¼determinate½ O;fä ls] vo'; fudyuk pkfg,A ;fn fu;e dk ikyu ugha fd;k tkrk
gS] fdUrq çR;sd lekns'k fof/k mRiUu ugha djrk gSA
2- fof/k'kkL= dh ç.kkyh
;g ç.kkyh fof/k;ksa dh mu tkfr;ksa esa Hksn djrh gS tks fo/;kRed fof/k ds
fof/kosÙkkvksa dh ilan gSA fo/;kRed fof/k laizHkq }kjk O;ofgr :i ls ;k rR{k.k :i ls
çfrikfnr dh tkrh gSA ;g og fu;e gS tks jktuhfrd :i esa ofj"B }kjk jktuhfrd
#i esa voj ds fy, çfrikfnr gSA
v‚fLVu dh lEçHkqrk dk fl)kar & ;fn dksbZ fu;r ofj"B O;fDr] vU; ofj"B
O;fä;ksa dh voKk djus dk vknh ugha gS] rks og ml lekt ds cM+s fgLlksa ls vkH;kfld
voKk gh çkIr djrk gS] og fu;r ofj"B O;fä ml lekt esa laçHkq gksrk gS vkSj lekt
jktuhfrd vkSj Lora= gksrk gSA v‚fLVu us ekuk fd fof/k'kkL= dh eq[; dqath fo'ys"k.k
gSA
3- fof/k vkSj vkpkj'kkL= &
v‚fLVu ds vuqlkj] Þfof/k'kkL= dk foKku fo/;kRed fof/k] vFkok dM+kbZ ls ,slh
dgh tkus okyh fof/k tks viuh vPNkbZ rFkk cqjkbZ dks /;ku esa fy, fcuk le>h tkrh gS]
ls ljksdkj j[krk gSA^^ fof/k ds loksZPp mnns'; ds :i esa çfrikfnr fo'ys"k.k rkfdZd
13
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

leUo;u ds vkn'kZ gSA fof/k dks dqN fuf'pr ewyHkwr fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr lqlaxr
ç.kkyh ds :i esa ekuk tkrk Fkk ftlls dqN fo'ks"k fu;e fudkys tk ldrs gSaA fdUrq
dksbZ Hkh fof/k tks fo'ys"kd ds ÝseodZ esa ;ksX; ugha cSB ldrh] og ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ;k
rkfdZd fo"kerk ds :i esa Mc gks tkrh gS tks 'kh?kz yqIr gks tkrh gSA
v‚fLVu ds fof/k&fl)kUr dh vkykspuk
vkWfLVu ds fu'p;kRed fof/k ¼Positive law½ ds fl)kUr dh ,sfrgkfld fopkj/kkjk ds
leFkZdksa us dVq vkykspuk dh gS ftuesa lj gsujh esu rFkk lSfouh ¼Savigny) izeq[k gSaA
1- v‚fLVu dgrk gS] ^^fof/k lEçHkq dk lekns'k gS^*] ;g ckr ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa }kjk
lefFkZr ugha gSA çkjaHk dky esa ofj"B dk lekns'k ugha ^vfirq :f<+;ka ¼customs½
yksxksa ds vkpj.k dks fofu;fer djrh FkhA jkT; ds vfLrRo esa vk tkus ds ckn
:f<;ka vkoj.k dk fofu;eu djrh jghaA blfy, :f<+;ksa dks Hkh fof/k'kkL= ds
v/;;u esa lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s ijUrq v‚fLVu us mudh mis{kk dhA

2- v‚fLVu ds fl)kUr ds leFkZd dgrs gS fd mudk fl)kUr ,slh fof/k dks fopkj esa
ysrk gS tSlh fd ;g ,d fodflr lekt esa fo|eku gSA fofu;e tks jkT; ds
vfLrRo ds igys fo|eku Fks fof/k ds ,sls ,sfrgkfld L=ksr gks ldrs gS ftuls
fof/k fudyh Fkh] fdUrq tc jkT; vfLrRo esa vkrk gS rks os dsoy lEçHkq dh
vuq'kkfLr ¼sanction½ }kjk gh tkjh jgrs gS vkSj mlds }kjk mudks vkKkid
¼imperative½ cy feyrk gS vkSj bl rjg ls os Hkh lekns'k gSA
3- gsujh esu dk dFku gS fd vkns'kkRed fof/k dk fl)kUr vkfne leqnk;ksa ds çfr
ykxw ugha gksrk gS D;ksfa d fof/k izR;sd le; ls laçHk ls lEc) ugha jgh gSA fof/k
dk vfLrRo jktuhfrd çkf/kdkjh ds vfLrRo ls igys dk gS rFkk og Lo;a esa
Lora= gSA

4- lj gsujh esu dk er gS fd ;g dguk fd fof/k laçHkq&”kfDr dh vkKk gS] lgh

ugha gSA mUgksua s v‚fLVu ds fof/k&fl)kUrksa dks ,d ,slh diksy&dYiuk ek= ekuk
ftldk dksbZ ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj ugha gSA
14
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

5- lSfouh us Hkh v‚fLVu ds laçHkq&'kfä ds fl)kUr dks fujk/kkj crk;k gSA mudk
dFku Fkk fd ijaijk,a fof/k dk ,slk ekin.M gSa ftlls mfpr&vuqfpr dk vkHkkl
gksrk gS vr% fof/k dh izd`fr dks ,sfrgkfld rFkk lkekftd O;ogkjksa esa gh [kkstk
tk ldrk gSA

6- lke.M us dgk fd vkfne lekt esa jhfr&fjokt rFkk çFkk;sa ^dkuwu^ Fks] ysfdu
fodflr jkT;ksa esa os dkuwu ds L=ksr&ek= cudj jg x;sA

7- czkbl ¼Bryce½ us Hkh v‚fLVu ds fof/k&fl)kUr dh vkykspuk dh gSA mudk er gS

fd fof/k dks jkT; dk lekns'k ekuus dk vFkZ gqvk fd jkT; ds fcuk fof/k dk
vfLrRo gh laHko ugha gSA ijUrq ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj ij ;g çekf.kr gks pqdk gS fd
fof/k dk vfLrRo mu leqnk;ksa esa Hkh Fkk tc jkT; dk mn; ugha gqvk FkkA vr%
v‚fLVu ds fof/k&fl)kUr dk vk/kkj langs kLin gSA

8- lqfo[;kr fof/k'kkL=h MîwfxV ¼Duguit½ us fof/k dks ,d lkekftd rF; ds :i esa

ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, v‚fLVu ds çek.koknh fof/k fl)kUr ¼Positive Law Theory½
dks vekU; fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj fu'p;kRed fof/k&tSlh dksbZ oLrq gh ugha gSA
MîwfxV lekt dh vko';drkvksa dks gh fof/k dk ewy vk/kkj ekurs gSAa fof/k dks
jkT; dh laçHkq&'kfä ij vk/kkfjr djuk mfpr ugha gSA

iSVu ¼Paton½ us v‚fLVu ds vkns'kkRed fof/k&fl)kUr ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, dgk gS

fd vkfLVu }kjk fof/k dk jkT; ls lEc) fd;k tkuk vusd „f"V ls ykHkdkjh fl) gqvk
gSA bl fl)kUr us ^jkT;* vkSj ^ppZ^ ds chp lÙkk ds fy, la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr dks lekIr
dj fn;kA vkns'kkRed fof/k fl)kUr ds vuqlkj fof/k dk fuekZ.k djus dk vf/kdkj dsoy
jkT; ¼State½ dks gh çkIr gS( vr% ppZ dks dsoy os vf/kdkj gh gksaxs tks jkT; }kjk mls
çnÙk fd;s x;s gksaA iSVu ds vuqlkj jkT; dh laçHkqrk gh fof/k dh oS/krk dk vk/kkj gSA

15
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

lsfouh dk yksdpsruk dk fl)kUr

lsfouh us çk‟frd fof/k dks vLohdkj dj fn;kA muds vuqlkj fof/k O;oLFkk yksxksa
dh laL‟fr dk ,d vax gSA fof/k fo/kk;d ds euekus dk;Z dk çfrQy ugha gS vfirq
mldk fodkl yksxksa dh psruk ds dkj.k gqvkA bu yksxksa dh psruk dks lsfouh us
^^yksdpsruk^^ dgk vkSj bl rjg mUgksua s yksdpsruk ds fl)kar dk çfriknu fd;kA
lsfouh ds vuqlkj fof/k dsoy vewrZ fl)karksa ,oa fu;eksa dk laxzg ek= ugha gSA
fof/k vpsru ,oa lgt fodkl dk fo"k; gS] blhfy, fof/k cukbZ ugha tkrh vfirq ikbZ
tkrh gSA fof/k fdlh leqnk; fo'ks"k ;k ns'k&fo'ks"k ds yksxksa dh vkarfjd vko';drkvksa
,oa Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fä gSA lsfouh ds vuqlkj ekuo lH;rk ds çkFkfed pj.kksa esa gh
fof/k fofHkUu leqnk;ksa dh Hkk"kk] jhfr&fjokt rFkk xBu ds vudwy :i xzg.k dj ysrh
gSA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a fof/k dks fdlh lekt fo'ks"k dh Hkk"kk ,oa jhfr&fjoktks ls i`Fkd ugha
j[kk tk ldrkA ;s lHkh ijLij ?kqy&fey tkrs gSaA
lsfouh us jk"Vª ,oa fof/k esa ,sfrgkfld laca/k LFkkfir djrs gq, dgk fd fof/k;k¡
lkekU; vUrpsZruk dk çdVhdj.k gS fof/k jk"Vª dk fodkl ds lkFk fodflr gksrh jgrh
gSA jk"Vª tc viuh jk"Vªh;rk [kks nsrk gS] rks fof/k lekIr gks tkrh gSA ej tkrh gSA ;gk¡
jk"Vª ls rkRi;Z yksxksa ds ml leqnk; ls gS tks ,sfrgkfld HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkaL ‟frd ca/kuksa
}kjk ,d&nwljs ls ca/ks gq, gSAa
lsfouh ds vuqlkj fdlh fof/k O;oLFkk ds ewy fl)kar yksdpsruk esa ik;s tkrs gSa
vkSj mudk çdVhdj.k çFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls gksrk gS vkSj bu çFkkvks esa yksdfç; cks/k]
Hkkouk,¡] fo'okl vkSj O;ogkj çfrfcfEcr gksrs gSaA fof/k dk fodkl lgt :i ls ;k
vpsru :i esa gksrk gSA fdlh fof/k fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k dks ,sfrgkfld fodkl dh /kkjk ds
vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A çFkk u dsoy fo/kk;u ls iwoZorhZ gksrh gS] vfirq ;g mlls Js"Brj
gSA

16
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

lsfouh ds yksdpsruk ds fl)kar dh vkykspuk

1- cgqr lh çFkk,¡ ,slh gSa tks ,d leqnk; dh mi;qä ;k mfpr dh lgto`fÙk vuqHkwfr
dh mit ugha gSa ;k lkekU; vUrpsZruk dh mit ugha gS]a vifrq lekt ds ,d
'kfä'kkyh vYier ds fgr dh mit gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a os yksdpsruk dh mRifÙk u
gksdj 'kkldh; dqyhura= ;k vYira= ds fgr dh mit gS&tSls xqykeh dh çFkkA

2- dqN fu;eksa dk fodkl rks vpsru ¼lgtHkko½ ls gks ldrk gS] ijUrq <sj lkjs fu;e
gS]a ftudh mRifÙk lekt esa jgus okys yksxksa ds ijLij fojks/kh fgrksa ds Vdjko vkSj
dHkh&dHkh rks fgald la?k"kZ dk ifj.kke gS & tSls m|ksx ;k Jfed la?kksa laca/kh
fof/kA

3- lsfouh us U;k;k/kh'kksa ,oa fof/k'kkfL=;ksa ds l`tukRed dk;Z dks xEHkhjrk ls ugha

fy;kA U;k;k/kh'k dks yksdpsruk ds ewdn'kZd ds :i esa ns[kuk U;k;ksfpr ugha gSA
lkE;k fof/k vkSj d‚eu yksa dh mRifÙk dk vf/kdka'k Js; U;k;k/kh'kksa dks fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A ;|fi ;g lp gS fd çR;sd O;fä vius dky ¼le;½ dh mit gksrk gS]
fdUrq dqN ,sls O;fä gksrs gS]a tks viuh çfrHkk ls fof/kd fodkl dks ubZ fn'kk
çnku djrs gSa & tSls jkse ds vusd mPp dksfV ds ys[kd] fyfVyVu vkSj dksdA

4- fof/k ds fodkl esa vuqdj.k ds ;ksxnku dks de djds ugha vkadk tk ldrkA
jkseu fof/k dks lpsru voLFkk esa viuk;k x;k A tc Ýkalhlh lafgrk dh lQyrk
dks Lohdkjk x;k rks mls reke ns'kksa us lfou; viuk;kA ;gh ugha] if'peh fof/k
dks Hkkjr vkSj VdhZ esa viuk;k x;kA ifj.kkeLo:i cgqr lkjh LFkkuh; fof/k;ksa
if'peh fof/k;ksa ls vNwrh ugha jg ldhaA

5- lsfouh ds yksdpsruk ds fl)kar dh fojks/kkHkklh fLFkfr ;g Fkh fd ,d vksj rks os

yksdpsruk ds fgek;rh ;k leFkZd Fks ogha nwljh rjQ mUgksaus teZuh esa jkseu fof/k
ds 'kq) fd;s gq, :i dks Lohdkjs tkus ds fy, dksbZ fn;kA

17
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

6- lsfouh us] tSlk fd ikmaM dgrs gSa] fof/k'kkL=h; fujk'kkokn^ ¼Juristic pessimism½
dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA lSfouh dk ;g dguk fd fo/kku dks mfpr lgto`fÙk vuqHkwfr
ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,( mfpr ugha dgk tk ldrkA bl rjg mUgksaus lpsru
fof/kd lq/kkj dks grksRlkfgr fd;kA

7- lsfouh ds fojksf/k;ks us ,drdZ ;g Hkh fn;k fd vxj yksdpsruk ds fl)kar dks

'kCn'k% viuk;k tk, rks loZnk ds fy, teZuh ds ,dhdj.k dks udkj fn;k tk,xk
;k ugha gks ik,xk D;ksfa d lsfouh çR;sd jkT; dks vyx O;fäRo ds :i esa Lohdkj
djrs gSa vkSj bl rjg jk"Vªh;rk dh ladqfpr Hkkouk dks çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA

8- lsfouh ds vuqlkj yksdpsruk dh vfHkO;fä çFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls gksrh gSA dnkfpr

blhfy, mUgksaus çFkvksa dks fo/kk;u ds Åij ojh;rk nhA muds vuqlkj fo/kku
çFkkvksa dk lafgrkc) :i gSA bl rjg lsfouh fo/kk;u dh l`tukRed 'kfä dks
mfpr ifjçs{; esa ugha ns[krsA

9- yksdpsruk dk fuekZ.k dsls gksrk gS bl ç'u dk larks"ktud mÙkj u rks lsfouh us

fn;k vkSj u gh muds vuq;kf/k;ksa usA bl rjg mudk yksdpsruk dk fl)kar v/kwjk
jgkA
fof/k ds çfr ekuo'kkL=h; „f"Vdks.k & lj gsujh esu
,sfrgkfld fopkj/kkjk] tks baXySM
a esa iuih] ds lcls cM+s eq[kj oäk ds :i esa lj
gsujh esu dks ekuk tkrk gSA çkFkfed ,oa vfodflr fof/k O;oLFkkvksa ds LoHkko ds ckjs esa
ekuo'kkL=h; 'kks/k ¼[kkst½ blh ,sfrgkfld fopkj/kkjk dh nsu gSA esu ls igys teZu
,sfrgkfld fopkj/kkjk ds }kjk jkseu fof/k ds fodkl vkSj bfrgkl dks ysdj cgqr lkjh
fof/k laca/kh lkexzh ¼lkfgR;½ çdkf'kr gks pqdh FkhA esu us teZu Ldwy }kjk çdkf'kr
lkexzh dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;kA lkFk&lkFk esu vaxszth] jkseu vkSj Hkkjrh; fgUnw fof/k ds
vPNs Kkrk FksA vr% bldk mi;ksx mUgksaus fofHkUu fof/k ç.kkfy;ksa ds rqyukRed v/;;u
esa fd;kA mUgksaus lafouh }kjk dh x;h xyfr;ksa ,oa =qfV;ksa dks ugha nksgjk;kA mUgksua s
18
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

lkekftd O;oLFkk ds u;s vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlesa O;fä vafre :i ls lkearoknh
çkFkfed nklrk ls eqä gqvkA tks ,sfrgkfld ifjorZu dk lkjrRo gS vkSj tks vk/kqfud
if'peh jktuSfrd laL‟fr dk u;k vk/kkj gSA gsujh esu us fofHkUu ns'kksa dh
fof/k&O;oLFkkvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djds fof/k ds fodkl laca/kh dqN lkekU; fu"d"kZ
fudkysA mUgsa baXySM
a esa fodflr ,sfrgkfld rqyukRed fof/k'kkL= dk laLFkkid Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA
gsujh esu us vius v/;;u ds fy, lekt dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡VkA
1- ,d fLFkj leqnk; ;k lekt vkSj
2- nwljk fodkl'khy leqnk; lektA
nksuksa çdkj ds leqnk;ksa esa vkjfEHkd fodkl djhc&djhc leku gS vkSj muds vuqlkj
blds pkj pj.k gSAa
1- çFke pj.k esa fof/k fuekZ.k O;fäxr lekns'k ds ek/;e~ ls gksrk gS vkSj ,slk ekuk
tkrk gS fd ;s O;fäxr lekns'k nSoh çsj.kk ds ifj.kke gSa & tSls çkphu ;wuku ds
FkseSfLVl (Themestes½ vkSj ,saXyks lSDlu jktkvksa ds naMkns'k ¼dooms½A
2- nwljs pj.k esa O;fäxr lekns'k fuf'pr :i /kkj.k djds] ;k LFkk;h :i /kkj.k
djds] çFkkxr fof/k esa ifjofrZ gks tkrh gSA
3- Rkhljs pj.k esa 'kkldksa dk LFkku ,d vYila[;d oxZ ys ysrk gS] tks fof/k ij
fu;a=.k çkIr dj ysrk gSA
4- pkSFks pj.k esa cgqer dqyhura=h; ,dkf/kdkj ds fo#) cxkor dj nsrk gS vkSj
fof/k dh lafgrk ds :i esa çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS & tSls lksyu dk Attic Code
;k jkse dks Twelve TablesA
çkjfEHkd voLFkk esa ¼;k pkjksa pj.kksa rd½ nksuksa çdkj ds lektksa fLFkj ,oa
fodkl'khy esa fof/k dk fodkl djhc&djhc ,d leku gksrk gSA fLFkj lekt Åij
of.kZr pkjksa pj.kksa ls vkxs fodflr ugha gksrkA fof/k dk fodkl Hkh #d tkrk gSA ijUrq
fodkl'khy lekt esa fof/k dk fodkl rhu phtksa ds ek/;e ls fujarj gksrk jgrk gS vkSj
os gSa & fof/kd ifjdYiuk,¡] lkE;k ,oa fo/kk;uA

19
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

çkfLFkfr ls lafonk dh vksj lapyu ¼Movement from status to contract½

lkFk&lkFk gsujh esu us lektksa ds Øfed fodkl ds laca/k esa ,d nwljs fl)kar dks
çfrikfnr] fd;k ftls ge çkfLFkfr ¼;k gSfl;r½ ls lafonk dh vksj dk fl)kar dgrs gSaA
gsujh] esu ds vuqlkj&
1- çkjfEHkd lekt esa pkgs fLFkj lekt gks ;k fodkl'khy yksxksa dh fof/kd
fLFkfr&çkafLFkfr ls ikBî&iqLrd ds ek/;e ls çLrqr dh x;h fof/k dks lansg dh „
f"V ls ns[krk gS mldk laca/k eq[; :i ls bl ckr ls gS fd okLro esa D;k gksrk
gS^ vFkkZr~ mldk lEcU/k ^fØ;k'khy fof/k^ ¼functional law½ ls gSA ikmaM ¼tks bl
fopkj/kkjk ds lcls çeq[k fof/k'kkL=h gS½ Lo;a dgrs gSa fd lekt'kkL=h; fopkj/kkjk
dk ewyHkwr y{k.k ;g gS fd ;g fof/kd laLFkkvks]a fl)karksa ,oa vkKki=ksa
¼precepts½ ds fØ;kRed igyw ij fo'ks"k cy nsrh gS vkSj fof/k dks fofHkUu
O;fäxr ,oa lkekftd fgrksa dh vkiwfrZ dk ,d vkStkj ;k rduhd ek= ekurh
gSAa ^^
2- og fopkj/kkjk fof/k dks lkekftd fu;a=.k ds ,d vkStkj ds :i esa ns[krh gS vkSj
ladYiukvksa ds fof/k'kkL= dks vLohdkj djrh gSA ;g fopkj/kkjk bl ij fo'ks"k cy
nrh gS fd fof/k dk euq";ksa ij D;k çHkko iM+rk gS vkSj euq";ksa dk fof/k ij D;k
çHkko iM+rk gSA bl fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj fof/k lkekftd iqufuZekZ.k dk ,d
vkStkj gSA

3- tgk¡ fo'ys"k.kkRed] ,sfrgkfld ,oa nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjk ds fof/k”kkL=h fof/k dks

dze'k% lekns'k ds :i es]a vpsru ewd fodkl ;k vewrZ mfpr foosd ds lanHkZ esa
ns[krs gS]a ogha lekt'kkL=h; fof/k'kkL=h fof/k dks ,d lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa
ns[krs gSa ftls lpsru vuqHko] vko';drk ;k nksuksa ds vk/kkj ij cuk;k x;k gSA

4- ikmaM dgrs gSa fd lekt'kkL=h; fof/k'kkL=h dh fof/k dh ijkdk"Bk lds gS fd og

lkekftd vko';drkvksa ,oa mís';ksa] ftls fof/k dks iwjk djuk pkfg,] ij fo'ks"k
20
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

cy nsrh gS ¼u fd vlaxr lekns'kksa ij ;k iqjkru fiNyh ijEijkvksa ds ikyu

ij½A

5- lekt'kkL=h; fof/k'kkL=h fof/k cks/k ds ckjs esa fofHkUu er ds gSaA dqN rks
O;kogkfjd ¼vf/kjpukoknh½] ç;ksxkfJr ;k rduhdh gSa vkSj dqN U;k;ky;h; cqf)
ds gSa ¼tks fof/k dks U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa ds lanHkZ esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gS½A dqN vewy
;FkkFkZoknh] lkekftd çxfroknh Hkh gSaA

6- lekt'kkL=h; fof/k'kkL=h lkekftd foKkuksa dh rduhdh dks dke esa ykus

(harnessing½ dh egÙkk esa fo'okl djrs gSA lekt'kkL=h; 'kks/kksa }kjk pqus x;s
Kku dk mi;ksx ,d vfr çHkkodkjh fof/k ds foKku ds fuekZ.k esa djuk pkgrs gSAa

7- ;g fopkj/kkjk lkekftd U;k; esa fo'okl djrh gS] ijUrq lkekftd U;k; fdlls
cuk gqvk gS ¼;k D;k gS½ vkSj bls dSls çkIr fd;k tk;s bl ij erHksn gSaA
j‚Ldks ikmaM dk lkekftd vfHk;a=.k dk fl)kar
¼Pound’s theory of Social Engineering½
o"kksZa ds eaFku ds ckn 1923 esa j‚Ldks ikmaM us baVjçsV's ku v‚Q yhxy fgLVªh
¼fof/kd bfrgkl dh O;k[;k½ iqLrd fy[khA çFke ckj mUgksaus ^^lks'ky bathfu;fjax^^ dh
vo/kkj.kk çLrqr dhA ikmaM ftl vesfjdh HkkoHkwfe ;k i`"BHkwfe ij [kM+s Fks og iw.kZr%
HkkSfrd Fkh blhfy;s og vesfjdh ;kaf=drk ls cp ugha ik,A vesfjdk dh lkekftd
iqujZpuk ds fy, mUgksaus vfHk;kaf=drk dk lgkjk fy;k vkSj bls Li"V djrs gq;s dgk fd

ftl çdkj lsrq dk fuekZ.k djus ls iwoZ ;g vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS fd mlds
uhps ls çfr feuV ;k çfr ?kaVk fdruk ikuh çokfgr gksxk vkSj blds Åij ls fdruk
otu ys tk;k tkuk gS & bl vk/kkj ij iqy dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS] lkekftd
lajpuk dh fo/kk Hkh Bhd blh çdkj gSA flfoy bathfu;fjax dh rtZ ij ikmaM us lks'ky
bathfu;fjax dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA
21
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

ikmaM ds vuqlkj ^lkekftd vfHk;a=.k^ ls vfHkçk; lekt esa ijLij fojks/kh fgrksa
ds chp ,d larqyu cukuk gSA blds fy;s ikm.M us lkekftd fgrksa dk fu:i.k fd;k gS
vkSj mldk oxhZdj.k fd;k gSA ikm.M ds vuqlkj lkeftd vfHk;a=.k dk fu;r dk;Z
;g gS fd og lekt dk] tgk¡ rd lEHko gks lds ogk¡ rd] ,d dq'ky <k¡pk rS;kj djs
ftlesa vf/kdre vko'drkvksa dh iwfrZ U;wure la?k"kZ ¼eueqVko½ ds lkFk dh tk ldsA
og fof/k'kkfL=;ksa ds le{k ,d O;kogkfjd dk;ZØe çLrqr djrs gSa vkSj muls ;g
vis{kk djrs gSa fd fof/k'kkL=h mldk vuqlj.k djsAa bl dk;ZØe esa fof/kd laLFkkvksa vkSj
fof/k ds fl)karksa ds okLrfod lkekftd çHkkoksa dk v/;;u] fof/kd fu;eksa dks çHkkoh
cukus ds lk/kuksa dk v/;;u] fof/k&fuekZ.k dh rS;kjh esa lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u o
U;k;'kkL=h; jhfr dk v/;;u lfEefyr gSAa bl O;ogkfjd dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr ,d
U;k; ea=ky; dh LFkkiuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
ikm.M us vius fof/kd n'kZu dks fgrksa ij vk/kkfjr djrs gq, dgk fd fgr dks
fof/k dh çeq[k fo"k;&oLrq ekuuk mfpr gksxkA lkekftd vfHk;a=.k ds fl)kar dks vkxs
c<+kus ds fy, ikm.M fof/k'kkfL=;ksa ls ;g vis{kk djrs gSa fd fgr fof/k }kjk lajf{kr
fd, tkus pkfg,A fdl lhek rd fd, tkus pkfg,] fdu mik;ksa ds }kjk mUgsa lajf{kr
fd;k tkuk pkfg, & bl laca/k esa ^^ fof/k'kkfL=;ksa dks fgrksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, fl)kar
fu:fir djuk pkfg,A
ikm.M us Lo;a fgr dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k vkSj fgrksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;kA fgrksa dks
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s ikm.M dgrs gSaA
^^fgr os nkos] bPNk,¡ ;k vis{kk,¡ gS]a ftUgsa yksx rF; cyiwoZd dgrs gSa vkSj ftlds
ckjs esa fof/k dks vo'; dqN djuk pkfg,A vxj laxfBr leqnk; dks fVdk, j[kuk gSA^^
ikmaM fgr dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vrs gSaA O;fojkxr fgy] lkoZtfud fgr&,oa lkekftd
fgrA
ikmaM }kjk fgrksa ds oxhZdj.k dh foLr`r foospuk
1- futh ;k O;fäxr fgr & futh fgr dbZ çdkj ds gksrs gSaA

22
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

a. O;fäRo lEcU/kh & blds varZxr 'kkjhfjd j{kk] bPNk dh Lora=rk] xfjek ,oa
lEeku] ,dkUrok vkSj fo'okl ,oa fopkj ds fgr lfEefyr gSAa ¼bu fgrksa dh
laj{kk] vkijkf/kd fof/k] vi‟R; fof/k] lafonk fof/k vkSj 'kklu ds Åij ;g
çfrca/k yxkdj fd ;g fo'okl ,oa fopkj dh Lora=rk esa gLr{ksi u djs]a ds
ek/;e ls dh tkrh gSA
b. ?kjsyw laca/k lEcU/kh & blds vUrxZr ifr ,oa iRuh ds] ekrk ,oa cPps ds]
oSokfgd vkfn fgr vkrs gSA
c. /ku&lEifÙk lEcU/kh & blds vUrxZr lEifÙk ds mÙkjkf/kdkj ls lEcfU/kr fgr]
olh;r ;k bPNki= lEcU/kh fgr] vk;ksx ,oa lafonk dh LorU=rk lEcU/kh fgr]
çfrKkr ¼promissed½ ykHk lEcU/kh fgr] lEcU/k lEcU/kh ykHk ¼lafonk;h]
lkekftd] O;kikfjd] dk;kZy;h ,oa ?kjsyw] laxBu dh Lora=rk vkSj fu;kstu dh
fujarjrk ds fgr vkrs gSAa

2- lkoZtfud fgr & bls ikmaM us nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gSA
a. ,d fof/kd O;fäRo ds :i esa jkT; dk fgr & blds vUrxZr fof/kd O;fä ds
:i esa jkT; dk fgr vFkkZr laj{k.k] dk;Z dh Lora=rk] jkT; ds O;fäRo dh
xfjek] fuxe ds :i esa] jktuSfrd :i ls laxfBr leqnk; ds :i esa vftZr
lEifÙk vkSj mls lkoZtfud mís'; ds fy, /kkfjr djus lEcU/kh nkos lfEefyr
gSAa
b. lkekftd fgrksa ds laj{kd ds :i esa jkT; dk fgr & blds vUrxZr U;kl ,oa
/kekZnk dk fujh{k.k] çk‟frd okrkoj.k dks cuk;s j[kuk vkSj mldh lqj{kk
djuk] lkeqfæd isVh vkSj leqæh fdukjksa dk laj{k.k] lkoZtfud fu;kstu dk
fofu;eu vkfn vkrs gSAa ;s fgr vkSj lekftd fgr ijLijkPNknh gSaA

3- lkekftd fgr & ikmaM us bu fgrksa dk Hkh dbZ :iksa esa oxhZdj.k fd;k gSA
a. lkekftd fgr & blds vUrxZr lkekU; lqj{kk] lkekU; LokLF;] 'kkafr ,oa
O;oLFkk] laO;ogkjksa dh lqj{kk] vkSj vf/kxzg.k dh lqj{kk lEcU/kh fgr vkrs gSaA
23
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

b. lkekftd laLFkkvksa dh lqj{kk ls lEcfU/kr lkekftd fgr & blds vUreZr

?kjsyw laLFkkvks]a /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa] jktuSfrd laLFkkvksa ,oa vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa dh
lkekU; lqj{kk lEcU/kh fgr vkrs gSaA
c. lkekU; uSfrdrk esa lkekftd fgr & blds vUrxZr os';ko`fÙk ij çfrca/k]
'kjkc ihus ¼'kjkchiu½ ij çfrca/k rFkk tqvk ;k |wr ØhM+k ij çfrca/k vkfn
vkrs gSaA
d. lkekftd lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k esa lkekftd fgr & blds vUrxZr~ çk‟frd
lEink ;k lalk/ku dk mi;ksx ,oa laj{k.k] ,oa ekuo lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k]
ijra= ,oa fodykax yksxksa dh j{kk ,oa Vªsfuax vkrk gSA
e. lkekU; çxfr esa lkekftd fgr & blds rhu igyw gSa A
i. vkfFkZd çxfr & blds vUrxZr lEifÙk ds mi;ksx ,oa foØ; dh Lora=rk]
Lora= O;kikj] Lora= m|ksx] isVUs V ds ek/;e ls vkfo"dkj dks çksRlkgu nsu k
vkfn lfEefyr gSaA-
ii. jktuSfrd çxfr & blds vUrxZr vfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk laxBu dh
Lora=rk lfEefyr gSaA
iii. lkaL‟frd çxfr & blds vUrxZr Lora= foKku] Lora= i=kpkj] Lora=
dyk] f'k{kk ,oa Kku lEo/kZu] rFkk lkSan;Zcks/kh fgr lfEefyr gSA
f. O;fäxr thou ds lkekftd fgr & blds vUrxZr „<+rk ls dgus] volj vkSj
thou dh 'krksaZ ls lEcfU/kr fgr lfEefyr gSaA
fgrksa dh lwph cukus ds ckn ikmaM us bl ij Hkh fopkj fd;k fd dSls ¼;k fdu
mik;ksa ls½ bu fgrksa dks lajf{kr fd;k tk,A bu mik;ksa esa fof/kd O;fä dk mik; vkSj
nkoksa] drZO;ksa] Lora=rkvksa] 'kfävksa ,oa mUeqfä;ksa dk vkjksi.k lfEefyr gSAa blds ihNs
mipkj lEcU/kh e'khujh Hkh gS ftldk y{; dHkh&dHkh naM vkSj dHkh dHkh fujks/k gksrk
gSA
fgrksa ds chp fojks/k mRiUu gksus dh fLFkfr esa mudk ewY;kadu ¼çkFkfedrk r;
djuk½ o muds chp rkyesy LFkkfir djuk vko';d gksxkA bl laca/k esa ikm.Ma us
U;kf;d vfHk/kkj.kkvksa dks lkeus j[kkA
24
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

ikmaM ds ,d lH; lekt dh pkj U;kf;d vfHk/kkj.kk,¡

1- çR;sd lH; lekt esa ,d O;fä ;g vk'kk dj ldrk gS fd vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa
mlus vius Je ls tks Hkh vftZr fd;k gS] mldk vius mi;ksx ds fy, fofu;ksx
dj ldrk gSA
2- çR;sd lH; leku esa O;fä nwljs ls ;g vis{kk dj ldrk gS fd nwljk tkucw>dj
mlds fgrksa dks vfrØe.k ugha djsxkA
3- çR;sd lH; lekt esa ,d O;fä ;g vk'kk dj ldrk gS fd lekt esa ftuds lkFk
og lEidZ esa vkrk gS] os mlds çfr ln~HkkoiwoZd O;ogkj djsx
a sA
4- çR;sd lH; lekt esa ,d O;fä ;g vk'kk dj ldrk gS fd tks Hkh O;fä ,d
çdkj dk vkpj.k djus esa yxk gqvk gS ¼;k ,d çdkj dk dk;Z dj jgk gS½ og
vius dk;Z dks lko/kkuh ls djsxk vkSj nwljs ds çfr vuqfpÙk tksf[ke ;k {kfr ugha
igq¡pk;sxkA
1942 esa ikmaM us blesa rhu vkSj U;kf;d vfHk/kkj.kk,¡ tksM+hA
1- çR;sd lH; lekt esa dksbZ Hkh O;fä] tks dke ;k ukSdjh djrk gS] mldh lqj{kk
dh vis{kk dj ldrk gS A
2- çR;sd lH; lekt esa ,d O;fä ;g vk'kk dj ldrk gS fd tc og o`) gksxk]
rc lekt mlds Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk Hkkj ogu djsxkA
3- çR;sd lH; lekt esa ,d O;fä ;g vk'kk dj ldrk gS fd lekt Lo;a
vçR;kf'kr :i ls ?kVh ?kVuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i gksus okyh tksf[ke dks ogu djsxk
tSls 'kkjhfjd :i ls v{ke gks tkus okyh tksf[keA
bu U;kf;d vfHk/kkj.kkvksa dk mi;ksx nksuksa fo/kk;dksa ,oa U;k;k/kh'kks dks fgrksa dk
ewY;kadu djus vkSj muesa rkyesy ¼le;½ LFkkfir djus esa djuk pkfg,A ,d fgr dks
nwljs ls T;knk egRo fn;k tk,A ;g dSls tkuk tk, ;k dSls fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk,A
fof/k'kkL= ds fodkl esa Mhu ikm.M dk ;ksxnku
fof/k'kkL= ds fodkl esa Mhu ikm.M dk ;ksxnku Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa vafdr djus ;ksX;
gSA fof/k] fof/k dk ç'kklu o leku dk thou esa bu rhuksa ds chp egRoiw.kZ lEcU/k

25
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

LFkkfir djus dk ljkguh; dk;Z ikm.M esa fd;kA lekt esa fØ;k'khy fof/k ij cy nsuk]
fof/k ds fuekZ.k ,oa bls çHkkodkjh cukus ds fy, lkekftd ifjorZu dks egRo nsuk] fof/k
dks lkekftd fu;a=.k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d ek/;e ekuuk] fo'kn :i esa fgrksa
dk oxhZdj.k djuk] budh j{kk dk mik; crkuk o U;kf;d vfHk/kkj.kk,¡ & ;s lHkh fdlh
Hkh dlkSVh ls vfr egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ekus tk ldrs gSAa Mh- foxksMj us viuh iqLrd
j‚Ldks ikm.M % fQy‚l‚Qj v‚Q y‚ ¼1974½ esa mYys[k fd;k gS fd ^^vfUre~ fo'ys"k.k esa
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ikm.M dk lcls cM+k ;ksxnku tksa gesa fojklr esa feyk gS] og
gS & os ^ç'u^ tks mUgksaus mBk, gS]a u fd os mÙkj tks mUgksaus fn, gSAa ^^ çksQslj ,syu
dgrs gSa & ^^Mhu ikm.M la;ferksa esa la;fer ¼moderate among moderates½ gSaA ;g
dguk^ Bhd ugha gksxk fd os 'kq) :i ls O;kogkfjd ;k mi;ksfxrkoknh gSAa ^^
vkykspuk
1- fojks/k ¼eueqVko½] jíh ;k viO;; vkSj ^lkekftd vfHk;a=.k^ tSls 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx
djds ikmaM lekt dh rqyuk ,d dkj[kkus tSlh laLFkk ds lkFk djrs gSaA ijUrq
;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg;s fd fof/k ,d lkekftd çfØ;k gS] çk;ksfxd vfHk;a=.k dk
ifj.kke ughaA lekt dh rqyuk dkj[kkus ;k iqy ls djuk mfpr ugha gS D;ksfa d
lekt fujraj fodflr gksrk jgrk gS vkSj dkj[kkus rFkk iqy yxHkx fLFkj pht
gSAa
2- vkt ds bl tulapkj vkSj tu&vuqu;&fou; ds ;qx esa yksxksa dh ;k ,d lewg
dh okLrfod vis{kk ¼bPNk½ D;k gS ;g tkuuk cM+k dfBu dk;Z gS D;ksafd tulapkj
ek/;e mls rksM& + ejksM+ dj is'k djrs gSaA
3- lekt dh euksoSKkfud ewy lgo`fÙk D;k gS] fdu fgrksa dk fdlh fof/k O;oLFkk ds
}kjk laj{k.k fd;k tk,] fdl fgr dks fdruk egRo fn;k tk, ;k fdldk fdruk
ewY; gS ;g iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
4- ikmaM ;g ekudj pyrs gSa fd ^rF;su nkos^ fof/k ls iwoZ fo|eku jgrs gSa vkSj
muds ckjs esa fof/k dks dqN djuk pkfg,A ijUrq dqN nkos ,sls gSa tks fof/k ds
i'pkrorhZ gSa & tSls os nkos tks dY;k.kdkjh fo/kk;u ds ifj.kke gSA ;g Hkh dgk
tkrk gS fd fgr dsoy bu vFkksZa esa ugha gksrs fd yksx D;k pkgrs gSa vfirq bu

26
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

vFkksZa esa Hkh gksrs gSa fd yksxksa ds fy;s D;k vPNk gSA fcuk bl ckr ij /;ku fn;s
fd okLrfod bPNk D;k gS\
5- Mk;l dgrs gS ^^rkyesy dk :id Hkh Hkze iSnk djus okyk gS vxj nks fgrksa esa
rkyesy fcBk;k tkuk gS rks mlds fy;s fdlh iwoZdfYir dlkSVh dh vko';drk gS
ftlds vuqlkj mudk eki yxk;k tk ldsA^^;g dlkSVh D;k gS\ ikmaM bldk
leqfpr mÙkj ugha nsrsA
6- ikmaM us fgrksa dk tks oxhZdj.k fd;k gS muds ckjs esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd
oSKkfud 'kks/kksa ds }kjk ;g lkfcr ugha fd;k tk ldk gS fd os rF;su fo|eku jgs
gSa ;k vfLrRo esa jgs gSAa U;kf;d vfHk/kkj.kkvksa ds vfrfjä Hkh vfHk/kkj.kk,a vfLrRo
esa vk;h gSa vkSj nksuksa esa dksbZ esy ughaA
fy;ksu MîwfxV dk fl)kUr
Ýkalhlh MîwfxV ,d mPp [;kfr çkIr fof/k'kkL=h gS ftUgksaus fof/k ds v/;;u ds çfr
,d ;FkkFkZoknh ,oa lekt'kkL=h; „f"Vdks.k viuk;kA MîwfxV dks MdZghe vkSj fo'ks"k :i
ls v‚xLV d‚EVs ls çsj.kk çkIr gqbZA os fof/k ds LoHkko ls lacaf/kr iqjkru fo'ys"k.kkRed
fof/k'kkL= dks vkSj laçHkqrk ds fl)kar dks vLohdkj djrs gSAa nwljs 'kCnksa es]a os
jkT;&fof/k ,oa laçHkqrk ls lacaf/kr ijEijkxr /kkj.kkvksa dh vkykspuk djrs gSaA
bu lHkh phtksa dks ysdj os ,d u;s fl)kar dk çfriknu djrs gS ijUrq lekt ds
dks.k ¼lkekftd „f"Vdks.k½ lsA muds vuqlkj fof/k dks vk/kkjf'kyk O;fäxr vf/kdkj
ugha vfirq lkeqnkf;d thou dh vfuok;Z vko';drk,¡ gSaA fof/k dh mRifÙk blfy, gksrh
gS & fd yksx ,d lkFk jgrs gSa vkSj flQZ ,d lkFkZ jg ldrs gSAa
fof/k laçHkq dh bPNk ij fuHkZj ugha djrhA lekt dk ,d fof'k"V rF; yksxksa dh
ijLij fuHkZjrk gSA ;g ges'kk jgh gS] vkSj T;ksa&T;ksa lekt fo"ke gksrk tkrk gS] R;ksa&R;ksa
;g ijLij fuHkZjrk vkSj c<+rh tkuh gSA
MîwfxV dk lkekftd lesdrk dk fl)kar (Duguit’s theory of Social Solidarity½
MîwfxV ds vuqlkj fof/k vfuok;Z :i ls lkekftd lesdrk dk ifj.kke gSA vr% ;gk¡ ;g
ç'u] mBuk LokHkkfod gS fd lkekftd lesdrk^ D;k gS\
27
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

euq"; ,dkdhiu dks thou ugha fcrk ldrkA mls vius lkFkh] laxh vkSj lkekftd
laxBuksa ds lkFk feydj jguk gksxk ;k muls vfuok;Z :i ls feyuk gksxkA vr% muesa
viuh lkekU; vko';drkvksa ,oa fgrksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, ijLij fuHkZjrk gksxh vkSj ;gh
ijLij fuHkZjrk dk fl)kar MîwfxV ds fof/k ,oa lekt laca/kh fopkj dk ewy fcUnq gSA
tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS & T;ksa&T;ksa lekt fo"ke gksrk tkrk gS] ;g ijLij
fuHkZjrk fnu çfrfnu c<+rh tkrh gSA yksxksa dh viuh leku vko';drk,¡ gksrh gSa tks
viuh iwfrZ ds fy, la;qä ç;kl djuk pkgrh gSA mudh dqN vko';drk,¡ leku u
gksdj fHkUu Hkh gksrh gSa vkSj ;g fHkUu vko';drk,¡ lekt ds yksxksa esa lek;kstu vkSj
esy&feyki dh vis{kk djrh gSaA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] yksxksa dh fHkUurkiw.kZ vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ yksxksa ds chp lg;ksx ,oa
esy&feyki ls iwjh gks ldrh gSA ,d O;fä nwljs ds lg;ksx ,oa lsokvksa dh vis{kk
djrk gS vkSj mUgsa çkIr djrk gSA vktdy dksbZ Hkh O;fä nwljs dh lsokvksa ds fcuk
ftUnk ugha jg ldrkA os lsok,¡ ikuh] [kk|&inkFkZ] edku] oL=] euksjt a u] eu&cgyko
vkfn ls lacaf/kr gks ldrh gSa ;k vU; çdkj dhA ;g lkekftd ijLij fuHkZjrk ek= ,d
vVdyckth ugha gS vfirq ekuo vfLrRo dk ,d vifjgk;Z rF; gSA vr% lHkh laxBuksa
dks yksxksa esa iw.kZ ,oa vck/k lg;ksx ykus ds fy, mUeq[k gksuk pkfg, vkSj bls MîwfxV
lkekftd lesdrk dgrs gSAa
MîwfxV ds vuqlkj fof/k dk lkekftd dk;Z lkekftd lesdrk dks çkIr djuk gSA
lkekftd lesdrk u rks nku dh oLrq gS vkSj u gh HkkbZpkjs dhA lkekftd lesdrk
ijLij fuHkZjrk dk ,d rF; gS tks ekuo leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dks ¼vkSj fo'ks"k dj ,d
lkekftd lewg dks½ ijLij feykrk gS vkSj ;g ,drk fgrksa ,oa vko';drkvksa dh
lkewfgdrk vkSj Je foHkktu ds dkj.k gSA vr% fof/k ,d lkekftd ;FkkFkZ gSA
;FkkFkZoknh fopkj/kkjk ¼lekt'kkL=h; fopkj/kkjk dk gh ,d Hkkx½
American Realist School
vesfjdk esa lekt'kkL=h; fof/k'kkL= dh çxfr ds lkFk&lkFk fof/k esa ,d ubZ
fpUru /kkjk dk fodkl gqvk] ftls ge ;FkkFkZoknh fopkj/kkjk dgrs gSaA okLro esa
28
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

;FkkFkZoknh vkanksyu lekt'kkL=h; fof/k'kkL= dk gh ,d Hkkx gS vkSj blhfy;s bls

fØ;kRed fopkj/kkjk dk okeiaFk dgk tkrk gSA çksQslj ikmaM ds vuqlkj & ^^;FkkFkZokn
ls rkRi;Z gS ç‟fr ds çfr fo'oLrrk] phtsa ^tSls Hkh gSAa Bhd mlh çdkj ls mudks
vfHkfyf[kr djuk] u fd ml :i esa ^tSlh os dfYir dh tkrh gS^a ;k bfPNr gSa ;k ,d
O;fä lksprk gS fd og gksuh pkfg;sA^^ ;Fkk;Zokn] vkn'kZokn dk myV fopkj gSA
;FkkFkZoknh fopkj/kkjk lekt'kkL=h; fopkj/kkjk ds ,d rkfdZd vkanksyu ds :i esa viukbZ
xbZ FkhA
fof/k'kkL= esa ;FkkFkZokn & vFkkZr~ fof/k dk v/;;u ^tSlk fd ;g dk;Z djrh gS^ ¼;k
tSlk fd bldk dk;Z gS½ ds mHkkj us fof/k vkSj blds ç'kklu ds çfr la'k;okn dks tUe
fn;kA bl rjg fof/k lkekftd okLrfodrkvksa ds v/khu gqbZA vr% bls ,d Lora= fopkj
i)fr ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkuk mfpr ugha gS] ijUrq fof/k ds djhc&djhc lHkh
ekud xzUFkksa esa bls ,d vyx fpUru /kkjk ¼fopkj/kkjk½ ds :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA vr%
bldh foospuk ,d vyx fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa djuk vuqi;qä u gksxkA ;FkkFkZoknh
vkUnksyu nks Hkkxksa esa foHkä gS & vesfjdu ;FkkFkZokn ,oa LdSfUMusfo;u ;FkkFkZoknA
vesfjdu ;FkkFkZokn
lekt'kkL=h; fof/k'kkL= lkekftd thou ds rF;ksa dks fof/k foKku ds fudV
lEidZ esa ykrk gS vkSj fof/k'kkfL=;ksa dks ck/; djrk gS fd os fof/k dks lkekftd çHkkoksa
dh mRifÙk ekus ;FkkFkZoknh vkUnksyu fof/k ds mu igyqvksa i{k ij fo'ks"k cy nsrk gS
ftudk lEcU/k U;k;ky;ksa ls gS ;k fof/k ds fØ;kUo;u ls gS ;FkkFkZoknh fpUru fof/k ds
ckjs esa ,oa fof/k dh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa lkekU; cqf) viukrs gS vkSj ml y{; dks
fopkj esa j[krs gq, rF;ks ij viuk /;ku dsfUær djrs gSAa u dsoy os vf/kjpukoknh gSa
vfirq muesa ls dqN viuh fu"Bk rF;ksa ,oa dsoy rF;ksa ds çfr fn[kkrs gSa vksj vafre
lhek rd ys tkrs gSA ;FkkFkZoknh ;g rks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd fof/k ij fofHkUu lkekftd
çHkkoksa dk çHkko rks iM+rk gh gS ij os fof/k dks gh vius v/;;u dk dsUæ fcUnq cukrs gSa
lekt dks ughaA os fdlh erkxzgiw.kZ fu:i.k lw=hdj.k ls nwj jgrs gq;s U;k;ky;ksa }kjk
fn;s x;s fofu'p;ksa ^fu.kZ;ks^a ij viuk /;ku dsfUær djrs gSAa bl rjg os U;k;k/kh'kksa dks
T;knk egRo nsrs gS vkSj dgrs gSa fd fof/k U;k;ky;ksa ls mRiUu gksrh gS ;k mUgsa fof/k
29
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

<kyus okyk lzkrs ekurs gSa nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g fopkj/kkjk U;kf;d dk;Z ds Hkfo";ok.kh ij
viuk /;ku dsfUær djrh gSA
vesfjdk esa ;FkkFkZoknh dk jkLrk fn[kkus okyksa esa gksEl] xzs] dkjMkstks vkSj ikmaM dks
çeq[k ekuk tkrk gSa vkSj mUgsa ;FkkFkZoknh vkUnksyu dk ^ekufld firk^ ekuk tkrk gS vkSj
gksEl dks ;FkkFkZokn dk vk/;kfeRd xq: ekuk tkrk gSA
vesfjdu ;FkkFkZokn dks fo'ys"k.kkRed vf/kjpukokn vkSj lekt'kkL=h; „f"Vdks.k
dk feJ.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;FkkFkZoknh fopkj/kkjk dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd og fof/k ds
fØ;kRed vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh v/;;u ij fo'ks"k cy nsrh gS] rFkk ml fof/k ij ugha tks
fo/kkf;dh fo/kkuksa esa fy[kh gSa vfirq ml fof/k ij tks U;k;ky; vius fu.kZ;ksa ds ek/;e
ls fooknksa dk fof/kd fu.kZ;u djrs le; djrs gSAa rHkh rks xzs] tks bl fopkj/kkjk ds ,d
çeq[k fof/k'kkL=h gS]a dgrs gSa fd fof/k og gS tks U;k;k/kh'k çfrikfnr djrs gSAa os fo/kku
ds çfr ç'u fpUg mBkrs gq, dgrs gS fd ,d cM+s jk"Vª dh fof/k dk eryc gS vk/ks
ntZu cw<+s laHkzkUr yksxksa ds fopkjA ;fn os vk/ks ntZu cw<+s laHkzkUr yksx ,d ns'k ds
mPpre U;k;kf/kdj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gS rks dksbZ fu;e ;k fl)kar tks os ekuus ls
vLohdkj dj nsrs gSa ml ns'k esa fof/k ugha gSA os fof/k vkSj fof/k ds lzkrs esa varj djrs
gSAa
muds vuqlkj fof/k ds lzkrs esa lafof/k] U;kf;d iwoZ&fu.kZ;] fo'ks"kKksa dh jk;] vkSj
uSfrdrk ds fl)kar vkfn vkrs gSA vU; phtksa dks ftlesa lafof/k Hkh lfEefyr gS] fof/k
ugha ekurs gSa tc rd fd mudh O;k[;k U;k;ky; ds }kjk u dj nh tk;sA fof/k dh
ifjHkk"kk djrs gq;s xzs dgrs gS fd Þfdlh jkT; ;k yksxksa ds laxfBr lewg dh fof/k mu
fu;eksa ls cuh gksrh gSA ftls U;k;ky; vFkkZr~ ml lewg ds fof/kd vax }kjk fof/kd
vf/kdkjksa ,oa drZO;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa çfrikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA^^
lafof/k ¼statute½ ds ckjs esa mUgksaus dgk fd U;k;ky; lafof/k ds e`r 'kCnksa esa tku
Qwdrs gSAa la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd xzs dh fopkj/kkjk dk lEcU/k ml fof/k ls tks
O;fäxr vf/kjpukoknh fof/kd fu;eksa dk leqPP; ¼individual positive legal rules½ gSA

30
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

xzs ds vuqlkj ;g dguk fd fof/k ,d cM+s jk"Vª ds vk/kk ntZu cw<+s Hkæ yksxksa dk
fopkj gS osrqdk ¼fujFkZd½ ekuk tkrk gSaA ijUrq ,slk dksbZ fu;e ;k fl)kUr ftls os
ekuuk vLohdkj dj nsrs gS ;k ¼;k ftldk vuqxeu ugh djrs gS½ ml ns'k esa fof/k gSA
tSlk igys dgk tk pqdk gSA fd xzs ds vuqlkj lafof/k Hkh lzkrs gSA xzs fo/kk;h fof/k vkSj
U;k;/kh'k fufeZr fof/k esa varj dks vLohdkj djrs gSA fd lHkh fof/k;k¡ U;k;k/kh'k fufeZr
fof/k gSA
gksEl ¼Holmes½ us la;qä jk"Vª vesfjdk esa fof/k ds çfr „f"Vdks.k dks cnyus esa
,d çeq[k Hkwfedk viuh ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k gksus
ds ukrs fuHkk;h gSA gksEl dk fo”ks’k cy bl rF; ij Fkk fd fof/k dk thou vuqHko ,oa
rdZ gSA os ekurs gSa fd fof/k U;k;ky;ksa dh Hkfo";ok.kh gSA Hkfo";ok.kh bl ckr dh fd
U;k;ky; D;k fu.kZ; djsx a sA gksEl dgrs gSa fd fof/k ,d jk"Vª ds reke 'krkfCn;ksa ds
fodkl dh dgkuh vius esa lfUufo"V ¼Embodies½ djrh gS vkSj bldh foospuk]
eSFksesfVd dh iqLrd esa fyf[kr Loflf) (Axioms½ dh Hkkafr ugha dh tk ldrhA mlds
vuqlkj fof/k dk thou rdZ ugha jgk gS] ;g vuqHko jgk gSA U;k;k/kh'k gksEl us ;g
fopkj fof/k ds O;kogkfjd ,oa vuqHkooknh igyw i{k dh vkSj bafxr djrs gSa gksEl
uSfrdrk vkSj fof/k esa Li"V varj djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd vf/koäk ;k odhy dk
lEcU/k fof/k D;k gS ls gS u fd D;k gksuk pkfg;s lsA ;gka ;s djhc&djhc vkfLVu dh
Hkk"kk cksyrs gSAa
gksEl ds vuqlj dkxth fu;e ¼Paper Rules½ fuf'prrk ugha yk ldrsA vxj
dksbZ ;g tkuuk pkgrk gS fd fof/k D;k gS rks mls fof/k dks ,d cqjs O;fä dh „f"V ls
ns[kuk pkfg;s mldk lEcU/k fof/k ls bruk gh gS vxj og dqN dk;Z ¼xyr djrk gS rks
D;k gksxkA fof/k D;k gS] gksEl dgrs gSa fd ;g Hkfo";ok.kh dh U;k;ky; oLrqr% D;k
djsx
a s] vksj dksbZ vkMEcj ugha] ftls eSa fof/k ekurk gw¡A
ÝSad & ¼Jerome Frank½ us viuh iqLrd y‚ ,aM nh ekMZu ekbUM ¼Law and the
Mordern Mind½ tks 1930 esa çdkf'kr gqbZ Fkh] ds ek/;e ls fof/k ds ckjs esa vk/kkjHkwr
feFkd ¼Basic Myths½ ds /kjk'kk;h djus dk ç;Ru fd;k gSA ;g feFkd fu;eksa ds ek/;e
ls gh fu'prrk çkIr dh tkrh gS ÝSad us bl ij çgkj fd;k vk/kkjHkwr feFkd D;k gS\
31
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

;g fopkj fd fof/k lrr~ ,d:i fuf'pr ,oa vifjorZuh; gSA ,d vk/kkjHkwr feFkd gS
ÝSad bl feFkd ij Hkh çgkj djrs gS fd U;k;k/kh'k fof/k dk fuHkk"k.k dsugh djus vfirq
bls [kkst fudkyrs gSA os bl „<+ Hkr ds gS fd -%--- U;k;/kh'k fof/k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA
ÝSad ds vuqlkj odhyksa ,oa U;k;k/kh'kksa ds fy;s ;g mfpr ugha gS fd os iwoZ fu.kZ;
¼Precedent½ ;k lafgrkdj.k ds uke ij fof/kd fuf'prrk dh diksy dYiuk ls fpidsAa
ÝSad us ;FkkFkZoknh dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkä fd;k gS
1- çFke fu;e lansgoknh vkSj
2- nwljk rF; lansgoknhA
fu;e lansgokfn;ka dk ;g ekuuk gS fd fof/kd vfuf'prrk eq[; :i ls fof/k ds
dkxth fu;eksa esa jgh gS vkSj tks ,d:irk ¼Uniformity½ dh [kkst okLrfod U;kf;d
vkpj.k esa [kkstrs gSAa
rF; lansgokfn;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;ksa dh vfuf'prrk
¼Impredictabiflity½ eq[; :i ls rF;ksa dh nq;kárk ¼Elusiveness½ ds dkj.k gksrh gS
fu;e lansgoknh ÝSad ds vuqlkj vihyh; U;k;ky;ksa ij viuk /;ku fo'ks"k ls dsfUær
djrs gSa tcfd mUgsa fo'ks"k /;ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; ds fØ;kdykiksa ij nsuk pkfg;sA
ÝSad ds vuqlkj ;g ,d feFkd gS fd fu;e voS;fäd ekuo euksHkkoksa vkSj vkpj.k ls
vçHkkfor gksrs gSAa ÝSad fo'ks"k cy nsdj ;g dgrs gSa fd U;k;k/kh'k dk fu.kZ; blds
thou bfrgkl dk ifj.kke gksrk gS U;k;k/kh'k ds fe=] ifjokj] O;olk;] fo|ky;] /keZ ;g
lHkh dkj.k çHkko'kkyh gksrs gSa ;g cM+s gksrs gSA gSA U;k;k/kh'kksa dk O;fäxr ilan ;k
ukilan] vUrZKku] LoHkko ;k ç‟fr] vuqHko ,oa nwljh O;fäxr fo'ks"krk;sa fu.kZ; djus esa
egRoiw.kZ dkjd gksrs gSAa ;kaf=d fof/k ¼Mechanistic½ Hkzked] iwoZ fu.kZ; ¼Ilusory
Precedents½ vkSj fofHkUu çdkj ds feFkd /kjk'kk;h gks tkrs gSa vkSj /kwy pkVrs jgrs gSAa
ysofyu & ysofyu ;FkkFkZoknh fopkj/kkjk ds ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ fopkjd gSa vkSj
vesfjdu ;FkkFkZoknh fopkj/kkjk dh dksbZ foospuk mudh fopkj/kkjk dh foospuk fd;s fcuk
iwjh ugha gks ldrhA os ;FkkFkZokn dh ,d oxZ ;k lewg ds :i esa ckr djrs gSa ;FkkFkZoknh
fopkj/kkjk dh ughaA ysofyu us fof/k ds çfr ,d dk;kZRed ;k fØ;kRed „f"Vdks.k
32
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

viuk;kA os fof/k dks ,d laLFkk ekurs FksA muds vuqlkj ,d laLFkk ,d laxfBr fØ;k
gS tks fdlh dk;Z ds djus ;k dk;Z ds lewg ds djus ds bnZfxnZ curh gSA pkjksa rjQ ds
rF;ksa ¼Surrounding facts)] tks feydj fof/kd vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dk;Z dks çHkkfor djrs
gS]a ij ysofyu T;knk cy nsrs gSa ;k mu ij T;knk /;ku dsfUær djrs gS]a vis{kk‟r mu
vf/kjpukoknh fof/kd fu;e ¼Positive Legal Rules½ ds ftuds bnZfxnZ os çHkko dk;Zjr
gksrs gSa vkSj bu i'pkRorhZ fu;eksa dks os dkxzth fu;e dh laKk nsrs gSaA
ysofyu bu dktxh fu;eksa ij /;ku nsrs gSa vkSj mudk /;ku fof/k vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
vkpj.k ij f[kld tkrk gS vkSj eq[; :i ls U;k;k/kh'kksa ds dk;ksaZ ,oa fu.kZ;ks ij fofFkd
fofu;eu dh çfØ;k esa U;k;ky; vkSj U;k;ikfydk ds fØ;kRed igyw i{k ij fo'ks"k cy
fn;k tkrk gS ysofyu viuh iqLrd The Bramble Bush esa fof/k O;oLFkk ds vf/kdkfj;ks
ds ckjs esa dgrs gSa fd fooknksa ds ckjs esa ;s vf/kdkjh tks djrs gSa ogha esjh jk; esa Lo;a
fof/k gSA ;|fi okn esa ysofyu ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa fof/k ds ckjs esa mijksä dFku laLiw.kZ
fu;e dk dsoy ,d va'kHkkx gSa ysofyu fof/k ds vk/kkjHkwr dk;Z ¼Basic Function of
Law½ ds fy;s fof/k dk;Z law jobs 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
muds vuqlkj fof/k dk dk;Z nks çdkj dk gSA
1- çFke lkewfgd thou dks lEHko cukuk vkSj
2- nwljk] U;k; n{krk vkSj lEiUu thou (Richer Life½ dh ryk'kA
blds vfrfjDr ysofyu ds pkj vkSj dk;Z fxuk;s gSAa os gSa&
1- fooknkLina ekeyksa dk fuLrkj.k]
2- fujks/kkRed ç.kkyh ¼Preventive Channeling½
3- çkf/kdkj dk fu/kkZj.k ¼Allocation of Authority½ vkSj
4- lekt ;k lewg dk laxBuA

33
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

ysofyu dh vesfjdu ;FkkFkZoknh fopkj/kkjk dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dks fuEu çdkj ls

crk;k tk ldrk gSA
1- ;FkkFkZoknh fof/k'kkL= dh ubZ 'kk[kk mruh ugha gS fturk dh fof/k'kkL= esa ,d
jhfrA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;FkkFkZoknh fof/k'kkL= dh ,d ubZ 'kk[kk u gksdj fof/k'kkL=
dh ,d jhfr ¼Methodology½ gSA
2- ;FkkFkZoknh fof/k'kkL=h fof/k dks ,d çokg ekurs gSa fLFkj ughaA os fof/k dks U;kf;d
çfØ;k dh mit Realion of Dadidas Process ekurs gSaA
3- fof/k lkekftd y{;ksa dh çkfIr dk ,d lk/ku gSA mís'; ,oa çHkko dh „f"V ls
mldk lrr~ ijh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
4- fof/k dh mis{kk ls lekt vf/kd xfr ls ifjofrZr gksrk gSA vr% bl ckr dh lrr~
vko';drk gS fd mldk ijh{k.k bl ckr ds fy;s fd;k tk; fd ;g dSls
lelkef;d lkekftd leL;kvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gS ;k mldk fujkdj.k djrh gSA
5- ;FkkFkZoknh ekurs gSa fd fof/k ds v/;;u ds fy;s vko';d gS fd vYidkfyd :i
esa fof/k D;k gS vkSj D;k gksuh pkfg;s ds chp varj djuk pkfg;sA
6- ;FkkFkZoknh fof/k us lkekftd çHkkoksa ,oa U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs gSaA
7- ;FkkFkZoknh ml ijEijkxr fl)kar esa vfo'okl djrs gSa fd fooknksa ds fuLrkj.k esa
fof/k ds fu;e çeq[k dkjd gSAa U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dks vkSj dkSu&dkSu ls dkj.k
çHkkfor djrs gSA ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa us bl vksj Hkh /;ku fnyk;k gSA vr% fof/k dks
dsoy fofd fu;eksa ds lanHkZ esa ifjHkkf"kr djuk O;FkZ gS] csrqdk gSA
8- vrhr esa tks O;ogkj jgk gS]a mlls gVdj ;FkkFkZoknh fof/k dk v/;;u ladqfpr
nk;js esa djuk pkgrs gSaA
9- os bl ckr tksj nsrs gSa fd fof/k ds fdlh va'k ¼Part½ dk ewY;kadu mlds çHkko ds
lanHkZ esa fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

34
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

dkuwu dk ekdZ~loknh fl)kar

dkyZ ekdZ~l vkSj ÝsMfjd ,axsYl
mu nksuksa dks lcls egku lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd vkanksyu dk laLFkkid ekuk
tkrk gS tks 19 oha 'krkCnh esa 'kq: gqvk vkSj 20 oha 'krkCnh esa iwohZ ;wjksi esa ,d
jktuhfrd n'kZu ds :i esa Qyk&Qwyk] tks fd rRdkyhu lksfo;r la?k gS vkSj nqfu;k
ds lHkh fo?kfVr mifuos'kksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA phu dh jktuhfrd n'kZu esa mudh
fopkj/kkjk ds fl)karksa dk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
jkT; vkSj dkuwu ds ckjs esa ekdZ~l dk „f"Vdks.k lekt vkSj lkekftd çfØ;k dh
le> ds lkFk lg&VfeZul FkkA fopkj dh ekdZ~l dh ekSfydrk bl rF; esa fufgr gS
fd mUgksaus vjLrw ls gsxsy rd yxHkx iwjs nk'kZfud fopkj dks la'ysf"kr fd;kA
lekt dh lekt'kkL=h; le> us ekdZ~l dks bl ckr ds fy, çsfjr fd;k fd
okafNr ç.kkyh rdZlaxr ;kstuk] lgdkjh mRiknu vkSj forj.k dh lekurk ij
vk/kkfjr ,d dE;qfuLV lkslkbVh gksuh pkfg, vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr] lHkh çdkj ds
jktuhfrd vkSj ukSdj'kkgh inkuqØe ls eqäA
ekdZ~l us fuank dh vkSj jkT; vkSj /ku dks cqtqZvk vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa [kkfjt dj
fn;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd loZgkjk oxZ ds ikl lekt dks lexz :i ls eqä djus
dk ,d ,sfrgkfld fe'ku gSA mlds fy,] dkuwu fcuk fdlh Lora= vfLrRo ds
vFkZO;oLFkk ds dk;Z ls T;knk dqN ugha FkkA
fofHkUu oxksZa esa lekt dk mudk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr gS%
1- iw¡thifr
2- fngkM+h etnwj
3- tehu ds ekfyd
mUgksaus dgk fd lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa ds chp ds la?k"kZ dks varr% gy djuk
gksxkA la?k"kZ dk ladYi loZgkjk Økafr ds vkdkj esa gksxkA ,d ckj ;g Økafr gks tkus
ds ckn] ;g jkT; dh 'kfä dks tCr dj ysxh vkSj mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dks jkT; dh
laifÙk esa cny nsxhA 'kks"k.k ds igys ds jkT; vkSj oxZ fojks/kh ds çfrfuf/k dks ,d iwjs
jkT; ds :i esa lekt ds çfrfuf/k ds :i esa cny fn;k tk,xk] ftldk vFkZ gS fd
35
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

lekt ds uke ij mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij dCtk djukA ;g jkT; ds vafre Lora=

vf/kfu;e ds leku gksxkA
lkekftd laca/kksa esa jkT; dk n[ky ,d le; ds ckn fdlh ,d {ks= esa v/kdpjk
gks tkrk gS vkSj fQj Lo;a can gks tkrk gSA O;fä;ksa dh ljdkj dks ,d vyx
ç'kklu }kjk çfrLFkkfir fd;k tkuk gS tks mRiknu dh çfØ;k dks funsZf'kr djsxkA
gkyk¡fd] lkE;okn ds pj.k rd igq¡pus ds fy, loZgkjk Økafr dks fofHkUu pj.kksa ls
xqtjuk gksxkA
1- ,d loZgkjk rkuk'kkgh dh LFkkiuk tks mRiknu ds iwathoknh rkSj&rjhdksa dks
mRiknu ds loZgkjk eksM esa cnyus ds fy, vko';d gSA
2- laifÙk ds jk"Vªh;dj.k dk pj.k vkSj mRiknu ds lHkh iwt
a hxr rjhdsA
3- laifÙk ds :i esa lektokn dk pj.k vke LokfeRo esa gS] cM+s iSekus ij lekt eky
ds mRiknu vkSj forj.k ds fy, ftEesnkj gksxkA
lkekU; LokfeRo esa lkekuksa dk mRiknu] ftlds forj.k dks ^^viuh t:jrksa ds
vuqlkj viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj çR;sd ls^^ dk ikyu djuk gksxkA
gkykafd] vlekurk,a cuh jgsaxh vkSj blfy,] lkekuksa dks forfjr djus dh vko';drk
vifjgk;Z gks tk,xhA
vafre pj.k lkE;okn dk gS vkSj bl jkT; dh mUgksaus vius dke esa dYiuk dh Fkh
ftls ^^x‚fFkd çksxzke v‚Q fØfVd^^ dgk tkrk FkkA
mUgksaus dgk fd dE;qfuLV lekt dks iwathoknh lekt ls fodflr vkSj mHkjuk
gksxk vkSj og dqN gn rd bls iwathoknh lekt ds dqN fgLlksa ds lkFk ys tkus ds
fy, ck/; gSA
blds vuqlkj] ljdkj] f'k{kk vkSj vU; lkekftd 'kqYdksa esa dVkSrh ds ckn
O;fäxr fuekZrk dks og feysxk tks og lekt dks nsrk gSA og lekt dks vius
O;fäxr Je dk dksVk nsxkA mnkgj.k ds fy,% lkekftd dk;Z fnol O;fäxr dk;Z
fnolksa ds dqy ;ksx esa gksrs gS;
a O;fäxr fuekZrk dk O;fäxr Je le; lkekftd
dk;Z fnol dk fgLlk gS tks og ;ksxnku nsrk gS( og mldk fgLlk gSA og lekt ls
,d çek.k i= çkIr djsxk fd mlus fdruk dke fd;k gS ¼lkekftd fuf/k;ksa ds fy,
36
 KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)
NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427

vius dke esa dVkSrh ds ckn½] vkSj bl çek.k i= ds lkFk og miHkksx ds ys[kksa ds
lkekftd çko/kku ls mruh gh ek=k esa ysxk ftruk Je ykxrA Je dh mruh gh
ek=k] tks og ,d :i esa lekt dks nsxk] ftls og nwljs esa okil çkIr djsxkA
mRikndksa dk vf/kdkj ml dk;Z ds vuqikr esa gksxk tks os çn'kZu djsx a s lekurk
,d gh mik; ds vkosnu esa lekfgr gksxhA ^^mPp lkE;oknh jkT;& 'kfä vkSj Je dh
vo/kkj.kk yqIr gks tkrh gSA mRiknu 'kfä c<+us ds ckn] rc O;fä dk lokaZxh.k
fodkl gksxkA ;g gesa^^ dE;qfuLV ?kks"k.kki= ^^ls çkIr gksrk gSA v/khurk lqfuf'pr
djus ds ckn dE;qfuLV jkT; ds mPp :i esAa Je vkSj ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd Je
ds chp fojks/kh Fkhfll ds fy, O;fä xk;c gks x;k gS D;ksfa d Je u dsoy thou dk
,d lk/ku cu x;k gS] cfYd thou dh çeq[k bPNk] mRiknd 'kfä;ksa ds ckn Hkh
O;fä ds lokaZxh.k fodkl ds lkFk c<+h gSA vkSj lHkh lgdkjh /ku ds fLçaXl vf/kd
çpqj ek=k esa cgrs gSa ßA
mUgksaus vkxs ekuk fd jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk ,d iwathoknh jkT; esa oxZ mRihM+u dks
O;ofLFkr djus vkSj cuk, j[kus ds fy, ,d lqij lajpuk gSA ,d jkT; esa ukSdj'kkgh
vkSj dk;Zikfydk ,d leku lkekU; oxZ vkSj lekt }kjk ,d nwljs ds f[kykQ fd,
x, la?k"kZ ds çca/ku ds fy, gSAa dkuwu olh;r ij vk/kkfjr ugha gS] ysfdu ,d ckj
iwathifr jkT; ,d loZgkjk oxZ }kjk m[kkM+ Qsadus ds ckn] loZgkjk jkT; vfLrRo esa
vk tk,xkA ;g jkT; lHkh oxksZa dh lkekftd bPNk dk çfrfuf/k gksxkA iwathoknh
jkT; }kjk futh laifÙk dh lqj{kk ds chp ds xBtksM+ dks ,d loZgkjk jkT; }kjk
çfrLFkkfir fd;k tk,xk ftlus lHkh futh laifÙk dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;k gSA
gkykafd] ;g /;ku j[kuk fnypLi gS fd jkT; vkSj jkT;Lrjh; loZgkjk lekt esa ,d
egRoiw.kZ vkSj vfHkUu vax cus gq, gSaA

37