UNIVERSITY OF MINES AND TECHNOLOGY,

TARKWA

FACULTY OF MINING AND MINERALS TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY

MINING ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

BSc PROGRAMME

LECTURE NOTES
ON

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN MINING II

(MN 473)

Course Instructor
DR CLEMENT KWEKU ARTHUR

JANUARY, 2024
 PART 1

TALPAC 3D (SURFACE MINING)

 CHAPTER 1
ABOUT US

1.1 RMPGLOBAL

We are the global leader in the provision and development of mining software solutions,
advisory consulting, and training services (Richard Mathews, Chief Executive Officer)

1.1.1 A Holistic Approach

Software Solutions
• Leading provider of software solutions for enterprise mine and asset management,
execution, financial modelling, design and reserve, scheduling, and simulation.
• Used by the world’s leading mining organisations.
• Integrating planning and scheduling, finance, maintenance, operations and
simulation with EPF.
• Built using open industry standards with ISO9001 certification.
• Connecting systems and information seamlessly, amplifying decision-making across
the mining value chain.

Advisory Solutions
• Global leaders in the provision of mining projects and investor services. Over 15,000
mining studies completed to date, and 60+ billion in equity market transactions.
• Over 50 years of experience in the mining industry.
• Covering all key mining regions, methods, and commodities globally.
• Mining project services, investor services and operational services.
• Frameworks, technology, and deep domain knowledge.
• Partnering with mining clients and investment firms.

Training Solutions
• Premium provider of professional development and RPM software training services
for the mining industry.
• Recognised by the industry.
• Decades of experience.
• 10,000+ participants in our Mining for Non-Miners course.
• 30 software training courses.
• 10 professional development courses.
• Private customised and public classroom training sessions.
• Virtual and face-to-face.
 CHAPTER 2
TALPAC 3D (SURFACE) - WS01 GETTING STARTED

2.1 Equipment Simulation

2.1.1 Why Use Simulation?

Trusted by the mining industry for its accuracy and independence, TALPAC 3D is a
simulation tool for evaluating the efficiency, productivity, and economics of truck and
loader haulage.

TALPAC 3D harnesses a game-inspired 3D interface to help mining companies all over the
globe simulate complex fleet scenarios.

2.2 TALPAC 3D Overview

• At the heart of TALPAC 3D is the travel-time calculation using properties of the

truck and road.
• Next are the loading calculations that use properties of the truck, loader and material
type.
• TALPAC 3D then simulates the haul cycle (load, travel full, dump, travel empty,
queue).
• The results of the calculation provideS >300 outputs that can be reported on.
2.3 TALPAC 3D Features

Investigate your options. Build your fleet. Accurately forecast future productivity. Reduce
risk and uncertainty, and improve your operations.
2.4 Productivity through Detailed Analysis

Eliminate the cost and risk of real-world testing by using TALPAC 3D to model and
visualise the effects of 'what-if' scenarios such as:

• Adding, removing or modifying equipment.

• Changing equipment task assignment.
• Changing the haulage route and speed limit changes.
• Changing truck or loader allocation.
• Presenting production versus cost.
• Creating strategies for dealing with congestion and improving bottlenecks.

2.5 Accessing TALPAC 3D

2.6 3D Network Analysis Layout

i. Build Tab: The Build tab is used for adding or running functions and navigating the
3D scene.
 ii. Navigator: The Navigator panel displays the components of the simulation model.
iii. Quick Access Toolbar (Ribbon): The Quick Access Toolbar also referred to as the
‘Ribbon’ allows easy and quick access to commonly used functions required to build
and run the simulation.
iv. Help: The application Help provides an overview of product functionality.
v. Properties: The properties panel displays the attributes associated with the selected
element.
vi. 3D View: The 3D view displays the simulation model and is used in both the build
and run tabs
vii. Event Log Viewer: The Event Log Viewer displays error and validation messages

2.7 Haul Route Analysis Layout

i. Haul Route Tab: You can import and export haul routes in TALPAC 3D. Use .csv
or .GPX files to transfer haul routes from one model to another.
ii. Haul Route Details: Add and delete road segments and reverse the direction of the
road.
iii. Add and Delete Function: Add and delete a new haul route or add a haul route from
the network by clicking ADD.
iv. Build and run Tab: This tab is for running the haul route analysis function.
v. Scene View: A visual display of the current haul route details.
vi. Rise and Run: A visual display of the road’s changes in height across its full length.

2.8 Core Functionality

2.8.1 Simulation Settings

Simulation Settings control core modelling parameters. They can be accessed through File
> Simulation Settings.

Fill factor

The loader bucket fill factor is a measure of how a particular material fits into a bucket, in
comparison to the rated capacity of the bucket. The reason for the difference in these two
values is that the rated capacity may be measured using a struck or various heaped ratings,
while the material rills at a particular angle in the bucket.

The volumetric rated capacity of the loader bucket may be expressed on a struck or a heaped
basis. Similarly, the loader bucket fill factor must be expressed on a struck or a heaped basis.
The fill factor is typically between 0.5 and 1.5.

Travel time

You can configure the travel time settings by adjusting the following values:
• Maximum Deceleration - Unloaded: The maximum deceleration, when the
equipment is unloaded, that can be used in the travel time calculation engine.
• Maximum Deceleration - Loaded: The maximum deceleration, when the
equipment is loaded, that can be used in the travel time calculation engine.
• Maximum Acceleration: The maximum acceleration that can be used in the travel
time calculation engine.
• Coefficient of Traction: The coefficient of traction used in the travel time
calculation engine.
 • Braking Reliance on Traction (%): The percentage of tractive force used in
braking, if the force is close to the maximum tractive force.
• Percentage of Retarder: The percentage of total available retarding power that is
applied when slowing trucks.
• Fleet Size Rounding Cut-off: Used in the calculation of the number of trucks
required for a haul route.

Cornering speed

When cornering speed is enabled, speed limits are automatically applied to haul segments
that have corners.

The Corner Properties determine which road segments to include in a corner.

The Road Properties determine what the speed limit should be for a specific radius.

Equivalent radius
Road segments that are grouped together to make a corner are used to calculate the
equivalent radius by adding the total length of the road segments in the corner and the total
change in bearing of the road segments in the corner. The maximum corner segment length
limits the influence of the road segments leading into and out of the corner.
Consider the two haul routes above, where the maximum corner segment length for the first
route is set so that the segments combine into one corner, and the maximum corner segment
length for the second route is set, so the corner approach distance of 'x' is used.

As shown below, increasing the corner approach distance (and thus combining segments
into one corner) increases the equivalent radius. Therefore, increasing the corner approach
distance increases the speed a vehicle can travel around a corner.

Preferences

Preferences control user and project preferences. They can be accessed through File >
Preferences.
 CHAPTER 3
TALPAC 3D (SURFACE) - WS02 COURSE OVERVIEW

3.1 Course Learning Objectives

The objectives of this course are for you to be able to:

i. Successfully navigate around TALPAC 3D.
ii. Build a TALPAC 3D mine simulation model.
iii. Run a simulation in TALPAC 3D.
iv. Analyse TALPAC 3D simulation results.
v. Configure and run various 'what-if' scenarios in TALPAC 3D.

3.2 3D Network Analysis Workflow

In the 3D Network Analysis (3DN) mode, you can model an entire network and all
equipment operating on it as one complete haulage system. All equipment in the system and
the infrastructure around it exist as individual objects. Use this mode to solve detailed
problems, normally over a short timeframe.

3.3 Haul Route Analysis Workflow

In the Haul Route Analysis (HRA) mode, you can model a single haul route and either a
load and haul or load and carry scenario. This mode of operation is useful for estimating
long term productivity and total cost of operation.
 CHAPTER 4
NAVIGATING TALPAC 3D

4.1 Features

4.1.1 Functionality Overview

Features provide a visualisation of your operation. They are also used by TALPAC 3D to
draw surface roads and locations. Features can be imported as .dxf and .00t file formats and
functionality exists for tri-surface simplification. In TALPAC 3D, it is very easy to
customise the properties of features, including changing colours, simplifying and adding
textures. Example of feature functionality include: Topography, Infrastructure, Ore body.

4.1.2 Procedure - Import Features

Right-click Features > Select Import > Select Open cut Stage Plan.dxf > Click the Open
button > Expand Features > Right-click Open cut Stage Plan > Select Feature colour > Select
Feature colour > Okay

4.2 Material

4.2.1 Functionality Overview

The physical characteristics of the material being transported in the haulage system govern
the capacity of the trucks and the loaders. You can create and customise site-specific
materials. In the material properties, materials can be attributed with such key information
as:
i. In situ bank density
ii. Excavatability
iii. Swell factors and loose density
iv. Loader bucket fill factor
v. Load and haul or load and carry times

In Situ Bank Density

The in-situ bank density is the density of the material while it is undisturbed in the ground.

Excavatability

Excavatability refers to the typical fragmentation size of the material and its ability to
occupy space in the loader bucket; this is commonly referred to as the fill factor.

In TALPAC-3D, you can select an excavatability from the list (shown below), and see the
results of that selection mimicked on a sliding scale immediately to the right. The values
below the sliding scale are the fill factors expressed in percent on either a heaped or struck
basis.
Swell Factors and Loose Density

TALPAC-3D requires the following swell factors and associated loose densities.
i. Swell Factor - Bank to loader and bank to truck
ii. Loose Density - Bank to loader and bank to truck

Bank to Loader: The Bank to Loader - Bucket Swell Factor is the amount by which the
material swells when moved from the ground (in situ) to the loader bucket. This swell
includes the effects from blasting and the material being picked up by the loader. The factor
used by TALPAC-3D to calculate the materials in situ bank volume in the loader bucket is
shown below.
The swell factor may be any number greater than zero, however, it would most commonly
be between 1.00 and 1.50.

Bank to Truck: The Bank to Truck - Tray Swell Factor is the amount by which the material
swells when moved from the ground (in situ) to the truck tray. This swell includes the effects
from blasting, the material being picked up by the loader and the material being dumped
into the truck.

The way in which the Bank to Truck - Tray Swell Factor is calculated is similar to that for
the Bank to Loader - Bucket Swell Factor.

Bank to Loader: The factor used by TALPAC-3D to calculate Bank to Loader - Bucket
Loose Density is shown below.

Bank to Truck: The way in which Bank to Truck - Tray Loose Density is calculated is similar
to that for Bank to Loader - Bucket Loose Density.

Loader Bucket Fill Factor

The loader bucket fill factor is a measure of how a particular material fits into a bucket in
comparison to the rated capacity of the bucket. The reason for the difference in these two
values is that the rated capacity may be measured using a struck or various heaped ratings,
while the material fills at some particular angle (the angle of repose) in the bucket.
Loader bucket fill factors are dependent on both the material and the type of bucket. The
factor is calculated as follows.
Fill factors may be less than or greater than 1.0. You can use the default factor set by
changing the slider bar or setting your own. TALPAC-3D determines which loader class the
equipment being modelled belongs to (from the Equipment Library), and then matches this
with the relevant fill factor.

Load and Haul / Load and Carry Times

You can set load and haul loading times as well as load and carry loading times per material
type. This will be covered in later workshops.

4.2.2 Procedure - Set Materials

Right-click Materials > Select configure > Click Add Material > Select Copper Ore > Click
Add > Click Excavatability list row > Select Medium to Hard > Click Close > Save Project

4.3 Road Network

4.3.1 Functionality Overview

4.3.2 Import Road Network

The road network provides a path for the equipment to move around the model. The
properties of the road network are used to determine the speed that the equipment travels.

Road networks can be imported into TALPAC 3D using CSV string files or GPX GPS
exchange files. Roads can also be manually created and edited within TALPAC 3D and this
will be discussed in later lessons.

When you import a .CSV file, it must contain the String ID (which represents the grouping
of nodes that belong to the same road) as well as the location (X, Y, and Z coordinates) of
each node. Each node is shown on its own line in the file. All other road properties in
TALPAC 3D can be imported as optional items if required.
Once imported, nodes are coloured grey for waypoints, blue for intersections and yellow for
termination points.

Procedure - Import a Road Network and Use Zoom Function

Right-click Road Network >Select Import > Select Roads.CSV > Click Open > Click Next
> Click Import > Click Individual > Click Polygon > Click the first point > Click the second
point > Click the third point > Double click the last point > Click Zoom Selection > Zooms
to selected > Click Polygon > Select Individual > Click anywhere in the workspace > Click
Down > Save Project

4.3.3 Legends

Legends are available to help visualise road properties and to report on the results of a
simulation. You can quickly select from the list of pre-built legends or configure your own.
Display the legend by clicking show and hide it by clicking hide.

Procedure - Configure Legends

Click Legend list arrow > Select Grade > Click Show > Click Configure > Click and Drag
> Type 10, then press Enter > Click and Drag > Type 10, then press Enter > Click Close >
Click Close > Save Project

4.3.4 Cutting Planes

Cutting planes are useful when models are complex, particularly in underground operations.
They help you to focus on areas of interest by cutting out areas above or below a specified
elevation.

Procedure - Configure Cutting Planes

Click Configure > Select (tick) Top checkbox > Click and drag > Type 1200, then press
Enter > Click Ok > Click Configure > Clear Top checkbox > Click Ok > Save the project
4.3.5 Editing Road Network

Road networks play an important role in TALPAC 3D simulation. You have various
functions and tools to edit road networks based on your requirements. Nodes and road
segments are the basic elements of the road network.

Editing Nodes

Nodes can be added, moved and removed from new and existing roads. There are three
different types of nodes.

Road Segments

The haul route is typically split up into segments, which account for changed topographical
and operational conditions along the haul route. Each travel segment in the haul route
requires information about its distance, grade, bearing (degrees), bearing change (degrees),
rolling resistance, maximum speed full and maximum speed empty.
Procedure - Draw Roads and Edit Road Elements

In this procedure, you'll learn how to manually add different segments to the road network.
You'll also learn how to add nodes to the created section, move the node and delete a road
section.

Scroll the mouse wheel to zoom in > Click Roads > Select Draw Road > Click the start point
> Click the next point > Click the next point > Double click the end point > Click Draw
Road > Select Add Node > Double-click the road segment > Select Add Node > Click and
drag > Click Move Node > Select Remove Node > Double-click the node > Click select >
Click Select > Click anywhere in the workspace > Click the road segment > Press and hold
Control, then click the next road segment > Press and hold Control, then click the last road
segment > Click and drag > Type 5 and press Enter > Click anywhere in the work space >
Save the project

Procedure - Draw a Road Using Drawing Restrictions

In this procedure, you'll learn how to draw roads by setting certain values for the drawing
restrictions, including the road length and the grade.

Scroll the mouse wheel to zoom in > Click Roads > Select Draw Road > Select (tick) Length
(m) checkbox > Click and drag > Type 250, then press Enter > Select Grade (%) checkbox
> Click and drag > Type 7, then press Enter > Click to start the segment > Observe how a
circle appears measuring 250 m from the original cursor > Click to start the next segment >
Double-click the end point > Click Select > Click anywhere in the workspace > Click and
drag > Click Individual > Select Rectangle > Click and drag > Press Del > Save Project

4.4 Locations

4.4.1 Functionality Overview

There are two types of locations in TALPAC 3D: sources and destinations.
4.4.2 Overview of Sources

A source is a location where material is loaded before being moved to a destination. The
type of source location available to be modelled includes load and haul. The layout of the
location will change depending on the option chosen.

Load and Haul

A load and haul layout is designed for source locations where loaders (excavators, shovels
and front-end loaders) operate. At load and haul locations, the loader will fill trucks that
then move the material to the assigned destination. The load and haul location has room for
trucks to queue and manoeuvre into position. They can be set up as single-sided or double-
sided loading locations.
Procedure - Import Sources

Sources can be added to the model manually or by importing them. You can import sources
using a .CSV file that contains the source name as well as the source location (X, Y and Z
coordinates).

Expand locations > Right click Sources > Select Import > Select Sources > Click Open >
Click Next > Click Import > Save the project

4.4.3 Overview of Destinations

A destination is a location where material is moved to by equipment such as trucks and

wheel loaders. The type of destination available includes dumps.

Procedure - Import Destinations

Destinations can be added to the model manually, or by importing them. You can import
destinations using a .CSV file that contains the destination name as well as the destination
location (X, Y and Z coordinates).
Expand locations > Right click Destination > Select Import > Select Destination > Click
Open > Click Next > Click Import > Save the project

4.4.4 Adding New Locations

Source

Only ever place sources at a termination point. Termination points are yellow. To confirm
if a point is a termination point, select the point and view the Properties area for the type.

Destination

Only ever place destination at a termination point. In addition, when you import a
destination file, all files should have a file extension of .CSV.
After they are added, all sources and destinations display as a triangle on the termination
circle. The triangle colour reflects the colours used in the Home menu; that is, sources are
green and destinations are red.

Procedure - Create a New Source

In this procedure, you'll learn how to manually create a new source in the road network.
Note that adding a destination is similar to a source, but you select a destination rather than
source.

Click Sources > Select Load & Haul > Double-click the yellow termination point > Click
select > Click anywhere in the workspace > Save the project

4.5 Equipment

4.5.1 Overview of Equipment

Loading Units
A loading unit is a piece of equipment that works at load and haul locations and is used to
fill haul units.

Load and Haul Unit

A load and haul unit is a piece of equipment that hauls material from a source to a
destination. A load and haul unit is loaded by a loader.

Load and Carry Unit

A load and carry unit is a piece of equipment that can load material from a load and carry
source and carry it to a destination. Load and carry equipment is able to take a load from a
source location and carry it to a destination. It does not rely on a loader to load it. Front end
loaders, scoop trams, load haul dumps and even trucks (that load themselves) can all be used
as load and carry machines.

Equipment Library

The Equipment Library is a database of trucks and loaders stored within TALPAC 3D,
containing a range of physical and performance characteristics:
i. Standard equipment is supplied with TALPAC 3D and cannot be edited. There are
over 700 trucks and over 900 loaders in the TALPAC 3D library. The equipment
library is regularly updated and provided to clients under the product maintenance
agreement. The data is based on publicly available information supplied by
manufacturers.
ii. User-defined equipment is created by you and can be changed at any time. Standard
equipment can be copied to a user-defined library, then modified as required. User-
defined equipment is stored in a separate file to the standard equipment and
TALPAC 3D model. When the equipment list is updated, any modifications you
have made does not get changed or deleted.

In the Equipment Library, you can filter and search by equipment type, manufacturer and
class. For each piece of equipment, the library shows the source (standard or user) for the
equipment, type, manufacturer, detailed description, payload, power and equipment class.
In addition, a series of tabs display information on the equipment components and
configuration. The information shown varies depending on the type of equipment - loader
or truck. Some of the data in the Equipment Library is provided for information only and is
not required for TALPAC 3D calculations.

4.5.2 Procedure - Add New Loading Units using Filter

Expand Equipment > Right click Loading Units > Select Configure > Click Add Loader
Type > Click Filter icon in Manufacturer column header > Click Search for Filter Values >
Type Ter, then press Enter > Select Terex (O&K) > Click Manufacturer column header >
Click Filter icon in Configuration column header > Select RH 120 C > Click Configuration
column header > Select Terex (O&K) RH 120 C Shovel > Click OK > Click Add Loader
Type > Click Filter icon in Manufacturer column header > Select Bucyrus > Select
Manufacturer column header > Click Filter icon in Configuration column header > Click
Search for Filter Values > Type 170, then press Enter > Select RH 170 B > Click Filter icon
in Configuration column header > Select Bucyrus RH 170 B Shovel (T2 Cat) > Click OK >
Click Add Loader Type > Click Filter icon in Manufacturer column header > Click Search
for Filter Values > Type 170, then press Enter > Select RH 170 B > Click Filter icon in
Configuration column header > Select Bucyrus RH 170 B Shovel (T2 Cat) > Click OK >
Click Add Loader Type > Click Filter icon in Manufacturer column header > Click Search
for Filter Values > Type Ter, then press Enter > Select Terex (O&K) > Click Manufacturer
column header > Click Filter in icon Configuration column header > Click Search for Filter
Values > Type 40E, then press Enter > Select RH 40 E > Click Configuration column header
> Select Terex (O&K) RH 40 E Backhoe > Click OK > Click Close > Save the project

4.5.3 Procedure - Add New Load and Haul Units

Expand Equipment > Right-click Load & Haul Units > Select Configure > Click Add Load
& Haul Type > Click Filter icon in Manufacturer column header > Click Search for Filter
Values > Type Cat, then press Enter > Select Caterpillar > Click Manufacturer column
header > Click Filter icon in Configuration column header > Click Search for Filter Values
> Type 785, then press Enter > Select 785 D > Click Configuration column header > Select
Caterpillar 785 D (Standard) Rear Dump Truck > Click Ok > Click Add Load & Haul Type
> Click Filter icon in Configuration column header > Click Search for Filter Values > Type
Cat, then press Enter > Select Caterpillar > Click Manufacturer column header > Click Filter
icon in Configuration column header > Click Search for Filter Values > Type 772, then
press Enter > Select 772 > Click Configuration column header > Select Caterpillar 772
(Dual Slope – High Impact Steel) Rear Dump Truck > Click Ok > Click Add Load & Haul
Type > Click Filter icon in Configuration column header > Click Search for Filter Values >
Type Cat, then press Enter > Select Caterpillar > Click Manufacturer column header > Click
Filter icon in Configuration column header > Click Search for Filter Values > Type 793,
then press Enter > Select 793 D > Click Configuration column header > Select Caterpillar
793 (Standard) Rear Dump Truck > Click Ok > Click OK > Click Close > Save the project

4.6 Fleet Planner

4.6.1 Functionality Overview

The Fleet Planner is a tool used to estimate productivity of various fleet scenarios across the
3D network. The screen is divided into two areas, with inputs at the top of the screen and
results at the bottom. Each input row has a corresponding results row.

The Fleet Planner inputs come from two main areas, the effective working time and the haul
system. Production per shift is calculated for each input row. The base result is the
productivity for the number of haulers specified in the inputs; results for additional and
fewer trucks are also calculated to show the incremental effect of changes to the number of
haulers.

Effective Working Time

Effective working time is the time that the equipment being modelled is expected to be
performing useful activities.

Shift Duration: The shift duration is the total length of each shift, in hours and minutes,
before delays are taken into consideration.

Non-Operating Shift Delays: The non-operating shift delays are delays that occur during the
shift where the engine is not operating, for example, pre-shift service.
Operating Shift Delays: The operating shift delays are delays that occur during the shift
where the engine is operating, for example, walking.

In-Shift Working Time: The in-shift working time is calculated by subtracting the operating
shift delays from the in-shift operating time. The in-shift working time is used in
determining the productivity of the fleet.

Haul System

The haul system is made up of a haul route, material type and equipment.

Haul Route: The source and destination are used to determine the haul route. The shortest
path between the source and the destination defines the haul route.

Material Type: The material type is used to determine the load time for the combination of
hauler and loading unit or load and carry unit.

Configuration: After clicking configuration, you can choose from load and haul and load
and carry configurations. Load and haul configurations require a loading unit, hauler and
number of haulers to be defined. Load and carry configurations model a single load and
carry unit.

Loader: Click loader, and select one of the available loading units in the model.

Hauler: Click hauler, and select one of the available haulers in the model.

Load and Carry: Click load and carry and select one from the list of the available load and
carry units. Note that in the corresponding production per shift results, it is assumed that
there is no impact on productivity when you add additional units.
4.6.2 Procedure - Configure Fleet Planner

Click Fleet Planner > Click Add Fleet Panner Input > Click Source > elect Source 2 > Click
Destination > elect Dump 2 > Click Loader > Select Bucyrus – RH 170 B > Click Hauler >
Select Caterpillar – 793 D > Click and drag the slider bar to adjust the number of haulers >
Observe how the values in the table change > Click Cycle Time > Click and drag to view
the results > Click Close > Click Close > Save the project

4.7 Cycle Time Analysis

4.7.1 Functionality Overview

The Cycle Time Tool is a quick and easy way for you to view different options before
setting up a scenario. It helps you to analyse the network, including finding the shortest and
quickest travel option between two points.

You can set the following options for cycle time analysis:
• Loader - the types of loaders available.
• Hauler - the types of haulers available.
• Material - a list of materials to be used in the analysis tool.
• Haul route - the route you want to see the cycle time for.

4.7.2 Segment Details

Once the calculations are done, different parameters can be demonstrated via the Segment
Details tab. These parameters include average speed, fuel burn rate, max/min speed and
many others.
4.7.3 Intrasegment Details

The Intrasegment Details tab depicts two different variables at the same time in the form of
a chart. Different phases throughout the segment are characterised by different colours. This
tool brings together the properties of the truck with those of the road.
4.7.4 Procedure - Cycle Time Analysis

In this procedure, you'll learn how to configure the Cycle Time Tool by choosing the start
and end locations. You'll also learn how to look up the results from the travel time analysis
report.

Click Cycle Time > Click Start > Click and drag all Sources > Click Select > Click End >
Click and Drag to select some destinations > Click Select > Click Find Route > Click and
drag > Select Report row Source 1 to Leach > Scroll the mouse to zoom in > Double-click
Report row Source 1 to Leach > Click and Drag > Clear Maximum speed (km/h) checkbox
> Clear Minimum Speed checkbox > Click and drag > Select (tick) Corner Speed (km/h)
checkbox > Clear Corner Speed (km/h) checkbox > Check Instrasegment Details tab > Clear
Acceleration checkbox > Expand Velocity > Select Acceleration checkbox > Click
anywhere outside the graph > Scroll the mouse wheel to zoom in > Click and drag > Click
Close > Close the Cycle Time panel > Save the project

4.8 Build Haul Route

4.8.1 Functionality Overview

The haul route is typically split up into segments, which account for changes in
topographical and operational conditions along the route. The number of haul segments into
which a haul route is divided depends on the variability of the route and the accuracy
required from your results.

For each travel segment in the haul route, you are required to configure the following
parameters:

Distance
The segment distance is the distance that the truck travels within the segment. The sum of
the segment distances should be the total length of the haul network.

Grade

The grade of the haul segment is expressed as a percentage. The percentage represents the
vertical rise divided by the horizontal distance. For example, a grade of 10% represents a
rise of 10 metres over a horizontal distance of 100 metres. Typical ramp grades are in the
range of 6% to 12% or -6% to -12%.

Bearing

The bearing defines the direction in which the road segment is heading. A bearing of 0° will
be due north.

Bearing Change

Use the change in bearing to change the bearing from one segment to the next segment. The
change in bearing is linked to the bearing in the segment before the segment that it is being
applied to.

Rolling Resistance
Rolling resistance is the result of the frictional force that occurs between the truck tyres and
the ground surface. This frictional force is directed at a tangent to the truck tyres, that is,
parallel to the ground surface, and acts in the opposite direction to the motion of the truck.
The rolling resistance is expressed as a percentage of the component of the gross vehicle
weight that is normal (perpendicular) to the ground surface. The normal component of the
gross vehicle weight changes within the haul profile as grade and truck payload change. The
following diagram illustrates the way in which rolling resistance changes with ramp grade.

The following table provides a guide to rolling resistance values for a variety of road
conditions:
Haul Road Location Rolling Resistance
Around Loader 3.0
Bench Floor 2.5
Pit Ramp 2.5
Main Haul Road 2.0
Dump 2.5

Ground Structure
Roughness of the surfaces of the loading area, haul route and dump area affect the speed of
the machine. The operator instinctively adapts the speed to a level that is easy on both the
machine and themselves. This speed varies with the roughness of the surface and the
comfort and safety of different machines.

The ground structure field on the road property determines the maximum speed from the
table to be used. The ground structure table is in the equipment library. A ground structure
of 0 (default) will not limit the speed.

Group Maximum distance between obstacles, 5m (16ft)

Ground Structure Class
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Hard ground with solid cm 0-2 2–3 3–4 4-6 6 - 10 10 - 30
obstacles (Gravel road) in 0 - 0.8 0.8 - 1.2 1.2 - 1.6 1.6 - 2.4 2.4 - 4.0 4 - 12
Soft ground with soft cm 0-3 3–4 4–6 6 - 10 10 - 30 30 -40
obstacles (Wet clay) in 0 - 1.2 1.2 - 1.6 1.6 - 2.4 2.4 - 4.0 4 - 12 12 - 16

Maximum Speed (Full/Empty)

For each truck, the ground structure table defines the maximum speed (full and empty) to
apply when the vehicle is travelling across a road. The ground structure field on the road
property determines the maximum speed from the table to be used.

Final Speed Limited by Corner

The maximum final speed a truck can reach in a segment, due to an approaching corner.

Maximum Speed Limited by Corner

The maximum speed a truck can travel through a segment, due to cornering properties.

Reverse
When a haul route is created, it is assumed that the start location (source) is at the start of
the haul route before the first segment. The end location (destination) is always at the end
of the haul route after the last segment.

4.8.2 Procedure - Add Haul Route Manually

In this procedure, you'll learn how to manually build a haul route by adding 9 segments
and setting up the different parameters for each.

Click Switch to HRA mode of operation > Click Add > Click Name > Type Manual, then
press Enter > Click Add Segment > Double-click Distance (m) > Type 200, then press Enter
> Double click Grade % > Type 7, then press Enter > Click Add Segment > Double-click
Distance (m) > Type 50, then press Enter > Double-click Bearing (Degrees) > Type 120,
then press Enter > Click Add Segment > Click Add Segment > Double-click Bearing
(Degrees) > Type 150, then press Enter > Click Add Segment > Click Add Segment >
Double-click Bearing (Degrees) > Type 120, then press Enter > Click Add Segment > Click
Add Segment > Click Add Segment > Double-click Distance (m) > Type 100, then press
Enter > Double click Grade % > Type 0, then press Enter > Double-click Bearing (Degrees)
> Type 60, then press Enter > Click Reverse > Click Reverse > Save Project

4.8.3 Procedure - Add Haul Route from 3DN

Haul Route from Network

If the project contains a road network in 3DN with sources and destinations, it is possible to
import a haul route from one location to another into the list of haul routes in HRA.

Click Switch to HRA mode of operation > Click Add a new haul route from the 3D network
> Click and drag to change name > Type From 3DN, then press Enter > Click Source list
arrow > Select Source 1 > Click Destination list arrow > Select Dump 1 > Click Add >
Select Segment row > Scroll the mouse wheel to zoom in > Note the error message >
Double-click Grade % > Type 50, then press Enter > Double-click Grade % > Type -5.1,
then press Enter > Save project
4.8.4 Procedure - Import Haul Route in GPX format

GPX Format

GPX is a GPS exchange file format. The .GPX file format is supported by most GPS devices
and software. Using the GPX import functionality you can import a GPS trace from any
device. The GPS trace is typically used to define the location of a road at a site.

Simplify Routine

The simplify routine is built in to the import process, so that when you import a .GPX file
you can remove unnecessary points from the haul route. The horizontal and vertical
tolerances describe how far from the centreline between two points a waypoint would have
to be for it not to be removed.

In this procedure, you'll learn how to import a haul route file in .GPX format.

Click Switch to HRA mode of operations > Click Add > Click Name > Type GPX Haul
Route, then press Enter > Click Import Haul Route from GPX > Select GPX Haul Route.gpx
> Click Open > Scroll the mouse wheel to zoom in > Observe the largest number of nodes
on the imported road > Click Simplify > Scroll the mouse wheel to zoom in > Observe the
largest number of nodes that has been reduced > Click Import > Select Segment row > Scroll
the mouse wheel to zoom in > Save the project
4.8.5 Procedure - Create Simple Trolley Haul Route

Trolley

If the Trolley check box is selected for a given segment, the trucks that have trolley
information (trolley and trolley fuel or electricity curves) use it in the calculations, instead
of the normal propulsion and fuel curves.

Click Switch to HRA mode of operation > Click Add > Click Name > Type Trolley, then
press Enter > Click Add Segment > Double -click Distance (m) > Type 350, then press Enter
> Click Add Segment > Double-click Distance (m) > Type 1500, then press Enter > Double
-click Grade (%) > Type 8, then press Enter > Select (tick) Trolley checkbox > Click Add
Segment > Double-click Distance (m) > Type 350, then press Enter > Double -click Grade
(%) > Type 0, then press Enter > Select Segment row > Scroll the mouse wheel to zoom in
> Save the project

4.9 Effective Working Time

4.9.1 Functionality Overview

Effective working time is the time that the equipment being modelled is expected to be
performing useful activities. The results of the effective working time calculations are used
in a number of places in TALPAC 3D, including equipment selection, haul route analysis
and reporting. Effective working time is only relevant when using haul route analysis. The
effective working time calculations are used in equipment selection, haul route analysis and
reporting. New effective working time shifts can be added to the haul route analysis by
configuring the weekly shift, shifts per year, hours per shift and availability of the
equipment.

4.9.2 Field Calculations

Weekly Shifts
The pattern of shifts worked in a week is the weekly shift roster. Typically, the number of
shifts in a day is between zero and three.

Total Shifts

Scheduled Lost Shifts

Within a year, there are exceptions to the normal weekly shift pattern. These exceptions
may be scheduled or unscheduled lost shifts. Examples of scheduled lost shifts are public
holidays and other planned shutdown days.

Scheduled Shifts

Loading Unit Maintenance

Unscheduled Lost Shifts

Examples of unscheduled lost shifts are wet weather and industrial disputes.

Fleet Operating Shifts

Shift Duration Hours

The shift duration is the total length of each shift, in hours and minutes, before any delays
are taken into consideration.

Non-Operating Shift Delays

The non-operating shift delays are delays that occur during the shift where the engine is
not operating.

In Shift Operating Time

Operating Shift Delays

The operating shift delays are the delays that occur during the shift where the engine is
operating, for example, when operator is walking.

In Shift Working Time

Loader Availability
The loader availability is the proportion of the scheduled time that a loader is available for
operation. The mechanical availability is used to calculate the annual loader operating
hours, which display in the roster template.

Hauler Availability

The hauler availability is used to calculate the annual truck operating hours. The
availability is also used in the production analysis to determine how many trucks are
available to operate with the loader.

Fleet Scheduled Hours

Loader Operating Hours

Loader Working Hours

Hauler Operating Hours

4.9.3 Procedure - Effective Working Time

In this procedure, you'll learn how to add a new effective working time shift and review
the calculated fields.

Click Switch to HRA mode of operations > Click Build and Run Tab > Click Effective
Working Time > Click Add >Double-click Effective working time > Type 7 days/week, x2
12 hr shift/day, then press Enter > Click and drag > Type 2, then press Enter > Click and
drag > Type 2, then press Enter > Click and drag > Type 10, then press Enter > Click and
drag > Type 10, then press Enter > Click and drag > Type 1200, then press Enter> Click
and drag > Type 0130, then press Enter> Click and drag > Type 0030, then press Enter>
Click and drag > Type 90, then press Enter> Click and drag > Type 90, then press Enter >
Select (tick) Hours per Year – Edit Flet Scheule Hour checkbox > Click Close > Save the
project

4.10 Configure Equipment in Haul Route Analysis Mode

4.10.1 What loader data is used?

A lot of the loader information in the loader database is provided for general information
only. The value that drives most of the calculations is the defined (heaped) capacity. The
defined payload of the bucket can be used to limit the amounts of material that is loaded
into the bucket; however, this information is not always available. The actual payload and
actual capacity is dependent on the properties of each material in the model as shown in the
operational data screen:

Filled Capacity (Defined Capacity) × (Fill Factor)

Filled Payload (Filled Capacity) × (Density) / (Swell Factor)

Actual Payload Min[(Defined Payload), (Filled Payload)]

Actual Capacity (Actual Payload) × (Swell Factors) / (Density)

Last Pass Cut-off (Actual Payload) × (Last Pass Percent)

4.10.2 What truck data is used?

Similarly, some of the truck information in the equipment library is provided for general
information only. Once the truck is added to the model, the following values can be edited
in the truck configuration dialog:
• Motor power
• Empty truck weight
• Actual truck payload
• Full truck weight
• Nominal truck capacity

Other data from the truck database is used but is not edited in the truck configuration. To
change this data; simply edit the truck in the database. This data includes:
• Weight distribution on axles
• Fuel consumption data
• Rimpull curve data
• Retard curve data

4.10.3 Loading Unit Configuration

Operational Data

This tab displays the bucket cycle time, actual bucket payload, loader availability and
loading methodology information.
Full Truck Pass: The full truck strategy assumes that the loader operator will always try to
fill the truck, even if the last pass only requires a small portion of a bucket load.

Full Bucket Pass: If the aim is to only ever load the truck with full bucket loads, the slider
should be to the right.

Last Pass %: Last Pass % defines the space remaining in the truck required for a pass to be
added. The only time there is a decision made is on the last pass as prior to this there is more
than enough room for a bucket load of material. If the remaining capacity in the truck is
greater than the last pass cut-off, the bucket will be added. If there is not enough capacity,
the truck will be 'full'. No more material will be added.

If (Remaining Capacity > Last Pass Cut Off, Add Bucket, Truck Full)

In most cases, a small last pass % will lead to full trucks and a large last pass % will lead to
full buckets.
Bucket Cycle Time: This field displays the time that it takes the loader to perform one
complete load cycle. This includes the loader filling its bucket, dumping the bucket load
into the truck and manoeuvring to refill the bucket.

First Bucket Pass Delay: This is the time between when the loader drops the last bucket
load into a truck and when it drops the first bucket load into the next truck, minus the average
time for one loader pass.

Costing Data

This tab displays the loader ownership and operating costs.

Owning Costs: These are the costs of having the equipment available on-site. Ownership
costs accumulate whether or not the equipment is operating. Purchase and rental are both
supported ownership cost options. All purchasing costs are converted to an hourly rate,
which is then applied to every hour in a calendar year.
Purchase Price: Enter the capital cost of the equipment in the Purchase Price field.

Residual: This is the value of the equipment as a percentage of the purchase price.

Life: This is the time between the purchase of the equipment and the sale of the equipment
(at the end of its useful life).

Rental: If this option is selected, it is used instead of purchase price.

Insurance: Insurance costs can be added for both purchase and rental options.

Operating Costs

Operating costs for the equipment are specified in dollars per operating hour.

Tyre/Tracks: This section is used to calculate the hourly cost of tyres or tracks.

Replacement Cost:

Energy

This tab allows you to select whether the vehicle is powered by Diesel or Battery.

Energy – Diesel: To model a loading unit using diesel as a power source, the Energy tab
should be set to Diesel and the following items configured:
Powered by

Select Diesel as the Powered By to customise the data captured on this tab.

Enable Refuelling

Determines whether refuelling events are triggered or not.

Use Single Value

If Use Single Value is selected, TALPAC 3D uses a constant fuel consumption value for
the equipment.
Use Calculated Value (Linear)

If Use Calculated Value (Linear) is selected, TALPAC 3D uses the fuel calculator and the
values are shown in the fuel curve.

Fuel Curve

The graph is a simple two-dimensional graphical representation of the fuel usage of the
selected equipment type. The X axis of the curve represents the load factor which is
calculated by the percentage of current and maximum acceleration or deceleration on any
road segment. Load factor ranges from -100 to +100. The negative values represent the
deceleration, while the positive values represent the acceleration. The Y axis represents the
amount of fuel used per hour for a given load factor.

Energy - Electrical

To model a loading unit using a battery as a power source, the Energy tab should be set to
Electrical and the following items configured:
Powered By

Select Electrical as the Powered By to customise the data captured on this tab.

Enable Recharging

Determines whether recharging events are triggered or not.

Use Single Value

If Use Single Value is selected, TALPAC 3D uses a constant fuel consumption value for
the equipment.
Fuel Curve

The graph is a simple two-dimensional graphical representation of the fuel usage of the
selected equipment type. The X axis of the curve represents the load factor which is
calculated by the percentage of current and maximum acceleration or deceleration on any
road segment. Load factor ranges from -100 to +100. The negative values represent the
deceleration, while the positive values represent the acceleration. The Y axis represents the
amount of fuel used per hour for a given load factor.

Distribution Data

This tab displays the parameters that define the distributions for bucket cycle time and
bucket payload.
Means of Distribution

The mean of the distribution is the value for which there is a 50% probability of occurrence.
If a deterministic, or fixed value, analysis were being calculated, the variable would have
this value.

Distribution Type

There are four standard distribution types provided. For the uniform distribution, where the
variable always has the value of the mean. Select the distribution type you want to use.
Spread Value

The spread value defines how narrow or wide the distribution curve is. A small spread
value implies little variation in the value of the hauler variable. A large spread value refers
to a lot of variation in the value of the hauler variable.
Min and Max percentage probability
The minimum and maximum percentage probability values are used to restrict the range of
the selected distribution.

4.10.4 Procedure - Add Loading Units to Haul Route Analysis

In this procedure, you'll learn how to add a loading unit to the simulation and review its key
properties.

Click Switch to HRA mode of operation > Click Build an Run tab > Click Loading Unit >
Click Add Loader Type > Click Search > Type 3600, then press Enter > Select EX 3600-6
(Shovel Hydraulic – Standard) > Click Ok > Click Settings > Click and drag > Click Costing
Data tab > Click Energy tab > Click Distribution Data tab > Click Close > Click Close >
Save the project

4.10.5 Procedure - Compare Equipment

In this procedure, you'll learn how to compare three items of equipment from the Equipment
Library in HRA mode. You cannot compare different types of equipment (loading vs. load
and haul).

Click Switch to HRA mode of operation > Click Build an Run tab > Click Load & Haul >
Click Add Load & Haul Type > Click Filter icon in Manufacturer column header > Click
Search for Filter Values > Type Cat, then press Enter > Select Caterpillar > Click
Manufacturer column header > Click Filter icon in Configuration column header > Click
Search for Filter Values > Type 785, then press Enter > Select 785 D > Click Configuration
column header > Select Caterpillar 785 D (Standard) Rear Dump Truck > Click Set selected
equipment to be compared > Click Filter icon in Configuration column header > Click
Search for Filter Values > Type Cat, then press Enter > Select Caterpillar > Click
Manufacturer column header > Click Filter icon in Configuration column header > Click
Search for Filter Values > Type 772, then press Enter > Select 772 > Click Configuration
column header > Select Caterpillar 772 (Dual Slope – High Impact Steel) Rear Dump Truck
> Click Set selected equipment to be compared > Click Filter icon in Configuration column
header > Click Search for Filter Values > Type Cat, then press Enter > Select Caterpillar >
Click Manufacturer column header > Click Filter icon in Configuration column header >
Click Search for Filter Values > Type 793, then press Enter > Select 793 D > Click
Configuration column header > Select Caterpillar 793 (Standard) Rear Dump Truck > Click
Set selected equipment to be compared > Click Compare > Open Propulsion comparison
chart > Close “Propulsion” comparison chart > Open Retarder comparison chart > Close
Retarder comparison chart >Click Close > Click Ok > Save the project

4.10.6 Load and Haul Unit Configuration

Operational Data

This tab displays the load and haul operational data, including spot time, dumping time,
engine net power and transmission speed factor.
Tray: If the truck has a choice of trays in the equipment library, you can select the tray type.
The tray chosen affects the properties of the truck, such as volume and payload.

Spot Time at Loader: The spot time at the loader is the time from when the truck leaves the
head of the queue at the loader until it is ready for loading. The time is in either minutes or
seconds; the other value is automatically calculated.

Spot Time at Dump: The spot time at the dump is the time from when the truck begins to
reverse up to the dump until it is ready to raise its tray to dump the material. The time is in
either minutes or seconds; the other value is automatically calculated.

Dumping Time: The dumping time is the time from when the truck is ready to dump until it
is ready to move away from the dump, after dumping its load.

Motor Power: The motor power stored in the truck template is used to change the rimpull
and retard data, which is stored in the equipment library. Using this motor power option in
the truck template, trucks of greater or lesser motor power than the standard model found in
the database can be evaluated.

Transmission Speed Factor: It is used to change the rimpull and retard data for the truck.
Changing transmission speed changes the maximum velocity values. The default
transmission speed factor is 1.00.
Weight Modification: This section describes the way that the actual capacity (volume) and
actual payload (weight) are calculated, from the equipment and material properties.

Costing Data

This tab displays the loader ownership and operating costs.

Energy

This tab allows you to select whether the vehicle is powered by Diesel, Battery or Hybrid.

Energy – Diesel: To model a load and haul unit using diesel as a power source, the Energy
tab should be set to Powered by Diesel and the following items configured.

Energy – Battery: To model a load and haul unit using a battery as a power source, the
Energy tab should be set to Powered by Battery and the following items configured.

Energy – Hybrid: Hybrid vehicles are powered by a battery, and have either hydrogen fuel
cells or a diesel engine to recharge the battery rather than charging from an external source.
To model a hybrid hauler, the Energy tab should be set to Powered By Hybrid and the
following items configured:
Distribution Data

This tab displays the parameters that define the distributions for bucket cycle time and
bucket payload.

4.10.7 Procedure - Add Load and Haul Unit to Haul Route Analysis

In this procedure, you'll learn how to add a load and haul unit to the simulation in HRA
mode. You'll search and find a truck model in the Equipment Library and add it to the list
of haul trucks

Click Switch to HRA mode of operation > Click Build an Run tab > Click Load & Haul >
Click Add Load & Haul Type > Click Search > Type 3500, then press Enter > Select EH
3500 AC3 (Rear Dump Tuck0 > Click Ok >Click Close >Save project

4.11 Loading Time

4.11.1 Functionality Overview

Using the loading time functionality, you can review the pass matching between the loading
units and haulage units after selecting a truck and loader combination. Truck and loader
types must be added prior to this step.

4.11.2 Procedure - Loading Time

In this procedure, you'll learn how to specify loading times, and pass matching between
loading units and haulage units.

Click Switch to HRA mode of operation > Click Build and Run tab > Click Materials >
Click Load and Haul Loading Times tab >Select Terex (O&K) – RH 40 E and Caterpillar –
793 D combination > Scroll down to view Pass Matching > Click Configuration > Click and
drag > Click Close > Scroll down to view Pass Matching > Click Close > Save the project
4.12 Haul System

4.12.1 Configuration Overview

When it comes to fleet configuration, you'll select a loader type, load and haul type, loading
methodology and the number of trucks.

If you set the number of load and haul units to Auto, the system calculates the ideal number
of trucks for that specific set of parameters, taking into account the travel time for the haul
route, the loading time and the dump time.

If you set the number of load and haul units to Target, the system calculates the ideal
number of trucks to achieve the Excavation Target per Year.

4.12.2 Results

The results of the analysis display in the Results grid.

The number of passes and mean time to load a truck are shown in this panel and will depend
on the truck and loader combination selected.

The Load and Carry Loading Times tab also lists loading times for the load and carry unit.

4.12.3 Procedure - Add a Haul System

In this procedure, you'll learn how to add a haul system to the simulation, and then run and
analyse the results.

Click Switch to HRA mode of operation > Click Build and Run tab > Click Haul Route list
arrow > Select from 3DN > Click Material list Arrow > Select Copper Ore > Click Effective
Working Time list arrow > Select 7 days/weeks, x2 12 hr shift/day > Click and drag > Type
28000000, then press Enter > Click add fleet configuration > Click Load and Haul Type for
Fleet Configuration 01 > Select Caterpillar – 793 D > Click add fleet configuration > Click
Load and Haul Type for Fleet Configuration 02 > Select Caterpillar – 793 D > Click Number
of Load and Haul Units list arrow> Select Target > Click add fleet configuration > Click
Load and Haul Type for Fleet Configuration 03 > Select Caterpillar – 793 D > Click Number
of Load and Haul Units list arrow> Select 10 > Click Run > Select Row Number (1) > Press
an hold Ctrl, then select Row Number (2) > Press an hold Ctrl, then select Row Number (3)
> Click View Result Summary > Click and drag > Click Haul Route tab > Click and drag >
Click Close > Select Row Number (1) > Click View Result Animation > Scoll the mouse
wheel to zoom in > Click Play > Click and drag > Click Close > Save Project