Pheno Report:

Goodmorning everyone, We are the group 2 and today we will be discussing to you Phenomenological
Psychology. Before anything else we would like to present to you a video example using phenomenology as their
approach to their research.

This video gives a thorough explanation of abstract expressionist artist Clifford Still and the design principles kag
ang architecture sang Clifford Still Museum. So si Still,he aimed to provide tourists a completely immersive experience
sang iya nga art, highlighting ang value sang large-scale art and putting only his work on display in order to create a
focused environment. Ang museum gnghimo nila with the goal to inspire surprise and amazement sa mga tourists while
they engage closely and create a visual connection sa artwork kag architecture.

The architecture— ang museum no—nd lang sya destination or lugar pero part mn sya sang experience sang
tourists nga ga visit didto. In which upon visiting, ang museum, ang iya design naga offer opportunities for reflection nga
maka help sa tourists or visitors form deep and intimate connections with the artwork kag architecture. In short, the
architecture intends to evoke awe and wonder nga whenever tourists to stand with the artwork, may ara sila visual
connection, they are able to feel it, and to interact intimately with it.

In terms of how phenomenological research contributes to understanding Still's art and architecture, it allows
for a deeper exploration of the viewer's subjective experiences. By considering ila experiences sa museum- such as mga
interactions, reflections, and emotional responses sa art ni Still kag sa architecture, ang researchers nga nag gamit
phenomenological method, they can gain insights into how Still's artistic intentions are translated and experienced by
the audience.

Main Features of Phenomenological Psychology:

1. Careful Observation and Detailed Description- so ang Phenomenological psychology it involves unprejudiced
nga observations kag interpretations sang data. Kag sa methods karon, Makita kag maintindihan nyo na nga may
ara gd steps sa phenomenological method. Furthermore, wala nila gina reduce ila nga data nga na gather para
legitimate kag detailed gd ang study.
2. Non-speculative and non-theoretical approach- meaning ga focus lang sya sa given phenomenon, sa given
experiences without resorting to speculative or theoretical interpretations. Kung ano ang mga na gather nga
data basically muna lang gd ang e interpret sang researchers. Unlike sa other nga methods ga aim gid sila mag fill
sang gaps in between sa study bala or to even make theoretical assumptions based sa experience sang tawo nga
ila gna study-han.
3. Intuitive Approach- So according kay Goethe dabi, isa sa mga proponents sg goethean pre-philosophical
phenomenology gapati siya nga ang basic phenomenon, ang experience sang tawo could be holistically intuited
in a sense nga ga integrate sya information on the whole, rather than its parts lang.
4. Emphasis on Lived Experience- It is primarily concerned with exploring and understanding the lived experiences
of individuals. It seeks to capture the subjective perspectives, meanings, and essences of those experiences.
5. It has different variants, each with its own methods- Meaning phenomenological psychology is diverse,
makabulig ni sa mga researchers and practitioners in choosing the specific phenomenological approach that best
suits their research questions or clinical aims kay ma apply mo man ang pheno in a clinical setting.

When do we use it?

 The descriptive phenomenological method is applicable whenever an experience can be described.

As a researcher, if you want to delve into the basis of the experience gid sang tawo or imo participant then
phenomenological method is the right method to use.

 Sometimes it is applied to traditional psychological research topics studying learning, thinking, perception,
therapy, anger, creativity, and more.

It stems from phenomenological psychology nga may ara sya unique emphasis on understanding the subjective
experiences of individuals. Unlike sa quantitative methodologies, ang phenomenology, it delves into the intricate layers
on how individuals interpret, make meaning of, and engage with the experiences of people. Ang phenomenological
psychology, it adds a crucial qualitative dimension to traditional psychological research, in which makahatag ka insights
as a researcher nga indi lang empirically valuable but also deeply human kag important gid sya sa experience sang tawo.

 Sometimes the topics emerge from difficulties encountered in lifeworld.

Examples sini nga studies are about teenage anger, perception of a significant other kag everyday decision making.

What makes Phenomenological approach different from other approaches?

 In contrast to ethnography, which entails immersing oneself in a cultural setting to acquire an insider's view of a
community's behaviors and beliefs, phenomenological psychology offers a first-person perspective on
experiences.

Indi angay sa ethography nga ang researcher gakadto gid sa community sang mga ethnic people to study their beliefs
and behavior, and phenomenological approach ya it offers first-person perspective sa experiences sang ila participants.

 Phenomenological psychology stresses the individual's perspective and meaning-making process, as compared
to Discursive Psychology, which studies language to understand how it produces reality and impacts social
relationships.

Ang main goal gid sang Pheno is e emphasize niya ang perspective sang individual based saila experiences kag gina
interpret nila na dson meanwhile ang discursive psychology naman ya is diba iya gid main focus is to study language kag
paano nisa magproduce sang truth kag ano ang impact sang language sa social relationships of people.

 While narrative psychology focuses on the stories that people make to provide meaning to their lives,
phenomenological psychology places an emphasis on the exploration of lived experiences.

Diba ang narrative psychology, you tell stories of people te ang pheno naman is it emphasizes ang exploration of lived
experiences sang imo participant sa iya nga kabuhi.

 Phenomenological psychology aims to uncover the true nature of experiences, in contrast to Grounded Theory,
which creates ideas based on evidence, stressing theory building through iterative coding.

So ari, ang grounded theory ya is naga formulate kaw ideas based on evidence tas dira kana ma build sang imo theory
right? Meanwhile ang phenomenological naman ya gusto yalang gd ma uncover ang true nature sang experiences sang
isa ka tawo.

In summary, Phenomenological psychology ga stand out sya for its emphasis on the essence of people’s experiences kag
its unprejudiced approach nga wala nila gina reduce ila data nga na gather, wala sya ga aim to fill gaps in the system,
kung ano ang data nga na gather muna gid.
Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity

Good Afternoon everyone my name is Ryana and together with my partner Princess, we are going to discuss Brain
Damage and Neuroplasticity but before anything else, I want you all to identify the illness of the person as provided in
the slide. Raise your hands lang if you know the answer. Ok so what are the symptoms that you see in the video
presented? (Sudden numbness or weakness in the face especially on one side of the body. Sudden confusion, trouble
speaking, or difficulty understanding speech. Sudden loss of balance, or lack of coordination) okay very good, those
are the signs of stroke.

->So para sainyo, why is there a need to study human brain damage? We need to study human brain damage para ma
increase aton nga understanding of the healthy brain, and it also serves as a basis for the development of new
treatments. Syempre as a student researcher or probably if doctor kaw sa ulihing adlaw ma apply mo ang mga natun an
mo sa brain damage para maka come up sa bag o nga bulong to treat illnesses of other people.

So the first cause of Brain Damage is Brain Tumors like mga meningiomas, gliomas, muna.

1. Tumors- (after body). About 20% of tumors found in the brain are meningiomas.

->(Meningiomas)- these are tumors that grows between meninges meaning ang tumor nagatubo sa meninges nga naga
cover kag nagaprotect sang aton brain kag spinal cord pero not to worry man kay most of these tumors are benign.
(Proceed sa all meningiomas are enscapulated) (After membrane) so kay nagatubo lang ang enscapulated tumors saila
own membrane mas mahupos sila ma kita sa CT scans, these tumors, they can influence ang function sang brain with the
pressure they exert sa mga nakapalibot saila nga tissues. When a tumor grows inside the skull te ga take up sya space
nga dapat e occupy sang healthy brain tissue, so as nagadako ang tumor it pushes aside the surrounding normal brain
cells (We also call this intracranial pressure). This compression can impede blood flow, disrupt neural signaling, and
cause neurological symptoms.

->Infiltrating tumors- so ari nga klase sang tumors naga tubo sya sa nagapalibot nga tissues sang brain and they are
usually malignant. Nan muni ang ila ginahambal nga delikado nga klase sang tumor. Kay when we mean malignant,
mabudlay kwaon ang tumor or it is difficult to destroy them completely. May instances nga nakapa opera kana pero
after 2 years something like that gatubo sya liwat. Examples of these are Gliomas, Metastatic Tumors kag
Astrocytoma. Muni ang mga pinakacommon nga brain tumors.

 Gliomas- one characteristic they have is they spread throughout the brain tissue because of the way glial cells
are integrated into the brain structure so mabudlay para sa mga doctors mn e distinguish kung ano ang healthy
kag kung ano ang tumor cells during surgical removal. Kag isa pagid ang gliomas dabi may high rate sila sang cell
devision te dasig sila mag grow kag mag sakop other parts of the brain.
 Metastatic tumors- ngaman may muna ang sa picture? Kay these tumors originate as cancers of the lungs kag ga
spread siya sa iban nga parte sang lawas through the bloodstream or lympathic system.
 Astrocytes- These tumors can occur anywhere in the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

2. The second cause are cerebrovascular disorders like strokes. Ang symptoms sang stroke nagadepend sa area nga na
apektohan ang brain. The primary goal of treatment following stroke is the penumbra. Why? Because ang aton nga
penumbra is critical for recovery kay naga contain sya neurons that are at risk of dying but can be rescued with timely
intervention. Therefore, the focus of stroke treatment is on reestablishing blood flow to this area through methods like
thrombolytic therapy or mechanical clot retrieval.
Two Major Types of Strokes:

a) Cerebral Hemorrhage- basically ga occur ni if mag lupok ang blood vessel sa brain kag ang blood nagasulod sa
surrounding neural tissue nga naga damage saila. Common causes sang cerebral hemorrhage is Aneurysm. Most
cerebral aneurysms go undetected until they rupture, causing a sudden, severe headache, along with other
neurological symptoms. Muna nga ang iban bala healthy man sila pero gulpi sila napatay kay gali muna nagputok
na ila ugat kag the thing is ang aneurysm it can occur anytime so dapat you have to take care of yourself and
avoid smoking, alcohol consumption and hypertensions.
b) Cerebral Ischemia- basically it is reduced blood flow to the brain, so in turn it deprives your brain cells of oxygen
and nutrients.
 Thrombosis- so if mag block ang blood flow paano nalang ang pagdaloy sang blood sa aton brain diba? A
thrombus may be composed of a blood clot, fat, oil air bubble or tumor cells.
 Embolus- so basically thrombus man sya nga naglagaw lang HAHHAHAH
 Arteriosclerosis- it eventually leads to complete blockage of blood vessels, increased blood pressure.

Ischemia.

I. Pagkagtapos sang temporary cerebral ischemic episode, wala sila usually Makita na insigida nga brain damage
kag sometimes after 2 days na sya igo nagadevelop.
II.

The Role of Glutamate in cerebral Ischema

After a blood vessel becomes blocked, many of the blood-deprived neurons become overactive and release excessive
quantities of glutamate. The glutamate in turn overactivates glutamate receptors in the membranes of postsynaptic
neurons; the glutamate receptors most involved in this reaction are the NMDA (N-methyl-Disparate) receptors. As a
result, large numbers of Na+ and Ca2+ ions enter the postsynaptic neurons. The excessive internal concentrations of Na+
and Ca2+ ions in postsynaptic neurons affect them in two ways: They trigger the release of excessive amounts of
glutamate from the neurons, so naga spread ang the toxicity sa other neurons; and they trigger a sequence of internal
reactions that ultimately kill the postsynaptic neurons.

3. Closed-head Injuries- kumbaga wala sya penetration or open wound sa skull. Instead, ang injury gakatabo
because of a blunt force or impact sa ulo. This can result from incidents like falls, car accidents, or sports-
related collisions.
 Contusions- Ang damage sini naga produce internal hemorrhaging that results to a hematoma.
 Concussion- A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when a blow, jolt, or impact to the
head or body causes the brain to move rapidly within the skull. This movement can lead to temporary disruption
in normal brain function. Seeking medical attention and following appropriate protocols for rest and
rehabilitation is essential in managing concussions and preventing potential complications.
 Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy- also known as dementia. Common ni siya sa mga athletes nga ara sa
contact sports. Seeking medical attention and following appropriate protocols for rest and rehabilitation is
essential in managing concussions and preventing potential complications.
 Countercoup Injuries- occur on the side of the brain opposite to the point of impact during a head injury. When
the head experiences a sudden force or deceleration, the brain can move within the skull, causing it to hit
against the inner bony surface.
 4. Infections in the Brain

Infections in the brain, whether bacterial or viral, involve the invasion of microorganisms into the central nervous
system.

 Bacterial infections are caused by bacteria nga gasulod sa brain or its surrounding tissues, often through a
breach in the protective barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier. This can lead to conditions like bacterial
meningitis or brain abscesses, which can be severe and life-threatening if not promptly treated with antibiotics.

Isa sa mga pinakacommon nga bacterial infection is syphilis. (after genital sores) dason ang bacteria nga
infected it goes in a dormant stage so indi sya ma detect sang tests ytapos after several years mapakita na sya
kag ma attack sa other parts of your body.

General paresis- ga arise ni sya nga neurocognitive disorder if you have untreated syphilis. Usually
benign ni sya, and is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, personality changes, mood disturbances,
and motor dysfunction.

 Viral Infections- caused by viruses that can directly invade brain cells or cause inflammation in the surrounding
tissues.

Rabies- ususally diba if gngkagat kaw sang ido or uti nga wala nakapa inject anti rabies like mga strays bala
muna sya. Although nd mn permi gd lala epekto sang rabies, it has one redeeming feature: Wala sya ga attack sang
brain ta for at least a month after ka nakagat, so may ara kappa ya time para magpa centro kag mgpa vaccine as a
treatment sg kagat. It is an example of a virus that has a particular affinity for the nervous system.

Ang mumps and herpes there are common examples sang viruses that can attack the nervous system but
have no affinity for it. Their primary sites of infection and replication are elsewhere in the body. Sa mumps, they
usually attack the salivary glands. Ang herpes it could actually lead to chicken pox and shingles.

5. May ara kita sang 3 kinds of Neurotoxins pero before that we should know ang meaning sang neurotoxins
first. They are substances that can harm or impair the normal functioning of nerve cells, particularly those
within the brain and central nervous system.
A. They can be natural compounds, like heavy metals.

Toxic Psychosis- is a condition characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms (such as hallucinations, delusions,
disorganized thinking, or impaired insight) that are directly attributable to the effects of a substance, such as drugs or
toxins.

B. Sometimes, the very drugs used to treat neurological or psychiatric disorders prove to be toxic. Some
medications, while effective in their intended purpose, pwede nga may ara sila side effects that can be harmful
or even dangerous if not closely monitored.

For example, halin sa book, some antipsychotic drugs introduced in the early 1950’s produced effects of distressing
scope. By the late 1950’s millions of schizohphrenia patients were being maintained on these drugs pero after several
years of treatment, damo nga patients nagdevelop sang motor disorder nga tardive dyskinesia

Tardive Dyskinesia- involuntary smacking and sucking movements of the lips, thrusting and rolling of the tongue, lateral
jaw movements and puffing of the cheeks.
 C. Some neurotoxins are endrogenous

These toxins are created as byproducts of normal metabolic processes. For instance, certain substances like glutamate,
which is a neurotransmitter involved in signal transmission in the brain, can become toxic in excessive amounts.

6. Programmed Cell death

Apoptosis is a regulated and controlled process of cellular self-destruction that is essential for normal development and
tissue homeostasis. Necrosis, on the other hand, is a non-programmed form of cell death that occurs in response to
acute injury and often leads to inflammation and tissue damage.

Apoptosis is a programmed, controlled form of cell death that occurs naturally in multicellular organisms. It does not
cause inflammation, and the cellular remnants are typically engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytes. In contrast,
necrosis is an uncontrolled form of cell death often resulting from external factors like trauma, toxins, or ischemia.
Necrotic cells undergo rapid degradation, leading to cellular swelling and rupture, with the release of cellular contents
that trigger inflammation. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis is not a regulated process and is associated with tissue damage and
inflammation.

7. Genetic Factors- when we say genetic syempre bal an ta na nga inherited diba. So sometimes ang brain
damage is caused by abnormal recessive genes na we inherit from our parents or our ancestors.

Down Syndrome- so kung na fertilized na ang egg, there are three chromosomes 21’s rather than duwa lg dapat sa
zygote. Its consequences are characteristic disfigurement, intellectual impairment and troublesome medical
complications.