Crafting a Literature Review on Fetal Hypoxia

Undertaking a literature review is a meticulous process requiring a deep understanding of the subject
matter, rigorous research skills, and adept synthesis of diverse scholarly sources. When it comes to a
topic as critical as fetal hypoxia, the task becomes even more daunting. The literature on fetal
hypoxia encompasses a vast array of studies, theories, and medical findings, making it essential for
researchers to sift through copious amounts of information to distill key insights and trends.

One of the primary challenges in writing a literature review on fetal hypoxia lies in the complexity
and interdisciplinary nature of the subject. Fetal hypoxia involves the intersection of obstetrics,
neonatology, physiology, and various other fields, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of
each discipline's contributions to the topic. Moreover, staying updated with the latest research
findings and advancements in medical practices is crucial for ensuring the review's relevance and
accuracy.

Another significant hurdle is the sheer volume of literature available on fetal hypoxia. Sorting
through numerous scholarly articles, textbooks, clinical trials, and case studies can be overwhelming,
requiring researchers to employ effective strategies for information retrieval and organization.
Additionally, assessing the quality and credibility of sources is paramount to ensure the review's
reliability and academic integrity.

Furthermore, synthesizing diverse perspectives and conflicting findings presents a considerable

challenge in writing a literature review on fetal hypoxia. Researchers must critically analyze the
evidence, identify recurring themes or patterns, and reconcile discrepancies to present a coherent and
nuanced understanding of the topic. This process demands both analytical prowess and interpretive
skills to draw meaningful conclusions from the available literature.

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The intra- and extracellular accumulation of hydrogen ions, due to increased lactic acid production,
results in the development of metabolic acidosis (decreased pH caused by acids of intracellular
origin) and, because these ions are taken away by the fetal circulation, metabolic acidaemia. The
higher oxygen affinity of fetal hemoglobin shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the left, which
results in a greater release in oxygen at lower arterial PO 2 compared to adult hemoglobin. Thus, it
seems that MitoQ has more protective effects in females than in males. Moreover, oxygen is an
important synchronizing factor for the circadian rhythm. Sentiment analysis and information
extraction are made possible by the ease of access to all of these viewpoints, which is free. AF
volume rise linearly to about 33-34ws when the average is about 1000cc. Adenosine has a
suppressive effect on plasma cortisol levels and the function of the adrenal cortex in foetal sheep. At
birth, oxygen plays a major role in decreasing PVR to enhance pulmonary blood flow and establish
the lungs as the organ of gas exchange. Consequences of myocardial infarction were circadian-
dependent and varied throughout the day. Tachycardia may be caused by maternal fever, maternal
medication administration, fetal cardiac dysrhythmias, or fetal asphyxia. (c) Bradycardia: less than
110 bpm. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). Note that
from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Journal of
Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA). We ship orders daily and Customer Service is our
top priority. Hb: hemoglobin; SaO 2: arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (Copyright Satyan
Lakshminrusimha). They both prevent normal oxygen delivery to cells and cause a falsely-normal
pulse oximeter reading. Moreover, HIF directly interacts with the circadian clock because HIF-1. The
amount of blood pumped into the pulmonary circulation is dynamic and changes during fetal life.
Sheep have a relatively similar heart size compared with humans, allowing better observation of the
changes in foetal cardiovascular parameters in utero. Book details ISBN-10 1850700125 ISBN-13
978-1850700128 Edition 1st Publisher CRC Press Publication date June 15, 1999 Language English
Dimensions 8 x 0.75 x 10.25 inches Print length 146 pages See all details Brief content visible,
double tap to read full content. Clinical studies evaluating the optimal oxygenation in the treatment
of PPHN will be enthusiastically awaited. International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM).
Prenatal hypoxia decreases oxygen bioavailability in the tissues of the foetus. SO 2: oxyhemoglobin
saturation (Copyright Satyan Lakshminrusimha). However, some information can be extrapolated
from cases of sudden maternal cardiorespiratory arrest. Sperm and ovum unite to form a zygote Ova
are fertile for 12 to 24 hours Sperm are fertile for 72 hours Takes place in the ampulla of fallopian
tube. Conception. Necessary functional components a. uterus. The expression of Clock in the
placenta was significantly higher in a prenatal hypoxia group than in controls, and the silencing of
Clock caused an improvement of the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of trophoblasts.
After blood is drawn into two heparinised syringes, existing air bubbles are removed and the
syringes capped and rolled between the fingers to mix blood with heparin; blood gas analysis should
be performed within the next 30 min. The blurred lines between conventional and unconventional
operations, as seen in hybrid warfare and grey zone conflict, are explored in detail. Peripheral
chemoreceptors activate afferent pathways to the brainstem, where they affect the cardiovascular
centres.
Converging Needs in Neonatology, Pediatrics, and Medical Genetics. Again, a low PaO 2 points
squarely to a reduction of the inspired oxygen tension (FiO 2 ) or to a lung problem. Furthermore, an
increase from 50% to 100% inspired oxygen in this study did not produce any further decrease in
pulmonary arterial pressure or PVR. Hb: hemoglobin; SaO 2: arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation
(Copyright Satyan Lakshminrusimha). This item cannot be shipped to your selected delivery
location. A cooximeter will measure the relative concentrations of various forms of hemoglobin,
including oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin. In this review, we discussed the
pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and delved into. Prenatal hypoxia has more
severe effects on male offspring compared with female offspring. This is due to hemoglobin’s
incredible oxygen-carrying capacity and the sigmoidal shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation
curve. Next Article in Journal Key Challenges in the Search for Innovative Drug Treatments for
Special Populations. ANS, autonomic nervous system; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen
species; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This evidence is frequently used as an
indicator of a 12-min margin of safety for the fetus, in situations where sudden and complete
interruption of fetal oxygenation occurs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;
23(5):2885. Desaturated blood returning from the brain and the body into the right heart is pumped
through the pulmonary artery and is mostly diverted through the ductus arteriosus to supply the rest
of the body. However, there have been no clinical trials to date that have studied SO 2 targets in term
infants with lung disease. They explore the potential impacts, influences and relationships of digital
deception within the Nigerian context, even though deepfake technology had not been implemented
in Nigeria at the time of writing. Previous Article in Special Issue Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension
in the Newborn. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. We argue that while
digital media may be perceived as a cybersecurity threat, it simultaneously presents opportunities for
maximising beneficial outcomes and minimising risks. Decreased renal blood flow induces the
release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells and the conversion of inactive angiotensinogen to
angiotensin I, which is converted to Ang II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme. Tropical Medicine
and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). During the first trimester of human pregnancy, maternal spiral
arteries are clogged with trophoblast cells derived from the developing embryo, resulting in
fetoplacental hypoxia. We identified that the possible relationship between the effects of prenatal
hypoxia on the cardiovascular regulatory mechanism may vary depending on circadian variability and
phase of the days. The time of preoviposition averaged 4.74 days. The minimum time for egg
hatching averaged 38.46 days, while the average time for the development of negative geotropism at
the new emerged larvae was 6 days. However, these protocols are only partially effective given that
many infants still suffer from severe brain damage. If the sensitivity of the developing systems
depends on the time of day, this opens new ways for understanding the mechanisms of prenatal
programming and opportunities to prevent the development of cardiovascular hypertension in
adulthood. Ramakrishna Nemani NASA Ames Research Center Ranga Myneni Boston University
Jennifer Dungan NASA Ames Research Center. Some constituents of fetal blood are capable of
neutralising (buffering) hydrogen ions. Prenatal hypoxia as result of mother, placenta, and foetus and
their effects on cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in the foetus. Please note that many of the
page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled.
The key to clinching the diagnosis is to look for. Despite apparent ambiguities, the oestrogen
receptors are involved in cardio-protection. The foetus is able to compensate for oxygen deficiency
and maintain homeostasis by the activation of regulatory mechanisms. The response of the foetus to
prenatal hypoxia can also be modulated by the placenta and the mother. Transcriptional factors that
respond to hypoxia also interact with the cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms to maintain
homeostasis and sufficient blood flow through vital organs by increased peripheral resistance and
reduction of oxygen consumption. Please let us know what you think of our products and services.
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). Equivocal-suspicious: intermittent late
FHR decelerations, or significant variable FHR decelerations d. We advocate for collaborative efforts
among nations to create a common warning system. O 2 delivery is a product of blood flow and
arterial O 2 content. The main risk factors for placental abruption are a previous history of similar
episodes, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, abdominal trauma, maternal cocaine consumption,
maternal smoking and fetal growth restriction. The consequences of hypoxia on the expression of
eNOS are contradictory. Prenatal hypoxia can change the maturation of these chemoreceptors, which
can be manifested later in adulthood. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. No long-
term neurological sequelae were reported when the interval between arrest and birth was under 12
min, and perinatal death was common when more than 15 min had elapsed. Consumption of a high-
fat diet is associated with lower uteroplacental perfusion. When O 2 delivery decreases below a
critical point, O 2 consumption is compromised leading to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acidosis.
Decreased nephron formation may be due to impaired morphogenesis, increased apoptosis, and
changes in RAAS activity. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA). In this
paper, we discuss process modelling and simulation as a route to understanding the impact of
uncertainty and thereby understanding robustness in design processes. BPP combines the NST with
sonography to assess current fetal well-being. 1. Sonography is performed over 30 minutes, assesses
fetal behaviors (fetal movement, tone, breathing movements), and measures amniotic fluid volume.
2. BPP serves as a sensitive method of detecting acute or chronic fetal hypoxia. 3. Each of five
assessed components is assigned 2 points if criteria (outlined in Table 7.2 ) are met, or 0 if they are
not. When epidural analgesia began to be used in labour, maternal hypotension and the resulting
CTG changes occurred in almost a third of cases. Introduction. For the rest of this quarter, we will
attempt to systematically explore the association of ecological limits and economic growth. The
protective effects of melatonin, vitamin C, and other antioxidants support the hypothesis that
oxidative stress plays an important role in mediating the effects of prenatal hypoxia on the foetus,
and those antioxidants can reduce the stress consequences on the cardiovascular system in
adulthood. This position has also been associated with uterine hypercontractility due to sacral plexus
stimulation. Sutovska, H.; Babarikova, K.; Zeman, M.; Molcan, L. We analyzed an initial corpus of
66,000 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences collected from labs across the world using our method and
identified the comprehensive set of known proteins with 98.5% set membership accuracy and 99.1%
accuracy in length prediction, compared to proteome references, including Replicase polyprotein 1ab
(with its transcriptional slippage site). The low sequence diversity in this population enabled the
discovery of information on its origin and evolution that has been hidden in bacterial clones that have
evolved over a long period. The results suggest that the effects of hypoxia on canonical clock genes
are tissue-specific and illustrate the way in which hypoxia can exert its influence on health in
adulthood. However, current knowledge gaps on what constitutes the optimal oxygenation target
leads to a wide variation in practices amongst neonatologists, and often leads to excessive oxygen
use. Properties of fetal hemoglobin also allow adequate oxygen supply to the tissues in the fetus.
ANS, autonomic nervous system; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RAAS, renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system. When epidural analgesia began to be used in labour, maternal
hypotension and the resulting CTG changes occurred in almost a third of cases. Instead, the percent
oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO 2 ) can serve as good surrogate test because it can be
determined noninvasively with a pulse oximeter. In the brain, Arntl and Nr1d1 expression became
arrhythmic compared to Cry2 expression. However, these protocols are only partially effective given
that many infants still suffer from severe brain damage. The higher fetal PO 2 increases blood flow
towards the lungs, resulting in more desaturated blood draining into the left atrium from the
pulmonary veins, thus lowering the PO 2 in the left heart supplying the brain. The chapter proceeds
to discuss the transformative impact of internet connectivity models and the ensuing challenges
related to information circuits on a global scale. As a result of the decreased cardiomyocyte
proliferation, the ventricular myocardium was thin, the epicardium was detached, and the ventricular
mass and wall thickness was reduced. The Role of Oxygen in Treating PPHN As has been mentioned
earlier, the pulmonary vessels of the fetus nearing term develop oxygen sensitivity and contract or
relax in response to hypoxemia or hyperoxemia, respectively. Converging Needs in Neonatology,
Pediatrics, and Medical Genetics. Moderate effects on the foetus include high or low food
availability, oxygen deficiency (hypoxia), maternal obesity, inadequate prenatal care, maternal stress,
and maternal chronic diseases. Again, a low PaO 2 points squarely to a reduction of the inspired
oxygen tension (FiO 2 ) or to a lung problem. Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curves and oxygen
supply. The main risk factors for placental abruption are a previous history of similar episodes,
hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, abdominal trauma, maternal cocaine consumption, maternal
smoking and fetal growth restriction. In addition, replacing fetal hemoglobin with adult hemoglobin
packed red cells increases fetal PO 2 by 4.8 mm Hg and maintains similar oxygen content. As a
result, pressure and volume overload of the heart occurs and leads to heart remodelling. Previous
Article in Special Issue Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in the Newborn. The driving force for O
2 into mitochondria is PO 2. Thus, it seems that MitoQ has more protective effects in females than in
males. Prenatal hypoxia as result of mother, placenta, and foetus and their effects on cardiovascular
regulatory mechanisms in the foetus. Prenatal Hypoxia Affects Foetal Cardiovascular Regulatory
Mechanisms in a Sex- and Circadian-Dependent Manner: A Review. The kidney of the male foetus is
more sensitive to hypoxia than that of the female foetus, because no glomerular loss or renal fibrosis
was observed in the hypoxic female rat foetus. Thus, further research to systematically test promising
neuroprotective treatments in combination with hypothermia is essential. Vascular dilatation is caused
by increased NO, adenosine, and prostanoids. Therefore, abnormal placental development
contributes to prenatal hypoxia. A screening ultrasound exam is commonly performed at 16 to 20
weeks and sometimes during the first trimester 27 in order to: a. The expression of Per1 and Per2
resulted in their lower amplitude after hypoxia. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
(JCDD). However, there have been no clinical trials to date that have studied SO 2 targets in term
infants with lung disease. The protective effects of melatonin, vitamin C, and other antioxidants
support the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays an important role in mediating the effects of
prenatal hypoxia on the foetus, and those antioxidants can reduce the stress consequences on the
cardiovascular system in adulthood.
Prenatal hypoxia can program and negatively determine the development of hypertension in
adulthood differently relating to the stages of prenatal development. If the hardware is in place and
functioning appropriately and the chest radiograph is clear, then a pulmonary embolism should be
the next thing you think about in a hypoxemic patient. Conversely, exposing the mother to a hypoxic
environment leads to a decrease in UV PO 2 causing increased pulmonary vascular resistance and
less blood shunting to the lungs, therefore limiting the amount of desaturated blood returning to the
left atrium from the pulmonary veins. A reduction in birth weight of neonates is the most accessible
marker of poor in utero development. Behavior is influenced by genetic or biochemical processes in
the body How might the body influence behavior. Full content visible, double tap to read brief
content. ANS, autonomic nervous system; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RAAS,
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. When O 2 delivery decreases below a critical point, O 2
consumption is compromised leading to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acidosis. Changes in the set
points of the cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in the foetus increase susceptibility to
hypertension in adulthood. These short-term compensatory mechanisms, such as glomerular
hypertrophy, allow renal function to be maintained, but nephron deficiency later in life may lead to
an inability to maintain fluid homeostasis and increase the susceptibility to hypertension and renal
disease. The Fetus Can Teach Us: Oxygen and the Pulmonary Vasculature. Children. 2017; 4(8):67.
The key to clinching the diagnosis is to look for. Acute prenatal hypoxia, induced at ED 18 for 2 h in
mice, decreased the basal oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of
neonates. In this paper, we discuss process modelling and simulation as a route to understanding the
impact of uncertainty and thereby understanding robustness in design processes. Sequencing and
comparison of whole genomes later confirmed these early observations, and it confirmed that most
of the genetic changes occurred via gene conversion involving horizontally transmitted DNA. As a
result of the decreased cardiomyocyte proliferation, the ventricular myocardium was thin, the
epicardium was detached, and the ventricular mass and wall thickness was reduced. To ground our
analysis theoretically, we turn to the concept of reflexive securitisation of digital media, elucidating
its implications for corporations, governments and non-governmental organisations. This position has
also been associated with uterine hypercontractility due to sacral plexus stimulation. In sheep, during
normoxia, the maternal partial pressure of oxygen is about 100 mmHg. However, the latter yields
much less energy than aerobic metabolism and results in the production of lactic acid. Gout, Urate,
and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). Despite an extensive research effort regarding various
treatment strategies, therapeutic hypothermia with intensive care unit supportive treatment remains
the only approved method for neonates who have suffered from moderate to severe hypoxic-
ischemic encephalopathy. Pulsatility index (PI): difference between frequency shifts during systole
and diastole, divided by mean frequency shift; commonly used to evaluate maternal uterine arterial
flow and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow c. Usually these phenomena occur during the peak
of uterine contractions, and the intervals between these events are sufficient to re-establish normal
oxygenation. The foetus is able to compensate for oxygen deficiency and maintain homeostasis by
the activation of regulatory mechanisms. The response of the foetus to prenatal hypoxia can also be
modulated by the placenta and the mother. This paper presents the design of a tool to diagnose the
activities related to. Accurate determination of baseline variability is made during a 10-minute
window that is devoid of accelerations or decelerations. (a) Normal or moderate variability:
amplitude range of 6 to 25 bpm ( Fig. 7.1 ). It also contains a case study of fetal hemodynamics and
brain damage related to hypoxia. Prenatal Hypoxia Affects Foetal Cardiovascular Regulatory
Mechanisms in a Sex- and Circadian-Dependent Manner: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2885.
Sperm and ovum unite to form a zygote Ova are fertile for 12 to 24 hours Sperm are fertile for 72
hours Takes place in the ampulla of fallopian tube. Conception. Necessary functional components a.
uterus.
An inappropriate oxygen environment can induce changes in the placental structure, which might be
beneficial for improving foetal oxygenation. The higher fetal PO 2 increases blood flow towards the
lungs, resulting in more desaturated blood draining into the left atrium from the pulmonary veins,
thus lowering the PO 2 in the left heart supplying the brain. Prenatal hypoxia as result of mother,
placenta, and foetus and their effects on cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in the foetus.
Detection of aneuploidy (e.g., Down syndrome) c. Identification of multiple gestations d. For more
information on the journal statistics, click here. HbA: adult hemoglobin; HbF: fetal hemoglobin;
PRBC: packed red blood cell. As a result, renal blood flow and urine output decrease, resulting in
oligohydramnios as assessed by amniotic fluid volume. 3 5. Ultrasonography is used to measure
amniotic fluid volume in four intrauterine quadrants and calculate the amniotic fluid index (AFI).
Many biochemical and physiological processes develop circadian oscillations during the perinatal
period. HbA: adult hemoglobin; HbF: fetal hemoglobin; PRBC: packed red blood cell. This is due to
autonomic nervous system immaturity. 5. Lower thresholds (?10 bpm rise, ?10 seconds) for deeming
the NST reactive appear to preserve the predictive value of a normal test. As a result, there is only a
small amount of desaturated blood from the pulmonary veins draining into the left atrium,
maintaining a relatively high PO 2 in the left heart. Desaturated blood returning from the brain and
the body into the right heart is pumped through the pulmonary artery and is mostly diverted through
the ductus arteriosus to supply the rest of the body. The Fetus Can Teach Us: Oxygen and the
Pulmonary Vasculature. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). Therefore,
abnormal placental development contributes to prenatal hypoxia. Journal of Functional Morphology
and Kinesiology (JFMK). Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). In this line,
circadian dependent programming effects were observed under hyperoxic conditions during early
life. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel semi-supervised pipeline for automated gene,
protein, and functional domain annotation of SARS-CoV-2 genomes that differentiates itself by not
relying on the use of a single reference genome and by overcoming atypical genomic traits that
challenge traditional bioinformatic methods. The pulmonary circulation plays an important role in
maintaining stable oxygen delivery to the brain. For more information on the journal statistics, click
here. When epidural analgesia began to be used in labour, maternal hypotension and the resulting
CTG changes occurred in almost a third of cases. Emancipation of women is procuring economic,
social and political rights and equality meant for fostering a balance in gender relations as against the
one-sided women empowerment approach. There is a linear decrease in the partial oxygen tension
(PO 2 ) with a concomitant rise in fetal hemoglobin as gestation progresses, which maintains the
oxygen content in the blood constant throughout gestation. Chronic prenatal hypoxia, from ED 14
until delivery, increases the basal oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation in the central
nervous system of neonates. When hypoxia is sufficiently intense and prolonged to disrupt
neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular control, this is reflected in reduced Apgar scores at birth.
Studies point to the importance of mitochondria in cardiovascular disease programming, maintaining
the brain-sparing effect and decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Despite apparent
ambiguities, the oestrogen receptors are involved in cardio-protection. In our review, we aim to
describe: (1) The response of cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms, such as the chemoreflex,
adenosine, NO, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RAAS on prenatal hypoxia and its effects on
hypertension in adulthood. You can fix a shunt by increasing the PEEP (positive end expiratory
pressure), and by getting rid of whatever substance or condition is causing the shunt.