English Reviewer
Fake News
Strategies to avoid fake news:
 Consider the source
-Are you familiar with the source?
-Is it legitimate?
-Has it been reliable in the past?
 Read beyond the Headlines
The headline doesn’t always tell the
whole story.
-Proactive headlines suggest you need to
read further
 CHECK THE AUTHOR
-Check the byline- even when it has,
some authors are not real.
 CHECK THE DATE
-News might be distortions of real
events
 IS THIS SOME KIND OF A JOKE?
-Check whether it is satire or just even
a funny joke but not the news.
 CHECK YOUR BIASES
-Do not discount information that
does not match your belief.
 CONSULT THE EXPERTS
Evidence
>Is the ability to accurately receive and interpret
It refers to the facts, documentation, or
testimonies used to strengthen a claim, messages in the communication process
support an argument, or reach a conclusion.
Types of Evidence
Statistical
-The strongest type of evidence in
formal writing
-This ranges from true, hard data
presented as a percentage or number
to survey-type data
-Can be proven as fact
by: Ashley:>
Testimonial
-The use of celebrities as credibility
evidence can be considered testimonial in
nature.
-Good or bad, when a person chooses a life
path that takes them into public light, there
will be many others out there who want to
emulate the celebrity
-Can also be collected from experts and
authorities in a given field
Anecdotal
- When storytelling is involved as
evidence, then anecdotal is being
used
- It is not extremely strong
- Storytelling but based on fact, can
include quite a bit opinion, thus
making it less objective
Analogical
- When information is sacre about
something and little is known
- It is often used in a formal argument
to increase the credibility of the
proof
Tips for Validating Evidence
 Credentials of the source
 Publication Date
 Check for Biases
 Check Evidence
Listening
 Types of Listening
Appreciative Listening
- Listening for pleasure and enjoyment
as when we listen to a comedy,
routine, or to an entertaining speech
Emphatic Listening
- This is listening to the hurts or pains
of another individual and providing
support and understanding
Comprehensive/Active Listening
- Is the understanding of the meaning
of the message, and little more of
seeking the meaning of the message.
 Critical/Analytical Listening
- The process a listener goes
through using careful, systematic Participle- is a verbal formed from verbs by
thinking and reasoning to see adding “-ing” “-ed” “-d” or even “-en” which
whether a speaker’s message functions as an adjective.
makes sense in light of factual
evidence
Validity of materials listened to
Is the evidence sufficient?
-Is there enough of it, or do you need
more to feel convinced?
Is the evidence relevant?
- Is it really about the point the
author wants to prove, or did they
go off on a tangent, providing
facts that don’t have anything to
Infinitives
do with the point?
Is the evidence representative?
-This is the hardest one to understand,
but also the most important.
Representative evidence is evidence
that accurately represents the whole
topic, not just a select piece
Gerunds
- Any verb ending in -ING and used
as a noun is a gerund
Functions of Gerunds
Gerunds as a subject
- Because gerund is a noun, it can
be the direct object
Gerunds as a Direct Object
- Because a gerund is a noun, it can
be the direct object also
A Direct Object is the noun or pronoun
being acted upon by a verb(i.e., it receives the
verb’s action)
Gerunds as object of Preposition
-Because a gerund is a noun, it can be
the object of a preposition in a
prepositional phrase
Present Participle
- Is a verb that ends in -ING which
functions as an adjective in a
sentence
Past Participle
- Is a verb that ends in “ED”, “D”, and
“EN” which functions as an adjective
in a sentence
Participial Phrase
- Is a phrase headed by a participle
that modifies a noun or pronoun in
the main clause of a sentence
- Are special forms of verbs that can be
used as a noun, adjectives and
adverb
- They are usually made by adding the
word “to” before the base form of
the verb
Functions of infinitives as noun
-when used as a subject or direct object
in a sentence, an infinitive phrase acts as
a noun
Functions of infinitives as an adjective
- An infinitive acts as an adjective if it
modifies or describes as a noun in a
sentence
Functions of infinitives as Adverb
-It provides additional information
regarding an adjective, verb, or adverb.
At times it can answer the question
“why”
Quoting
-means copying a passage of someone
else’s words and crediting the source
Paraphrasing
-involves putting a passage from source
material into your own words
Summarizing
- Putting the main idea(s) into your
own words, including the main points