Q1.

Discuss the factors that enable India to transform into a global

manufacturing hub.
India has been making significant progress in the manufacturing
sector in recent years. The country is well-positioned to become a
global manufacturing hub due to several factors. Here are some of
the key factors that enable India to transform into a global
manufacturing hub:
1. Large and Growing Domestic Market: India has a huge domestic
market with a population of more than 1.3 billion people. This
large market provides a massive opportunity for manufacturers
to produce goods that cater to the needs of the Indian
consumers.
2. Abundant Labor Force: India has a large pool of skilled and
unskilled labor. The country's labor force is one of the youngest
in the world, with a median age of 28 years. This demographic
advantage provides a significant opportunity for manufacturers
to tap into a large, low-cost labor force.
3. Favorable Government Policies: The Indian government has
implemented several policies and initiatives to promote
manufacturing in the country. For example, the Make in India
program aims to encourage both domestic and foreign
manufacturers to set up production facilities in India.
4. Improved Infrastructure: The Indian government is investing
heavily in infrastructure development, such as building new
highways, airports, and seaports. These infrastructure
improvements are making it easier for manufacturers to
transport goods and raw materials across the country.
5. Strong Technical Expertise: India has a large pool of technically
skilled professionals, including engineers and technicians, who
can support the manufacturing sector. Many of these
 professionals have been educated in some of the best technical
institutes in the world.
6. Cost-Effective: India is a cost-effective manufacturing
destination due to its low labor costs, availability of raw
materials, and favorable tax policies.
7. Proximity to Key Markets: India's strategic location provides
access to key markets such as the Middle East, Southeast Asia,
and Africa, making it an attractive location for manufacturers.
In conclusion, India's favorable business environment, large and
growing domestic market, skilled workforce, favorable government
policies, improved infrastructure, technical expertise, and cost-
effectiveness make it an ideal destination for manufacturing. With
the right policies and investments, India can transform itself into a
global manufacturing hub.

Q2. Define FDI. Describe its objectives and features.

FDI stands for Foreign Direct Investment, which is an investment
made by a foreign company or individual in a company based in
another country. In other words, FDI is a form of cross-border
investment where a foreign entity acquires a controlling stake in an
existing company or establishes a new business venture in a foreign
country.
The primary objectives of FDI are to:
1. Establish a foothold in new markets and expand business
operations
2. Access new resources and technologies
3. Benefit from favorable business conditions such as tax
incentives and subsidies
 4. Reduce production and operational costs
5. Diversify business operations and minimize risk
Some of the key features of FDI are:
1. Ownership and Control: FDI involves the acquisition of a
controlling stake in a company or the establishment of a new
business venture, which gives the foreign entity ownership and
control over the business operations.
2. Long-Term Investment: FDI is a long-term investment that
involves a significant commitment of resources and capital from
the foreign entity. The investment may take several years to
generate returns, and the foreign entity may need to stay
invested in the business for a long time to realize its objectives.
3. Transfer of Resources and Technologies: FDI involves the
transfer of resources, such as capital, technology, and
management expertise, from the foreign entity to the host
country. This transfer of resources can help the host country
develop new industries, create jobs, and enhance economic
growth.
4. Cross-Border Regulatory Compliance: FDI involves compliance
with regulations and laws in both the host country and the
home country of the foreign entity. This can include tax
regulations, labor laws, environmental regulations, and other
legal requirements.
5. Cultural and Political Risks: FDI involves exposure to cultural and
political risks, including language barriers, cultural differences,
and political instability. The foreign entity must be prepared to
navigate these risks to successfully invest in the host country.
In conclusion, FDI is a form of cross-border investment that involves
the acquisition of a controlling stake in an existing company or the
establishment of a new business venture in a foreign country. The
objectives of FDI are to establish a foothold in new markets, access
new resources and technologies, and benefit from favorable business
conditions. The key features of FDI are ownership and control, long-
term investment, transfer of resources and technologies, cross-
border regulatory compliance, and cultural and political risks.

Q3. Evaluate the pros and cons of FDI for India

FDI can bring several benefits and drawbacks to India. Here are some
of the pros and cons of FDI for India:
Pros:
1. Access to Capital and Technology: FDI can provide access to
capital and technology that can help Indian businesses upgrade
their production processes, improve product quality, and
increase efficiency. This can lead to greater competitiveness and
innovation in the Indian market.
2. Employment Opportunities: FDI can create employment
opportunities for Indian workers, as foreign companies may
need to hire local talent to manage their operations. This can
lead to greater economic growth and reduced unemployment
in India.
3. Boost to Exports: FDI can help Indian businesses increase their
exports by giving them access to new markets and customers.
This can lead to increased revenue and foreign exchange
earnings for India.
4. Infrastructure Development: FDI can help in the development
of infrastructure, such as roads, ports, and airports, as foreign
companies may need to invest in these areas to establish their
operations in India. This can benefit the Indian economy as a
whole.
Cons:
1. Risk of Exploitation: FDI can lead to the exploitation of workers
and resources, as foreign companies may be more interested in
maximizing profits than in ensuring fair wages and
environmental protection. This can harm the Indian economy
and society in the long run.
2. Threat to Domestic Industries: FDI can pose a threat to
domestic industries, especially those that are not well-
established or are in the early stages of development. Foreign
companies may have access to greater resources and
technology, which can make it difficult for domestic companies
to compete.
3. Dependence on Foreign Companies: FDI can create a
dependence on foreign companies, as Indian businesses may
rely heavily on foreign investors for funding and support. This
can limit the autonomy of Indian businesses and make them
vulnerable to external factors beyond their control.
4. Political Instability: FDI can be affected by political instability, as
foreign companies may be hesitant to invest in a country that is
experiencing frequent changes in government or policy. This
can lead to reduced investment and slower economic growth in
India.
In conclusion, FDI can bring several benefits and drawbacks to India.
While FDI can provide access to capital and technology, create
employment opportunities, and boost exports, it can also lead to
exploitation, threaten domestic industries, create dependence on
foreign companies, and be affected by political instability. The Indian
government must carefully weigh these factors before promoting or
restricting FDI in the country.
Q4. Write a note on making India a manufacturing hub
Making India a manufacturing hub is a critical part of the country's
economic development strategy. A thriving manufacturing sector can
create employment opportunities, boost exports, and enhance the
overall competitiveness of the Indian economy. Here are some steps
that can be taken to make India a manufacturing hub:
1. Improve Infrastructure: The Indian government must focus on
developing robust infrastructure, including transportation,
power, and water supply, to support the manufacturing sector.
This will require significant investment in both urban and rural
areas of the country.
2. Ease of Doing Business: The Indian government must continue
to simplify and streamline regulatory procedures to make it
easier for businesses to set up and operate in the country. This
can include reducing bureaucracy, simplifying tax procedures,
and easing restrictions on foreign investment.
3. Skilled Workforce: The Indian government must prioritize the
development of a skilled workforce to support the
manufacturing sector. This can be achieved by investing in
vocational training programs, incentivizing private sector
investment in skill development, and promoting
entrepreneurship.
4. R&D and Innovation: The Indian government must encourage
research and development activities to foster innovation in the
manufacturing sector. This can be achieved by providing tax
incentives and funding to companies that invest in R&D
activities.
5. Special Economic Zones: The Indian government must establish
special economic zones (SEZs) to encourage investment in the
manufacturing sector. SEZs can provide a range of benefits to
 businesses, including tax incentives, access to infrastructure,
and streamlined regulatory procedures.
6. Sustainable Manufacturing: The Indian government must
promote sustainable manufacturing practices to ensure that the
sector does not harm the environment. This can be achieved by
enforcing environmental regulations, promoting renewable
energy, and encouraging the use of eco-friendly technologies.
In conclusion, making India a manufacturing hub requires significant
investment in infrastructure, a skilled workforce, R&D, innovation,
and sustainable manufacturing practices. The Indian government
must continue to prioritize the development of the manufacturing
sector to create employment opportunities, boost exports, and
enhance the overall competitiveness of the Indian economy.

Q5. Explain the infrastructural issues and challenges in making India a

manufacturing hub
Making India a manufacturing hub requires significant investment in
infrastructure to support the growth of the sector. However, there
are several infrastructural issues and challenges that need to be
addressed for this to happen. Here are some of the key
infrastructural issues and challenges in making India a manufacturing
hub:
1. Poor Quality Infrastructure: India's infrastructure, including
roads, ports, and airports, is often of poor quality and does not
meet the needs of the manufacturing sector. This can result in
delays, increased transportation costs, and reduced
competitiveness.
2. Inadequate Power Supply: India's power supply is often
unreliable, and many areas of the country face frequent power
 cuts. This can disrupt manufacturing operations and lead to
increased costs.
3. Limited Access to Water: Many areas of India face water
scarcity, which can be a significant challenge for manufacturing
industries that require large amounts of water. This can limit
the growth of the manufacturing sector in these areas.
4. Inefficient Logistics: India's logistics infrastructure, including
warehouses, distribution centers, and transportation networks,
is often inefficient and fragmented. This can lead to delays,
increased transportation costs, and reduced competitiveness.
5. Lack of Skilled Workforce: India faces a shortage of skilled
workers, especially in the manufacturing sector. This can make
it difficult for businesses to find the talent they need to operate
effectively and grow.
6. Environmental Challenges: India faces significant environmental
challenges, including air pollution and water pollution. These
challenges can create health and safety risks for workers and
increase costs for businesses that need to comply with
environmental regulations.
7. Land Acquisition: Land acquisition can be a significant challenge
for businesses looking to set up manufacturing operations in
India. The process can be slow, costly, and subject to regulatory
challenges.
In conclusion, making India a manufacturing hub requires significant
investment in infrastructure to overcome these challenges. The
Indian government must prioritize the development of robust
infrastructure, including transportation, power, and water supply, to
support the growth of the manufacturing sector. Additionally, the
government must invest in the development of a skilled workforce,
promote sustainable manufacturing practices, and simplify regulatory
procedures to make it easier for businesses to set up and operate in
the country.

Q6. Discuss initiatives taken to shape India into a global

manufacturing hub
India has taken several initiatives in recent years to shape itself into a
global manufacturing hub. Here are some of the key initiatives:
1. Make in India: Launched in 2014, the Make in India campaign is
a flagship initiative of the Indian government aimed at
promoting manufacturing in the country. The initiative seeks to
attract investment, promote innovation, and develop
infrastructure to support the growth of the manufacturing
sector.
2. Special Economic Zones: The Indian government has
established several special economic zones (SEZs) across the
country to encourage investment in manufacturing. These
zones provide a range of benefits to businesses, including tax
incentives, access to infrastructure, and streamlined regulatory
procedures.
3. National Manufacturing Policy: The National Manufacturing
Policy, launched in 2011, aims to increase the share of
manufacturing in India's GDP to 25% by 2025. The policy
outlines several measures to promote manufacturing, including
the development of industrial corridors and the creation of a
National Investment and Manufacturing Zone.
4. Investment in Infrastructure: The Indian government has
invested heavily in infrastructure to support the growth of the
manufacturing sector. This includes the development of roads,
ports, airports, and other infrastructure projects to improve
transportation and logistics.
 5. Skill Development: The Indian government has launched several
initiatives to develop a skilled workforce to support the growth
of the manufacturing sector. This includes the Skill India
program, which aims to train over 40 crore people in various
skills by 2022.
6. Ease of Doing Business: The Indian government has
implemented several reforms to improve the ease of doing
business in the country. This includes simplifying regulatory
procedures, reducing bureaucracy, and easing restrictions on
foreign investment.
7. Start-up India: The Start-up India initiative, launched in 2016,
aims to promote entrepreneurship and innovation in the
country. The initiative provides various incentives and support
to start-ups, including tax exemptions, funding, and mentorship.
In conclusion, these initiatives have helped shape India into a global
manufacturing hub, attracting investment, promoting innovation, and
developing infrastructure to support the growth of the sector. The
Indian government must continue to prioritize the development of
the manufacturing sector to create employment opportunities, boost
exports, and enhance the overall competitiveness of the Indian
economy.

Q7. Comment on the role of the Indian defense forces as the net
provider of regional security in the Indian Ocean region
The Indian Ocean region is strategically important due to its location
between Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. As one of the major
powers in the region, India plays a significant role in ensuring the
security and stability of the Indian Ocean region. The Indian defense
forces, comprising the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force,
have a crucial role to play in this regard.
The Indian Navy is one of the most powerful naval forces in the
region and is responsible for safeguarding India's maritime interests.
It is also actively involved in providing maritime security to other
countries in the region through joint patrols and exercises. The Indian
Navy regularly conducts patrols in the Indian Ocean to ensure the
safety of maritime trade routes, prevent piracy, and combat
terrorism.
In addition to the Navy, the Indian Army and Air Force also play
important roles in providing regional security. The Indian Army has a
significant presence in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which are
strategically located near the Strait of Malacca, one of the busiest
shipping lanes in the world. The Indian Air Force also has a significant
role in ensuring the security of the Indian Ocean region, with its
strategic assets and air bases located across India.
The Indian defense forces have also been involved in several regional
security initiatives, such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
and the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS). These initiatives aim
to promote regional cooperation and enhance the collective security
of the Indian Ocean region.
In conclusion, the Indian defense forces have a critical role to play as
the net provider of regional security in the Indian Ocean region. With
its powerful navy, strategic army, and air force assets, India has the
capacity to ensure the security and stability of the region, promote
regional cooperation, and protect its maritime interests.

Q8. Evaluate the role of India in the UN peace keeping forces.

India has been a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN)
peacekeeping missions since their inception in 1948. With over
200,000 troops deployed in various missions, India is one of the
largest contributors to UN peacekeeping forces. India's participation
in UN peacekeeping missions reflects its commitment to the
principles of the UN Charter and its belief in maintaining
international peace and security.
Here are some key roles played by India in UN peacekeeping forces:
1. Providing troops and personnel: India has contributed
significant numbers of troops and personnel to UN
peacekeeping missions. As of 2021, India has deployed more
than 5,500 troops and police personnel to various UN missions,
including in South Sudan, Congo, Lebanon, and the Central
African Republic.
2. Commanding UN missions: India has also been involved in
commanding several UN peacekeeping missions. In 2003,
Lieutenant General Satish Nambiar became the first Indian
military officer to command a UN peacekeeping mission in the
former Yugoslavia. India has also commanded several other UN
missions, including in Congo and Sierra Leone.
3. Training peacekeepers: India has established a Centre for UN
Peacekeeping in New Delhi, which provides training to
peacekeepers from India and other countries. The center offers
a range of courses, including pre-deployment training,
leadership training, and specialized courses on various aspects
of peacekeeping.
4. Contributions to peacekeeping budget: India is one of the
largest financial contributors to the UN peacekeeping budget. In
2020, India contributed more than $26 million to the
peacekeeping budget, which is used to support the operations
of UN peacekeeping missions worldwide.
India's participation in UN peacekeeping missions has several
benefits. It enhances India's image as a responsible and reliable
member of the international community, promotes global peace and
security, and provides valuable training and experience to Indian
troops and personnel. India's participation in UN peacekeeping
missions also helps to strengthen its diplomatic ties with other
countries and demonstrates its commitment to multilateralism and
international cooperation.
In conclusion, India's role in UN peacekeeping forces has been
significant and vital to maintaining international peace and security.
Through its contributions of troops, commanding positions, training,
and financial support, India has played an active and important role
in promoting global peace and security.

Q9. Explain the progress made by India in the field of satellite

technology.
India has made significant progress in the field of satellite technology
over the years. India's space program, administered by the Indian
Space Research Organization (ISRO), has achieved many milestones in
satellite technology, including:
1. Launching of satellites: India has launched several satellites for
communication, navigation, remote sensing, and other
purposes. Notable examples include the Indian National
Satellite System (INSAT) for communication and meteorology,
the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) for
navigation, and the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite series
for earth observation.
2. Development of launch vehicles: India has also developed
several launch vehicles, including the Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV). These launch vehicles have enabled India to launch its
own satellites as well as provide commercial launch services to
other countries.
 3. Mars mission: In 2014, India's Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM),
also known as Mangalyaan, successfully reached Mars, making
India the first country to reach Mars in its first attempt and the
first Asian country to reach Mars.
4. Gaganyaan mission: India is currently working on its ambitious
Gaganyaan mission, which aims to send Indian astronauts into
space by 2022.
5. International cooperation: India has also collaborated with
other countries in satellite technology, including joint missions
with NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the French
Space Agency (CNES).
India's progress in satellite technology has brought several benefits,
including improved communication and navigation services, better
weather forecasting and disaster management, enhanced national
security and defense capabilities, and increased international
cooperation and recognition.
In conclusion, India's achievements in the field of satellite technology
demonstrate the country's technological capabilities and potential for
innovation. With continued investment and research in this area,
India can further enhance its position as a global leader in space
technology and contribute to the betterment of humanity.

Q10. Comment on India’s biotechnology industry.

India's biotechnology industry has emerged as a significant
contributor to the country's economy and global biotech market. The
biotech sector in India is mainly driven by the increasing demand for
healthcare products, growing investment in research and
development, and the availability of skilled human resources.
Here are some key aspects of India's biotechnology industry:
 1. Biopharmaceuticals: India's biopharmaceuticals sector is the
largest segment of the country's biotech industry. Indian
companies are involved in the production of generic drugs,
biosimilars, and vaccines, which are exported to countries
around the world.
2. Research and development: India has a strong research and
development base in biotechnology. The government and
private sector invest heavily in research and development in
biotech, with the aim of developing new drugs, vaccines, and
other biotech products.
3. Skilled workforce: India has a large pool of skilled and educated
human resources in biotechnology. The country has several
premier institutions and universities offering courses in biotech,
which produce a large number of qualified professionals.
4. Government support: The Indian government has implemented
several policies and initiatives to support the growth of the
biotech industry. These include tax incentives, funding for
research and development, and the establishment of biotech
parks and incubators.
5. Collaboration and partnerships: Indian biotech companies have
collaborated with international players for joint research,
development, and marketing of biotech products. This has
helped Indian companies gain access to global markets and
technology.
India's biotech industry faces several challenges, including the lack of
adequate funding, weak intellectual property protection, and
regulatory issues. However, with the government's support, growing
investment in research and development, and the availability of
skilled human resources, India's biotech industry has the potential to
emerge as a global leader in biotechnology.
In conclusion, India's biotechnology industry is a significant
contributor to the country's economy and has the potential to
become a major player in the global biotech market. With continued
investment, innovation, and collaboration, India can further enhance
its position in this rapidly growing sector.

Q11. Discuss India’s potential as a global power, with respect to its

demography and democracy
India has the potential to emerge as a global power due to its large
and diverse population, as well as its democratic system of
governance.
1. Demography: India has a young and growing population, which
is expected to become the world's largest by 2027. This
demographic advantage provides a large workforce and a
potential consumer base for the country. India's diverse
population also brings cultural and linguistic richness, which can
help the country to strengthen its soft power.
2. Democracy: India's democratic system of governance is a key
strength that sets it apart from many other developing
countries. India's democratic institutions, including a free press,
independent judiciary, and competitive elections, have helped
to promote political stability, economic growth, and social
development.
In addition to these factors, India has made significant progress in
areas such as economic growth, technology, and military capabilities,
which further contribute to its potential as a global power. However,
there are also several challenges that India needs to address to
realize its full potential, such as:
1. Poverty and inequality: Despite its economic growth, India still
faces significant challenges in reducing poverty and inequality.
 The country needs to create more jobs and improve access to
basic services such as education, healthcare, and housing.
2. Infrastructure: India's infrastructure, including roads, railways,
and ports, requires significant investment to support economic
growth and development. India needs to address the
infrastructure deficit to support its economic growth and
development.
3. Security challenges: India faces significant security challenges,
including terrorism, border disputes, and internal conflicts.
India needs to address these challenges to promote regional
stability and security.
4. Environmental challenges: India faces significant environmental
challenges, including air pollution, water scarcity, and climate
change. India needs to adopt sustainable development
practices to mitigate these challenges and promote long-term
growth.
In conclusion, India has the potential to emerge as a global power
due to its demographic and democratic strengths, as well as its
economic and technological progress. However, India needs to
address several challenges to realize its full potential and promote
sustainable development.

Q12. Discuss the importance of Indian Ocean region and comment

on the role of Indian defence forces for providing security in the
region.
The Indian Ocean region is strategically significant due to its
economic, geopolitical, and security implications. The region is home
to some of the world's busiest shipping lanes, which are critical for
global trade and energy security. The region also has significant
natural resources, including oil, gas, and minerals.
India, as a major power in the region, has a key role to play in
ensuring stability and security in the Indian Ocean region. The Indian
defense forces have been playing an active role in providing security
in the region. Here are some ways in which the Indian defense forces
contribute to security in the Indian Ocean region:
1. Maritime security: India's navy has been involved in maritime
security operations, including anti-piracy operations, search and
rescue missions, and disaster relief operations. India's navy also
conducts joint exercises with other navies in the region to
promote regional security and cooperation.
2. Surveillance and intelligence: India's defense forces have been
investing in surveillance and intelligence capabilities to monitor
activities in the Indian Ocean region. This includes satellite
surveillance, airborne surveillance, and underwater surveillance
capabilities.
3. Diplomacy: India has been engaging with other countries in the
region through diplomatic channels to promote regional
security and stability. India has also been participating in
multilateral initiatives, such as the Indian Ocean Rim
Association and the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium, to
enhance cooperation in the region.
4. Infrastructure development: India has been investing in
infrastructure development in the region, including ports,
airports, and road networks. This can help to promote
economic development and connectivity in the region, which in
turn can contribute to regional stability and security.
In conclusion, the Indian Ocean region is a strategically important
region, and India's defense forces play an important role in providing
security in the region. Through maritime security operations,
surveillance and intelligence capabilities, diplomacy, and
infrastructure development, India is contributing to regional stability
and security.

Q13. Analyse India’s relation with the US and Russia

India has had historically significant relations with both the United
States and Russia, dating back to the Cold War era. In recent years,
India has sought to balance its relations with these two major
powers, while also pursuing its own strategic interests.
India and the United States:
India and the United States have built a closer strategic partnership in
recent years, particularly under the administrations of Presidents
George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. This partnership
has been driven by shared values such as democracy, economic
interests, and strategic concerns. The US-India strategic partnership
has been based on defense cooperation, trade and investment, and
collaboration on regional and global issues.
Defense cooperation: India and the US have significantly expanded
their defense cooperation, including joint military exercises, arms
sales, and intelligence sharing. The US has become one of India's
major defense suppliers, and India has been purchasing advanced
military technology from the US.
Trade and investment: The US and India have been working to
deepen their economic ties, with bilateral trade reaching nearly $150
billion in 2019. The two countries have also been negotiating a free
trade agreement, although progress has been slow.
Collaboration on regional and global issues: India and the US have
been working together on regional and global issues, such as
counterterrorism, nuclear non-proliferation, and climate change. The
two countries have also been collaborating in multilateral forums
such as the United Nations.
India and Russia:
India has had a long-standing relationship with Russia, dating back to
the Soviet era. India and Russia have maintained close ties in the
areas of defense, energy, and space technology. However, in recent
years, India's relationship with Russia has faced challenges due to
India's growing partnership with the US and Russia's closer relations
with India's regional rival, China.
Defense cooperation: India and Russia have maintained a close
defense relationship, with Russia being one of India's major defense
suppliers. The two countries have also been collaborating on joint
military exercises, arms sales, and defense research and
development.
Energy cooperation: Russia has been a major supplier of oil and gas
to India, and the two countries have been exploring ways to deepen
their energy cooperation.
Space technology: India and Russia have also been collaborating on
space technology, with Russia being a major partner in India's space
program.
In conclusion, India has maintained close relationships with both the
United States and Russia, based on strategic interests and shared
values. While India's relationship with the US has been growing
stronger in recent years, India's relationship with Russia remains
important due to historical ties and cooperation in areas such as
defense and energy. However, India's relations with both the US and
Russia face challenges due to shifting geopolitical dynamics and
India's pursuit of its own strategic interests.
Q14. Analyse India’s relation with China
India and China have a complex and often contentious relationship,
marked by a mixture of cooperation and competition, as well as
longstanding border disputes and geopolitical tensions.
Historical Background:
India and China have had a long and complex history, with cultural,
economic, and political exchanges dating back to ancient times.
However, since the 20th century, India and China have been involved
in several disputes, including territorial disputes over the border
region of Arunachal Pradesh, which China claims as its own, and
ongoing tensions over the status of Tibet and the Dalai Lama.
Current State of Relations:
In recent years, India's relations with China have been marked by a
mix of cooperation and competition, with both countries working to
deepen economic ties while also pursuing their own strategic
interests.
Cooperation:
Economic Ties: India and China have significantly expanded their
economic relations in recent years, with bilateral trade reaching
nearly $100 billion in 2019. The two countries have also been
collaborating on infrastructure development, with China investing
heavily in India's infrastructure projects.
Regional and Global Issues: India and China have been collaborating
on regional and global issues, such as climate change, and have been
working together in multilateral forums such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization and the BRICS group of emerging
economies.
Competition:
Territorial Disputes: India and China have been involved in ongoing
territorial disputes, including the border region of Arunachal Pradesh,
which has led to military standoffs and tensions between the two
countries.
Geopolitical Tensions: India and China have been competing for
influence in the region, with China's Belt and Road Initiative and
increasing military presence in the Indian Ocean region seen as a
challenge to India's strategic interests.
In conclusion, India's relationship with China is complex and often
marked by tensions and disputes, as well as cooperation and
economic ties. While both countries have worked to deepen
economic and regional cooperation, their ongoing territorial disputes
and geopolitical tensions pose significant challenges to the
relationship.

Q15. Write a note on G20 and India’s Presidency

The Group of Twenty, or G20, is an international forum comprising 19
countries and the European Union. It was established in 1999 to
bring together the world's largest economies to discuss and
coordinate on global economic issues.
India held the G20 presidency in 2022, marking the first time it has
hosted the G20. During its presidency, India focused on the theme of
"People, Planet, Prosperity" and identified four key priority areas:
digitalization, sustainable development, resilient infrastructure, and
inclusive growth.
Under India's leadership, the G20 held several meetings and summits
throughout the year, with a focus on issues such as climate change,
global economic recovery, and COVID-19 response and vaccination
efforts. India also sought to promote the interests of developing
countries within the G20, calling for increased financial and
technological support for these countries.
India's presidency of the G20 was seen as an important opportunity
for the country to showcase its global leadership and strengthen its
role in international economic governance. It was also seen as a
recognition of India's growing economic influence and potential as a
global power.
Overall, India's presidency of the G20 was seen as successful in
promoting a focus on sustainable and inclusive growth and
prioritizing the needs of developing countries within the group. It
also helped to strengthen India's position in the global economic and
political arena.

Q16. Explain the evolution and functions of the World Economic

Forum
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a non-profit organization
founded in 1971 by Klaus Schwab, a Swiss economist and professor.
The organization's stated mission is to "improve the state of the
world" by bringing together leaders from business, government, civil
society, academia, and other sectors to engage in dialogue and
collaboration on key global issues.
Evolution:
The WEF was originally founded as the European Management
Forum, with a focus on improving management practices in Europe.
Over time, the organization expanded its focus to include global
issues such as economic growth, environmental sustainability, and
social development.
In the 1990s, the WEF began to gain prominence as an important
platform for global leaders to discuss and address key issues facing
the world. The annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, which brings
together political and business leaders from around the world, has
become a widely recognized event and has helped to elevate the
profile of the WEF.
Functions:
The WEF serves several functions, including:
1. Providing a platform for dialogue and collaboration: The WEF
brings together leaders from different sectors and regions to
engage in dialogue and collaboration on key global issues.
2. Conducting research and analysis: The WEF conducts research
and analysis on a range of global issues, including economic
growth, environmental sustainability, and social development.
It also publishes reports and studies to inform policy and
decision-making.
3. Advocating for change: The WEF advocates for policy changes
and reforms to address global challenges, such as climate
change, inequality, and economic instability.
4. Hosting events and initiatives: The WEF hosts a range of events
and initiatives, including the annual meeting in Davos, as well as
regional summits and industry-focused initiatives.
In recent years, the WEF has also sought to increase its focus on
social and environmental issues, including gender equality, climate
change, and sustainable development.
Overall, the World Economic Forum plays an important role in
shaping global dialogue and policy on key economic, social, and
environmental issues. While its influence and effectiveness have
been subject to some criticism, it remains a widely recognized and
influential organization in the global arena.
Q17. Discuss the objectives of the International Organisation- BRICS.
What role has India played in this organisation?
BRICS is a multilateral organization that brings together five major
emerging economies, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South
Africa. The organization was established in 2006, and its objectives
include promoting economic development and cooperation among
its member countries, as well as enhancing their global influence and
promoting a more equitable and multipolar world order.
The key objectives of the BRICS organization can be summarized as
follows:
1. Promoting economic growth and development: The BRICS
countries account for a significant share of the world's
population and GDP, and the organization aims to leverage their
collective economic power to promote growth and
development, both within their own countries and in other
regions.
2. Enhancing cooperation on global issues: The BRICS countries
share common interests and concerns on a range of global
issues, including climate change, terrorism, and trade. The
organization aims to promote greater cooperation and
coordination among its members on these issues.
3. Promoting a multipolar world order: The BRICS countries are
seen as emerging powers that can help to promote a more
balanced and equitable global order. The organization seeks to
enhance the influence and voice of its members in global
governance and decision-making.
India has played an important role in the BRICS organization, both as
a founding member and as a major participant in its activities. India
has used its position in the organization to advance its own economic
and strategic interests, as well as to promote greater cooperation
among its member countries.
Some of the key roles played by India in the BRICS organization
include:
1. Enhancing economic cooperation: India has actively promoted
greater economic cooperation among the BRICS countries,
including through initiatives such as the New Development
Bank, which was established by the BRICS countries to provide
funding for infrastructure projects.
2. Promoting regional stability: India has used its position in the
BRICS organization to promote greater stability and security in
its own region, including by working with other members to
address issues such as terrorism and maritime security.
3. Strengthening India's global influence: India has sought to use
its position in the BRICS organization to enhance its global
influence and voice on key issues, including climate change and
international trade.
Overall, India has played an important role in the BRICS organization
and has used its position to advance its own interests, as well as to
promote greater cooperation and coordination among the member
countries.

Q18. Review India’s participation in G20.

India's participation in G20 has been significant since its inclusion in
the forum in 1999. As a major emerging economy, India's role in the
G20 is crucial, and it has actively participated in the group's meetings
and initiatives.
India's participation in the G20 has focused on several key areas,
including:
 1. Economic growth and development: India has used its
participation in the G20 to promote economic growth and
development, both within its own country and in the wider
region. India has played an active role in discussions on issues
such as infrastructure investment, trade, and financial
regulation.
2. Climate change and sustainable development: India has been a
strong advocate for sustainable development and has played an
active role in discussions on climate change, energy, and
environmental issues. India has emphasized the importance of
a balanced approach to development that takes into account
social and environmental factors, as well as economic growth.
3. Global governance and multilateralism: India has used its
participation in the G20 to promote greater global governance
and multilateralism. India has advocated for a more equitable
and representative global order, and has sought to strengthen
the role of the UN and other multilateral institutions.
India's participation in the G20 has been generally well-regarded, and
the country has been seen as an important and constructive
participant in the group's discussions and initiatives. India has used
its participation in the G20 to advance its own economic and
strategic interests, as well as to promote greater cooperation and
coordination among the member countries. India's presidency of the
G20 in 2023 will provide an opportunity for the country to play a
more active and influential role in the forum, and to promote its own
priorities and initiatives.

Q19. Discuss the rise of India as a global soft power

India has emerged as a global soft power in recent years, thanks to its
rich cultural heritage, diverse population, and growing economy. Soft
power is the ability of a country to influence others through non-
military means, such as culture, values, and diplomacy. India's soft
power has been driven by several factors, including:
1. Cultural diversity: India is a country with a rich cultural heritage
that is widely celebrated around the world. From its music and
dance to its food and fashion, India has a unique and diverse
culture that is attractive to people from different parts of the
world. Bollywood movies and Indian cuisine are two examples
of how India has leveraged its cultural diversity to project its
soft power globally.
2. Democracy and pluralism: India is the world's largest
democracy, and its commitment to pluralism and religious
tolerance has earned it respect and admiration around the
world. India's democratic values and institutions have become
an important part of its soft power, and have helped to counter
the negative perceptions that some people have about the
country.
3. Economic growth and development: India's growing economy
has also contributed to its soft power. As one of the world's
fastest-growing major economies, India has become an
important player in the global economy, and its success has
attracted the attention and admiration of other countries.
4. Diplomacy: India's foreign policy has also helped to boost its
soft power. The country has pursued an independent foreign
policy that has emphasized its commitment to peace, non-
alignment, and cooperation with other countries.
India's rise as a global soft power has been noticed by the world, and
the country has used its soft power to promote its interests and
values on the global stage. India's soft power has been used to
promote cultural exchanges, economic cooperation, and diplomacy
with other countries. India's growing soft power is expected to
continue to play an important role in shaping the country's
relationship with the world in the years to come.

Q20. Explain the concept of Soft Power and comment on the impact
of yoga and the diaspora in enhancing India’s soft power status
Soft power refers to the ability of a country to influence others
through its cultural and social values, as opposed to military or
economic power. It is the power of attraction that a country exerts
over others through its ideas, values, and culture.
India has been able to leverage its soft power effectively in recent
years, with the practice of yoga and the influence of the Indian
diaspora playing a key role. Yoga has gained immense popularity in
many countries around the world, and India has been at the forefront
of promoting the practice as a tool for health and well-being. The
International Day of Yoga, celebrated on June 21 every year, is now
observed in many countries around the world, reflecting the global
popularity of the practice.
The Indian diaspora, which is estimated to be around 30 million
people, has also played an important role in enhancing India's soft
power. Indian-Americans, for example, are among the most
successful immigrant communities in the United States, and their
success has helped to promote a positive image of India in the
country. Similarly, the Indian community in the United Kingdom has
played an important role in promoting Indian culture and values in
the country.
India's soft power has been further enhanced by its rich cultural
heritage, including its music, art, literature, and philosophy. Indian
films, especially those produced by Bollywood, have gained a global
following, and have helped to popularize Indian culture around the
world. Similarly, Indian cuisine, which is known for its rich flavors and
spices, has become popular in many countries around the world.
Overall, India's soft power has played an important role in enhancing
the country's global standing and promoting its interests on the
global stage. The popularity of yoga and the influence of the Indian
diaspora are just two examples of how India has been able to
leverage its soft power to project a positive image of the country
around the world.

Q21. Examine the visionary leadership provided by India for global

governance
India has played a significant role in shaping global governance,
particularly in recent years, by providing visionary leadership in
several areas. Some of the key examples of India's leadership in
global governance are:
1. Climate Change: India has been a vocal advocate for climate
change action and has played a key role in shaping the global
discourse on the issue. India has committed to reducing its
carbon emissions and has also been instrumental in negotiating
the Paris Climate Agreement.
2. International Trade: India has been actively involved in global
trade negotiations and has played a leading role in promoting
the interests of developing countries. India has also been
involved in the establishment of institutions such as the World
Trade Organization (WTO) to promote free and fair trade.
3. Sustainable Development: India has been a strong advocate for
sustainable development and has played a leading role in
shaping the global agenda on the issue. India has also been
involved in the establishment of institutions such as the United
 Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to promote
sustainable development globally.
4. Global Health: India has been actively involved in global health
initiatives and has played a key role in shaping the global
response to pandemics such as COVID-19. India has also been
involved in the establishment of institutions such as the World
Health Organization (WHO) to promote global health.
5. Cyber Security: India has been actively involved in global efforts
to enhance cyber security and has played a leading role in
promoting the development of international norms and
standards for cyber security.
Overall, India has provided visionary leadership in several areas of
global governance, and has played an active role in shaping the
global discourse on these issues. India's leadership has been
characterized by a commitment to promoting the interests of
developing countries, a focus on sustainable development, and a
willingness to engage in global partnerships to achieve common
goals.

Q22. Comment on Indian cinema's potential as India’s soft power

Indian cinema, also known as Bollywood, has emerged as a
significant element of India's soft power. With its massive domestic
and global audience, Indian cinema has the potential to shape
perceptions of India and Indian culture around the world.
Indian cinema is known for its unique style, music, dance, and
storytelling, which have gained popularity worldwide. Indian films
have won several international awards and have been featured in
numerous film festivals around the world.
Moreover, Indian cinema has helped in promoting India's cultural
diversity, and has been instrumental in popularizing Indian clothing,
food, and music in many countries. Indian cinema has also played a
crucial role in enhancing India's global image, especially in countries
where people are not familiar with the country's culture, traditions,
and way of life.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the popularity
of Indian cinema in many countries, including China, Japan, and
Russia. Indian cinema has also been instrumental in promoting
cultural exchanges and collaborations with other countries, which
has further strengthened India's soft power status.
Overall, Indian cinema's potential as India's soft power is significant,
and it will continue to play a crucial role in promoting India's cultural
heritage, diversity, and global image.

Q23. Examine the influence of Indian films and cuisine in enhancing

India’s soft power status
Indian films and cuisine have played a significant role in enhancing
India's soft power status by promoting India's cultural heritage,
values, and way of life. Here are some points that highlight the
influence of Indian films and cuisine in enhancing India's soft power
status:
1. Indian Films: Indian cinema, also known as Bollywood, has
gained popularity worldwide for its unique style, music, dance,
and storytelling. Indian films have won several international
awards and have been featured in numerous film festivals
around the world, which has helped in promoting India's
cultural diversity and traditions.
2. Cross-cultural exchanges: Indian films have played a crucial role
in promoting cross-cultural exchanges, and collaborations with
 other countries. The popularity of Indian cinema has led to
collaborations with international film industries, which has
helped in promoting cultural exchanges between India and
other countries.
3. Indian Cuisine: Indian cuisine is known for its diverse and rich
flavors, which has gained popularity worldwide. Indian food is
known for its spices and herbs, which are used for medicinal
purposes as well. Indian cuisine has been instrumental in
promoting India's cultural diversity and way of life, and has
played a significant role in enhancing India's soft power status.
4. Tourism: Indian films and cuisine have also been instrumental in
promoting tourism in India. The popularity of Indian films and
cuisine has led to an increase in the number of tourists visiting
India, which has contributed to the country's economy and
global image.
In conclusion, Indian films and cuisine have played a significant role
in enhancing India's soft power status by promoting its cultural
diversity and way of life. The popularity of Indian cinema and cuisine
has helped in promoting cross-cultural exchanges and collaborations
with other countries, which has further strengthened India's soft
power status.

Q24. Write a note on India and its world view

India's world view is shaped by its rich history, culture, and traditions.
India has always been a proponent of peaceful coexistence, non-
violence, and diplomacy in resolving conflicts. The following points
highlight India's world view:
1. Non-Alignment: India has always followed a policy of non-
alignment, which means it doesn't align with any superpower
and maintains neutrality in global politics. India's non-aligned
 stance reflects its commitment to maintaining peace,
promoting economic development, and protecting its
sovereignty.
2. Multilateralism: India believes in the principles of
multilateralism, which means promoting cooperation and
collaboration among nations to tackle global challenges like
climate change, terrorism, poverty, and pandemics. India has
been an active participant in various multilateral forums like the
United Nations, BRICS, G20, and other regional organizations.
3. Regional Connectivity: India believes in promoting regional
connectivity and economic cooperation among the countries in
South Asia and the Indian Ocean region. India has been
instrumental in promoting regional initiatives like the South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Bay of
Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation (BIMSTEC), and Indian Ocean Rim Association
(IORA).
4. Cultural Diplomacy: India believes in promoting its cultural
heritage and traditions as a means of soft power diplomacy.
India has been promoting its culture, traditions, and values
through initiatives like yoga, Ayurveda, Indian cuisine, and
Bollywood films. These initiatives have helped in enhancing
India's global image and promoting its soft power.
In conclusion, India's world view is based on the principles of non-
alignment, multilateralism, regional connectivity, and cultural
diplomacy. India's world view reflects its commitment to maintaining
peace, promoting economic development, and protecting its
sovereignty, while at the same time, promoting global cooperation
and collaboration to tackle global challenges.