MAKALAH

RESEARCH METHODS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Di Susun Oleh :
1. Alya Zahira Aziz (230109512012)
2. Fitri Rahmadani (230109511010)
3. Meilani Khusnul (230109511011)

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN GEOGRAFI ICP

JURUSAN GEOGRAFI
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR
2024
 Foreword
We express our gratitude to the presence of God Almighty, because by His mercy and grace, we
were able to complete this paper with the title "The Effect of Climate Change on Biodiversity".
We would like to express our highest appreciation to all parties who have provided support and
assistance in completing this paper.
We would like to thank our supervisor, [Name of Supervisor], for his guidance, direction and
invaluable input during the process of writing this paper. Don't forget our comrades in arms who
have provided moral support and enthusiasm in completing this work.
Not to forget, we also want to express our thanks to all parties who participated in providing
data, information and support in writing this paper. All contributions from various parties are
very meaningful for the smooth and successful writing of this work.
Finally, I hope this paper can be useful for readers and contribute to understanding and efforts to
maintain biodiversity amidst the increasingly real challenges of climate change. We look forward
to constructive criticism and suggestions for future improvements.
 LIST OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD........................................................................................................ii

LIST OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..........................................................................1

1.1 BACKROUND................................................................................................1

1.2 Formulation of the problem.............................................................................2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION.................................................................................3

2.1 Research methods used in human geography..................................................2

2.2 Data collection and geographic analysis.........................................................4

CHAPTER III CLOSING....................................................................................12

3.1 Conlusion.......................................................................................................12

3.2 Suggestion.....................................................................................................12

3.3 Bibliography..................................................................................................12
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Geography as a scientific discipline has long been described by Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804).
Geography is a science which studies facts in space. As a discipline Scientifically, geographers
see three characteristic elements main, first, Geography is the science of earth (earth science) by
studying the earth's surface as a living environment man. The definition of human environment is
a environment that affects human life and the environment where humans can change and build.
Second, Geography pays attention to main elements such as distance, elements interaction,
elements of movement, and elements of distribution in carrying out analysis. (Bintarto &
Hadisumarno, 1987).

The definition of geography has changed over time development. Hartshorne (1959) Provides a
definition Geography is concerned to provide an accurate, orderly, and rational description of
the fariable character of the earth surface. Ackerman (1963) explain “ the goal of Geography is
nothing less than an understanding of the vast, interacting system comprising all humanity and
its natural envirotment on the surface of the earth. According to Ad Hoc Committee on
Georaphy (1965), Geography seeks to explain how the subsystems of the physical earth in
relation to physical features and to other men. Taaffe (1970) explain Geography is concerned
with giving man an orderly description of his world, as the study of spatial organization
expressed as patterns and process. Yeates (1968) of the view that Georaphy as a science
concerned with the rational development, and location of various characteristic of the surface of
the earth. Meanwhile, Haggett (1965) provides a more comprehensive understanding of
Geography. “It is relevant to note that Geography enquires in recent years concern mainly with;
(a) the ecological system and (b) the spatial system. The first relates man to his environment
while the second deal with lingkages between regions in a complex interchange of flows. In both
systems,movemenst and contacts are of fundamental importance.
1.2 Formulation of the problem

1.) Explain of research methods used in human geography

2.) Explain data collection and geographic analysis

 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Research methods used in human geography

1. Development of the Field of Human Geography Studies

The first and second passages above make us aware that the science of Geography continues
to develop over time and cannot be differentiated between just physical geography and human
geography, but as a dynamic science that interacts with other sciences. It is further stated that
Geography, which was originally the study of location (study of place), has developed into a
study whose analysis is preceded by location variables. This means that location is only used as a
starting point for analyzing what happened in the past, currently and in the future. This includes
how one location is related to other locations. The development of the science of Geography
does not only occur in the realm of the material studied, but also in the perspective of
geographers at the level of scientific digmas and the relationship with other scientific disciplines.
In this case, the field of study of human geography has penetrate, integrate, and synergize with
various other scientific disciplines (Agnewetal., 1999; Casteeetal., 2005). The problem is
whether studies that have penetrated many of these original scientific disciplines can still be
considered a field of science. Geography. Furthermore, today social geography has integrated a
lot with other sciences, whether the third quote about the importance of first-hand can still be
maintained. To answer this is of course not easy, careful study is needed by looking at the
complexity of the problem along with the development of human civilization.

The complexity of the problems faced by humans has accelerated paradigm changes in the
study of Human Geography. The traditional Geography paradigm views geography as the
science that studies space, also called the science of space, the science of spatial processes, and
the science of spatial phenomena in general. Geugraphy is then known as the science of the
earth's surface (the science of earth's surface) (Sauer, 1925). The new paradigm of geography,
especially Human Geography, argues that geography is not only defined as the science of space,
but as a science that is always with and attentive to modern epistemology which focuses on
human activities (Zierhofer, 2004; Andrei, 2006). The new approach to the study of social
geography does not limit the concept of space as landscape but has extended far beyond social
space, community space, family space, individual space, and even the space of the human body
(Rose, 1993; McKittrick and Peake, 2005). Human geography is no longer limited to things that
are visible spatially, has tried to understand human space in detail, looking for answers by asking
questions, confirming when new constituent elements are found. Geographers begin their
observations by asking why this can happen, whether mathematical and statistical explanations
can be explained, whether it has anything to do with the scope of the problem, culture, social
relations, the public in the broadest sense (Cox, 1999). Differences in perspective regarding
scientific space are then used by many experts as the reason for the existence of maps in the
study of human geography, including the combination of human geography with physical
geography (Harley, 1999; Hickey & Lawson, 2005).

Talking about the combination of physical geography and human geography are two sides of
a coin, two different things but in one unit. As revealed by Cox (1999), the difference in
perspective is always based on the dominance of physical geography on natural aspects (nature)
while human geography speaks more on aspects that change easily (culture). Physical geography
is seen as a science that has an objective understanding because it is based a lot on human
behavior (Subjectivistappoaches). The question is whether when humans have become cultured
they will not step on the land as something natural, or land as something natural will remain
natural when human culture changes. It is right to say that humans live on earth and the earth as a
place where humans live will continue along with human civilization. In other words, physical
and human geography cannot be separated dualistically, but as two things that are always
synergistic and integrated with each other (Proctor, 1998). Furthermore, it is stated that if
geography always revolves around a discourse that leads to a paradox between physical
geography and human geography, this means leaving geography trapped in a circle of debate that
has no end. On that basis, the field of study of the combination of physical geography and human
geography has developed.

From the perspective of human geography, the study of space today has been more or less
influenced by modernization and globalization. The concept of space that has been lived by the
traditional geographic paradigm, that space is physical space as material on the face of the earth,
has changed into regional consciousness which is formed by human activity. In this case, space
is everything produced by humans, including humans themselves. Human space has liberated
human thinking to the level of modern geographic epistemology in interpreting the space of the
earth's surface (Morikawa, 2002).

2. Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Qualitative research is carried out as close as possible to reality and the real context so that
understanding the context is the spirit qualitative research. Humans become research instruments
for understanding dynamics of interaction between facts and the research context. Interaction
between researchers with what is being studied can be described in qualitative research. Study
Qualitative is aimed at seeing the reality of very complex geosphere phenomena, by describing
the situation comprehensively in its context actually. To achieve this goal, researchers used
sampling methods which can optimize the quality of data obtained primarily purposively
sampling or sampling aims to obtain the quality or characteristics of respondents represented.
Previous knowledge, feelings, even intuition play a role It is important to sharpen the
understanding of the actual phenomenon of the research subject when collecting data in
qualitative research.

The use of closed questionnaires as an artificial tool to capture reality, because reality is
forced to be put into a certain category with limited choices. Collecting qualitative data requires
researchers to do inductive data analysis. The resulting concept or theory is truly derived
(emerged) from the resulting data (grounded theory) not from the theory previously believed.
The interaction between researchers and research subjects becomes very important dynamic in
qualitative research, often these interactions influence research design and requires researchers to
make changes. This flexibility is precisely the advantage of qualitative research. Qualitative
research in context and its relation to methodology and theory is aimed at building and
organizing the development of a discipline science in order to solve problems and build theories.
Some research Geography which is trending nowadays includes everything to explain about
place, space. Issues that are widely discussed and developing are related Practical needs make
the geographical research discourse wider and wider varies.

The relationship between nature and humans experiences dynamics every decade requires
continuous exploration, description, explanation and analysis with varied approaches so that all
symptoms can be observed in detail. Qualitative research in geography is useful for discussing
phenomena issues geosphere and try to combine triangulation methods. The emergence of this
technique There is a debate in itself regarding the application of qualitative and quantitative
approaches by geographers, thus coloring the development and evolution of the discipline of
geography. Through a qualitative approach regarding journey sketches (process), that evolution
and Geographical thinking is an important part that can be explained in more detail. A qualitative
approach can generalize the phenomenon of interconnectedness humans and nature in more
detail after going through a process of exploration in variation time and space (time and space)?

Qualitative research has been used since the era of exploration and description until
explanation (Orford in Castree, Rogers and Sherman, 2005). Broadly research Qualitative is
associated with human experience with various frameworks conceptual. Methods in qualitative
research are aimed at looking at processes through explanation of questions in description,
analysis, and interpretation of each phenomenon. Qualitative methods are used for description
and analysis and interpretation more specific and typical earth surface phenomena. investigative
techniques used in qualitative methods have specific methods so that using a variety of
investigative techniques adapted to different situations. Qualitative methods were developed by
Australian geographers long ago for solving problems faced by humans related to their
environment. Issues about health such as several events that occur in health humans are
influenced by seasonal variations, topography, water availability, anomalies Weather solutions
have been developed using a qualitative approach (Winchester in Hay, 2000). The question of
what should be sharpened in structure and with what processes to construct, justify, and
conveying arguments when discussing problems becomes a character qualitative approaches in
geography (Dorling in Castree, Rogers and Sherman, 2005).

Qualitative geographers attempt to explain in a balanced manner comprehensive in structure

and individual processes with other experiences. Explanation of individual structures is related to
behavior without ignoring, that individuals also have the ability to break reproduction and results
of structural construction are a concern in the approach qualitative. The construction of structures
and processes that transcend individuals constitutes the dehumanization of human geography
which then gave rise to creating power in societies such as capitalism, patriarchy, or racism.
Geography studies structure qualitative in several fields of human geography. Human Geography
especially focusing on building, producing and reopening about the history of human relations
with their environment. Human relations with environment such as land use as land use
documentation over time with specific events that accompany the change process.

Land use is explained using a qualitative approach. The resistance of geographers began to
become established in the 1970s regarding geography humans are more and more in the field of
social sciences, where physical geography is on basically more on the natural paradigm.
Qualitative methods can be used widely in human geography during this century. Qualitative
methods to explain cases in depth, traditional, with triangulation to achieve validity and
justification of facts. However, qualitative methods have uses as different conceptual
frameworks when explaining ignorance, feelings, emotions, habits, perceptions, and cognition.
Qualitative methods are also used for verification, analysis, interpretation, understanding human
behavior in all its types. Study Qualitative studies in geography are currently aimed at raising hot
issues regarding events and places through study using method tools. Method Qualitative
research includes verbal as the main basis for interviews, textual which is done creatively,
through documents and landscapes, and observation (Neuman, 2007).

A very popular qualitative approach uses oral methods to conducting interviews as a research
activity. An important part of this method widely used through oral or oral methods. Interviews
with residents is a research element that can be expanded as a research activity. As note that
research can improve the rigor of the methods used to answer research questions from a
spectrum of biographical experiences about social structure and so on. Surveys can also study
individuals although unable to express in depth. Interview depth is better for expressing things
related to individuals. Format Such standard questionnaires are more limited when in the form of
closed questionnaires suitable for quantitative methods. But an open questionnaire would be
more suitable for qualitative analysis. The verbal method is an option for describing experiences
individuals and the social structure as a whole, it is important to associate with participant
observation. Textual methods are important to direct the process social structures that underlie
and justify social structures. Textual method too used in some analyzes of social processes such
as the study of human geography over time now.

The direction of geographic approaches in the last two decades has been primarily in
geography humans began to expand with quantitative methods although they still paid attention
qualitative methods. Since the 1980s, qualitative methods have become popular at least a
combination of the two. Hay (2000), qualitative and quantitative approaches exist differences in
explaining the study, namely the characteristics of the qualitative approach and Quantitative is a
dualism of quantitative methods centered on objectivity, generalizations, and value-free
implications. In qualitative methods often put forward something soft and subjective so this
method is often is said to produce inferior knowledge. Geography can combine with use
quantitative methods for statistical analysis and generalize when explaining the case study.

The resistance reaction of geographers began to become established in the 1970 sinscribing
human geography more and more in the field of social sciences, where physical geography is
basically more of a natural paradigm. Qualitative method can be used widely in human
geography during this century. Geographers can combining using quantitative methods for
statistical analysis and generalize when explaining a case study. Qualitative methods are used to
explain the case in depth, traditionally, with triangulation for achieve validity and justification of
facts. However qualitative methods have usefulness as a different conceptual framework when
explaining ignorance, feelings, emotions, habits, perceptions, and cognition. Then deep
Qualitative methods are also used to verify, analyze, interpret, understand behavior humans of all
types.

Qualitative methods are returning to the fore as a discipline along with Increasing studies on
the environment require studies with value measures and scientific observation. The environment
is a condition that is always experiencing dynamics as a result of individual experiences and/or
social processes or natural processes. Some studies of individual experiences, of places and
events that demonstrate are essentially not generalizations from a case study that can be repeated
(Donovan in Hay, 2000). The qualitative approach has the character of not being able to be used
for generalization in a research conclusion. Qualitative methods can be used to create and dig
deeper with several methods and triangulation (Burgess 1982 in Hay, 2000).

Quantitative methods convey value-free objectively, using related assumptions about natural
science when answering research questions. Choice of what is learned depends on values and
beliefs. Take into account about human behavior in moving and shopping regarding the behavior
of half the world's population cannot always be done with measurement through generalization
and value-free.
2.2 Data collection and geographic analysis

1.) geographic data collection methods

Geographic data collection methods are a series of procedures and techniques used to collect
information about the location, distribution, attributes and geographic characteristics of a
particular area. This method is important for understanding geographic phenomena, mapping
specific areas, and making decisions based on spatial information. The following is a complete
explanation of several commonly used geographic data collection methods:

1. Field: Field surveys involve collecting data directly in the field by researchers. This may
include interviews with local residents, direct observations of certain phenomena, or direct
measurements of geographic attributes such as elevation, temperature, or water quality.

2. Mapping with GPS (Global Positioning System): GPS is a technology used to determine
geographic locations with high precision using satellites. This method allows accurate and real-
time collection of location data for use in mapping and geographic analysis.

3. Satellite Image Mapping: Satellite images can be used to collect spatial data about the Earth's
surface at different resolutions. This image can be used to map land cover, vegetation, land use
and other geographic phenomena.

4. Teledetection: This method uses remote sensors to collect information about the Earth's
surface without having to make direct observations. This includes the use of sensors such as
radar, lidar, and infrared to obtain data on topography, vegetation structure, and water quality.

5. Secondary Data Collection: This method involves the use of data that has been previously
collected by government agencies, non-profit organizations, or other researchers. This secondary
data can include census data, survey data, government data, or data published in scientific
literature.

6. Participatory Observation: This method involves the active participation of the community or
certain groups in collecting geographic data. This may include the use of technology such as
smartphones to collect field data or participation in participatory mapping.
7. Use of Geographic Sensors: Geographic sensors are electronic devices used to collect
geographic data automatically. This could include weather sensors, water sensors, or imaging
sensors to obtain information about environmental conditions.

8. Online Data Collection: This method uses the internet and digital technology to collect
geographic data through online surveys, public information searches, or analysis of data from
social media platforms.

2.) Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer systems designed to store, manage, analyze
and visualize geographic data. GIS integrates spatial data (which relates to geographic locations
or areas) with attribute data (which contains information about geographic entities) to provide a
better understanding of the world we live in. The following is a complete explanation of GIS:

1. GIS components:

 Spatial Data: Spatial data includes information about the location, shape, and geographic
attributes of various entities, such as roads, buildings, rivers, and mountains. This data is
usually represented in the form of digital maps and can come from a variety of sources,
including field surveys, satellite imagery, or existing maps.
 Attribute Data: Attribute data provides additional information about geographic entities
represented in spatial data. This can include information such as name, area, population,
or type of land use. Attribute data is usually stored in a table format or associated
database.
 GIS Software: GIS software is the primary tool used to store, manage and analyze
geographic data. GIS software can provide a variety of functions, including map editing,
spatial analysis, modeling, visualization, and report generation.
 Geographic Database Management (DBMS): DBMS is used to store geographic data in a
structured and efficient format. It enables the use of databases to store and access
geographic data, facilitating the use of spatial data in GIS analysis and applications.

2. GIS Function:
  Mapping: GIS enables the creation of accurate and dynamic digital maps from
geographic data. These maps can include various elements, such as administrative
boundaries, road networks, contours and other phenomena.
 Spatial Analysis: GIS allows users to perform analysis on geographic data, including
overlay, buffering, interpolation, and hotspot analysis. This spatial analysis helps in
understanding patterns, trends, and relationships between geographic phenomena.
 Modeling: GIS can be used to model complex geographic phenomena, such as climate
change, the spread of disease, or geomorphological processes. This modeling allows
users to predict future changes and test alternative scenarios.
 Visualization: GIS allows users to visualize geographic data in a variety of forms,
including maps, graphs, diagrams, and animations. This visualization helps in
communication of geographic information to different stakeholders.
 Decision Making: GIS can be used as a tool for decision making based on geographic
information. By analyzing geographic data, users can make better decisions in planning,
resource management, risk mitigation and regional development.

3. GIS Applications:

 GIS has a wide range of applications in various fields, including mapping, urban
planning, natural resource management, environmental monitoring, transportation,
disaster modeling, and many more.
 Concrete examples of GIS applications include mapping road networks, analyzing
disease spread patterns, monitoring land changes, and planning logistics delivery routes.

4. Benefits of GIS:

 Enables integration of data from various sources.

 Helps in spatial understanding and relationships between geographic elements.
 Supports location-based decision making.
 Increase efficiency in geographic analysis and modeling.
 Improve communication and sharing of geographic information between stakeholders.
3. Spatial Analysis

Spatial analysis is a process used in geography to understand the spatial relationships between
geographic objects or phenomena. It involves the use of statistical methods, spatial modeling,
and computational techniques to explore, measure, and explain patterns, trends, and geographic
relationships in data. The following is an explanation of spatial analysis in geography:

1. Basic Concepts of Spatial Analysis:

 Spatial analysis is concerned with the study of how geographical phenomena are
distributed in space and time, as well as how these phenomena interact with each other
within them.
 The goal of spatial analysis is to discover patterns that may be hidden in geographic data,
identify causal relationships between phenomena, and make predictions about future
changes within geographic space.

2. Spatial Analysis Techniques:

 Interpolation: A technique for estimating values at unmeasured locations based on

measured data. An example is interpolation to estimate rainfall in areas not covered by
weather stations.
 Overlay: A technique for combining multiple layers of spatial data into a single layer.
This allows analysis of how geographic phenomena interact with each other.
 An example is an overlay between a road network map and an accident location map to
identify accident-prone points.
 Buffering: A technique for creating a zone or region around a certain object based on a
certain distance or time. This is often used to analyze the impact or influence of an object
on the surrounding environment, such as analyzing the impact of the construction of
industrial facilities on the surrounding environment.
 Clustering: A technique for identifying spatial patterns that describe areas with similar
sets of values. An example is cluster analysis to identify cluster patterns in population
distribution in an area.
 Hot Spot Analysis: A technique for identifying areas with statistically significant
occurrences or values higher or lower than expected at random. This helps in finding
 areas with anomalous patterns or concentrations of certain phenomena, such as crime hot
spots in cities.

3. Spatial Analysis Applications:

 Spatial analysis is used in a variety of fields, including urban planning, natural resource
management, epidemiology, transportation, and more.
 Concrete examples of spatial analysis applications include mapping disease spread
patterns, population distribution analysis, transportation route modeling, and land change
analysis.

4. Role of Spatial Analysis in Decision Making:

 Spatial analysis helps stakeholders to make better, evidence-based decisions by

understanding the spatial context of the phenomena being studied.
 Information generated from spatial analysis can be used to identify areas with specific
problems, prioritize resources, and plan effective interventions or actions.

4. Geographic Statistics

Geographic Statistics is a branch of statistics that specifically considers geographic factors in

data analysis. It involves using statistical techniques to understand patterns, trends, and
relationships in data that has a spatial or geographic dimension. The following is a more detailed
explanation of geographic statistics:

 Objective: Geographic statistics aims to understand geographic phenomena in the context

of space and time. This allows us to explore spatial distribution, correlation between
locations, as well as geographic factors that influence certain phenomena.
 Method: Geographic statistics uses various statistical techniques commonly applied in
conventional statistics, such as regression analysis, hypothesis testing, cluster analysis,
and spatial variation analysis. However, this technique is adapted to the spatial
dimensions of the data to consider distances and spatial relationships.
 Data: Data in geographic statistics usually has a geographic dimension related to a
particular location or region. This could include data such as population density, air
 temperature, unemployment rate, or house prices related to a particular geographic
location.
 Spatial Analysis: One of the key aspects of geographic statistics is spatial analysis, which
involves understanding the patterns and distribution of geographic phenomena in space. It
includes techniques such as cluster analysis, spatial interpolation, and spatial
autocorrelation testing.
 Modeling: Geographic statistics also involves the development of mathematical models
that take into account geographic factors in the relationships between variables. This
modeling is often used to predict future changes in geographic phenomena such as
climate change, population migration, or the spread of disease.
 Decision Making: Geographic statistics are used in location-based decision making, such
as regional planning, natural resource management, and disaster management. By
understanding patterns and relationships in geographic data, decision makers can make
more informed and evidence-based decisions.
 Software: To apply geographic statistics, GIS (Geographic Information System) software
is often required which is equipped with relevant statistical features. This software
enables more efficient analysis of spatial data and geographic statistics.

5. Structured and Unstructured Geographic Data

Structured and Unstructured Geographic Data refer to two types of data that are grouped based
on their level of structure and order.

1. Structured Geographic Data:

 Definition: Structured geographic data is data that is organized in a certain format and has
a clear schema. This means this data has well-defined attributes and is often stored in a
table or database format.
 Example: For example, structured data might include a population database that has
columns for the name, age, address, and geographic coordinates of each individual. This
data is easy to organize, search and analyze because of its structured format.
 Advantages: The regularity and structure of structured data makes it easier to process and
analyze using database or statistical analysis software. This enables automatic and
consistent processing of data.
 2. Unstructured Geographic Data:
 Definition: Unstructured geographic data is data that does not have a clear format or
structure. This can be free text, images, videos, or data generated from social media
platforms.
 Example: A tweet containing information about a place or an image taken with a
smartphone that has location metadata are examples of unstructured geographic data.
These data do not have a well-defined format and require additional analysis for
geographic information extraction.
 Challenge: Unstructured data requires a more complex analysis approach because they
often require extraction or processing processes to reveal the geographic information
contained within them. This can involve using natural language processing techniques,
computer vision, or text analysis to parse and understand data.

6. Interpretation of Geographic Data

Geographic Data Interpretation is the process of analyzing, parsing and giving meaning to
geographic data to understand geographic phenomena that occur in an area or region. This
interpretation process involves understanding the geographic context, identifying patterns,
trends, and anomalies, and making conclusions that can be used for decision making. Following
are several steps in interpreting geographic data:

 Understanding Context: The first step in interpreting geographic data is understanding

the context of the area being studied. This includes an understanding of the physical,
social, economic, and cultural factors that influence geographic conditions in the
region.
 Data Exploration: Next, geographic data is explored to identify patterns and trends
that may exist. This involves data mapping, visualization, and initial analysis to
understand the spatial distribution and variation in the data.
 Spatial Analysis: Geographic data is analyzed spatially to reveal relationships and
patterns in the data. This involves the use of spatial analysis techniques such as
overlay, interpolation, cluster analysis, and spatial autocorrelation analysis.
  Identify Patterns and Trends: Patterns and trends in geographic data are identified and
analyzed to understand changes that may occur over time or across locations. This
may involve the use of graphs, charts and descriptive statistics.
 Conclusions and Interpretation: Based on data analysis, conclusions are drawn about
the observed geographic phenomena. Interpretation is carried out to provide meaning
to identified patterns and trends and explain the factors that influence these
phenomena.
 Decision Making: The inference and interpretation of geographic data is used to
support decision making in various contexts, such as regional planning, natural
resource management, disaster risk mitigation, or infrastructure development.
 Validation and Testing: Interpretations of geographic data must sometimes be
validated and tested to ensure their correctness and reliability. This may involve the
use of statistical techniques or sensitivity analysis.
 Communication of Results: The results of geographic data interpretation are
presented and communicated to relevant stakeholders, such as government, non-profit
organizations, or the general public. Presentations can take the form of reports, maps,
graphs, or other visual presentations.

7. Geographic Data Visualization

Geographic Data Visualization is a graphical representation of geographic information in the

form of maps, graphs, or other visualizations. The main goal of geographic data visualization is
to communicate geographic information effectively so that understanding and interpretation of
data can be improved. The following are some techniques and principles in geographic data
visualization:

 Thematic Map: A thematic map is a map that highlights the pattern or distribution of one
particular variable or theme. This could include population density maps, rainfall maps,
or maps of the distribution of certain plants in a region.
 Use of Symbols: Different symbols are used to show variations or classifications in
geographic data. For example, different symbols can be used to denote specific categories
in data, such as different symbols for cities, villages, and towns on a population map.
  Color Gradation: Color grading is used to highlight differences in geographic data. For
example, a rainfall intensity map can use a color scale to indicate areas with high and low
rainfall.
 Animation: Animation is used to show spatial changes in geographic data over time. This
could include animations of changes in population movements, changes in global
temperatures, or changes in river flow patterns from season to season.Diagram:
 Diagrams are used to visualize geographic data in graphical form. These can include
histograms, bar graphs, or pie graphs that show geographic data distribution or trends
over time.
 Use of Layers: Layered maps allow the use of several layers of information on one map.
This makes it possible to combine information from different sources and show
relationships between different variables.
 Interactive: Geographic data visualizations can be made interactive, allowing users to
explore the data in greater depth. These can include scrollable and zoomable maps, online
interactive maps, or GIS web applications that allow users to add and remove data layers.
 Legend: A clear explanation of the symbols, colors, and markings on a map is essential to
understanding geographic data visualization. Legends are used to provide information
about the meaning of symbols and colors used in maps.

8. Ethics in the collection and use of geographic data

Ethics in the collection and use of geographic data is essential to ensure that the data is used
responsibly, fairly, and in accordance with the interests of society and individual privacy. The
following are some ethical principles to consider in the collection and use of geographic data:

 Privacy: It is important to respect individual privacy when collecting and using

geographic data. This includes protecting personal information such as addresses,
telephone numbers, or other sensitive information that can be identified from geographic
data.
 Informed Consent: When collecting geographic data from individuals or groups, it is
important to obtain their informed consent and information about how the data will be
used. This includes providing an understanding of the purposes of data collection, the
types of data collected, and the privacy rights individuals have.
 Transparency: It is important to maintain transparency in the collection and use of
geographic data. This involves providing clear information about data sources, collection
methods, and intended use of data to relevant stakeholders.
 Fairness: The collection and use of geographic data must be fair and non-discriminatory
against certain groups or individuals. It is important to ensure that data is not used to
reinforce or exacerbate inequalities or social injustices in society.
 Data Security: Geographic data must be kept secure so that it is not accessed by
unauthorized parties or used for inappropriate purposes. This includes adopting
appropriate data security practices, such as data encryption and the use of strong
authentication systems.
 Concentrative: Geographic data must be used for concentrative purposes, meaning that
the data is only used in accordance with the purposes that were explained to the
individual or group at the time of data collection.
 Collaborate: It is important to collaborate with local communities or other interested
parties in the collection and use of geographic data. This helps ensure that data is
collected and used with local needs and perspectives in mind.
 Accountability: Organizations or individuals who collect and use geographic data must
be held accountable for their actions. This includes correcting errors, respecting privacy
rights, and ensuring that data is used responsibly.
 Sustainability: The use of geographic data must pay attention to environmental and social
sustainability. This includes considering the long-term impacts of data use on the
environment and society.
 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Research methods in human geography are an important collection of approaches to

understanding the complex interactions between humans and the geographic environment. These
various methods have their respective advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method
depends on the research objectives, geographic context, and available resources. Therefore, it is
important to choose a method that suits the research problem at hand. Research methods in
human geography include surveys and interviews, secondary data analysis, spatial analysis,
qualitative and quantitative methods, modeling and simulation, community participation, and
case studies. By using a combination of these methods, researchers can gain deep insight into the
geographic phenomena being studied. In addition, ethics in the collection and use of geographic
data is also a major concern, covering aspects such as privacy, transparency, fairness and data
security. By properly understanding and applying various research methods, human geography
can make a valuable contribution to understanding the social, economic and environmental
challenges faced by humans in various regions around the world.

3.2 Suggestion

If there are deficiencies and errors in writing this paper, I as the author accept constructive
criticism and suggestions so that I can improve this paper into an even better paper.

3.3 Bibliography

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Castree, Noel; Rogers, Alisdair dan Sherman, Douglas, 2005, Questioning Geography
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Hay, Iain, 2000, Qualitative Research Methods In Human Geography, Oxford Univ Press
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Johnston R,J, 1986, Philosophy and Human Geography An Introduction to Contemporary

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Kitchin Rob and Nicholas J. Tate, 2000. Conducting Research in Human Geography: Theory,
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Neuman, Laurence, 2007, Basics of Social Research Qualitative and Quantitative Approach,
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Peet, Richard dan Thrift, Nigel 1989, New models in geography The politicaleconomy
perspective, Boston Sydney Wellington

Ritchi, Jane dan Lewis, Jane, 2003, Qualitative Research Practice A Guide for Social Science
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Viles, Heather, 2005. A Divided Disciplines? dalam Castree, N; Rogers,A; dan Sherman, D,
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Walliman. Nicholas, 2006, Social Research Methods, SAGE Publications London New Delhi.

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