PHYSIOLOGY-1 COURSE CODE: BM-111L

PHYSIOLOGY-I
LAB REPORT#5

GROUP MEMEBRS:
1. EMAN ZAFAR 231935
2. MAHAM MAZHAR 231903
3. RUBAB JAFAR 231920
4. AIMEN ALY 231912
5. FARHANA MEHMOOD 231909
SECTION:
BEBME-F23-A
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR FAHAD SHAKEEL
DATE:

DEPARTMENT OF BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING, AIR UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD
PHYSIOLOGY-1 COURSE CODE: BM-111L

LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT # 5

TITLE: DETERMINATION OF BLEEDING TIME IN HUMAN BODY

OBJECTIVES:

 To be familiarized with the Bleeding time.

 To be familiarized with the factors on which Bleeding time depends.
 To be familiarized with clotting time.

What is bleeding time:

Bleeding time is a medical test that measures how quickly your blood clots to stop bleeding. It is
typically done by making a small incision in the skin and measuring the time it takes for the bleeding
to stop. This test can help assess the overall health of your blood vessels and platelets, which are
essential for proper clotting.

Procedure for determining the bleeding time:

 Preparation: The patient's arm is usually chosen as the site for the test. The healthcare
provider will clean the area with an antiseptic solution and tie a blood pressure cuff around the
upper arm to momentarily stop blood flow.
 Incision: A small incision, usually about 1 to 2 millimeters deep, is made on the underside of
the forearm using a lancet or a special bleeding time device.
 Timing: The healthcare provider will start a timer as soon as the incision is made. The timer is
stopped when bleeding stops completely. The time is recorded in minutes and seconds.
 Blotting: The healthcare provider will gently blot the wound with a piece of gauze to ensure
bleeding has stopped.

DEPARTMENT OF BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING, AIR UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD
PHYSIOLOGY-1 COURSE CODE: BM-111L

Observations:

Subject First bleeding Second bleeding Average bleeding

Name time time time
Aimen Aly 120 sec 120 sec 120 sec

Rija Khan 150 sec 120 sec 135 sec

Esha 150 sec 150 sec 150 sec

Ethical Considerations:

Here some ethical considerations which we adhere to while performing this experiment:

• We obtained informed consent from all participants, detailing the purpose, procedures, risks,
and benefits of the experiment.
• We ensured privacy and confidentiality of participants' personal information and medical
records.
• Prioritizing participant safety was made sure by minimizing risks and providing adequate
training to personnel.
• Participants were treated with respect and dignity throughout the experiment.
• Measures were taken to minimize harm, both physically and psychologically.
• Participants' were allowed to withdraw from the study at any time.

DEPARTMENT OF BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING, AIR UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD
PHYSIOLOGY-1 COURSE CODE: BM-111L

Bleeding time sample:

Questions:

Q1. What are the different methods of determining bleeding time?

Bleeding time is a medical test that measures how long it takes for a person to stop bleeding. There
are several methods to determine bleeding time, including:

Duke Method: In this method, a blood pressure cuff is inflated on the upper arm to a pressure above
systolic pressure. A standard incision is made on the forearm, and the time is measured until bleeding
stops.

Ivy Method: This method involves making a small incision on the earlobe or fingertip and measuring
the time it takes for bleeding to stop. A blood pressure cuff may also be used to maintain a constant
pressure.

Simplate Method: A small incision is made on the forearm, and a filter paper strip is used to absorb
the blood. The time is measured until bleeding stops, or the blood saturates the filter paper.

Q2. Which method is more reliable in measuring bleeding time?

DEPARTMENT OF BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING, AIR UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD
PHYSIOLOGY-1 COURSE CODE: BM-111L

The Duke method is generally considered more reliable and standardized compared to other methods
for determining bleeding time. This is because it involves applying a controlled pressure cuff to the
upper arm, which standardizes the pressure applied to the blood vessels and ensures more consistent
results.

Q3. What are the reasons of exceeded bleeding time?

Excessive bleeding time, or prolonged bleeding, can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

Platelet Disorders: Conditions that affect platelet function, such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet
count), von Willebrand disease (a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor,

Medications: Certain medications, such as anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, heparin), antiplatelet drugs
(e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can affect platelet
function or blood clotting and lead to prolonged bleeding time.

Q4. Name the conditions in which bleeding time is prolonged.

Conditions in which bleeding time may be prolonged include:

Hemophilia: A genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to form blood clots due to a deficiency
in clotting factors, most commonly factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B).

Liver Disease: Conditions such as cirrhosis or liver failure can lead to impaired production of
clotting factors, resulting in prolonged bleeding time.

Vitamin K Deficiency: Vitamin K is necessary for the production of clotting factors. A deficiency
can lead to impaired blood clotting and prolonged bleeding time.

Q5. Name factors on which bleeding time depends.

Platelet Count: The number of platelets in the blood affects the ability of blood to clot. A low
platelet count (thrombocytopenia) can lead to prolonged bleeding time.

Coagulation Factors: The presence and proper function of various coagulation factors (such as
factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII) are essential for blood clotting. Deficiencies or
abnormalities in these factors can result in prolonged bleeding time.

DEPARTMENT OF BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING, AIR UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD
PHYSIOLOGY-1 COURSE CODE: BM-111L

Q6. How does bleeding time and clotting time differ?

Bleeding Time: Bleeding time is a test that measures the time it takes for a small, standardized
incision to stop bleeding. It primarily assesses the function of platelets and blood vessel integrity. The
test is performed by making a small incision on the forearm or earlobe and measuring the time until
bleeding stops. Normal bleeding time is typically 2 to 9 minutes.

Clotting Time: Clotting time, also known as coagulation time, measures the time it takes for blood to
clot in a test tube under standardized conditions. It reflects the overall function of the clotting factors
in the blood. The test is performed by collecting a blood sample in a test tube and monitoring the
formation of a clot. Normal clotting time is usually less than 6 minutes.

Conclusion:

Overall, determining bleeding is essential for diagnosing bleeding disorders, monitoring

anticoagulant therapy, assessing platelet and coagulation factor function, and ensuring safe surgical
procedures.

DEPARTMENT OF BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING, AIR UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD