CORE JAVA /OOPS

Q1: What are the advantages of OOPL?

Ans: Object oriented programming languages directly represent the real life
objects. The features of OOPL as inhreitance, polymorphism, encapsulation makes
it powerful.

Q2: What do mean by polymorphisum, inheritance, encapsulation?

Ans: Polymorhisum: is a feature of OOPl that at run time depending upon the type
of object the appropriate method is called.
Inheritance: is a feature of OOPL that represents the "is a" relationship between
different objects(classes). Say in real life a manager is a employee. So in OOPL
manger class is inherited from the employee class.
Encapsulation: is a feature of OOPL that is used to hide the information.

Q3: What do you mean by static methods?

Ans: By using the static method there is no need creating an object of that class to
use that method. We can directly call that method on that class. For example, say
class A has static function f(), then we can call f() function as A.f(). There is no
need of creating an object of class A.

Q4: What do you mean by virtual methods?

Ans: virtual methods are used to use the polymorphism feature in C++. Say class A
is inherited from class B. If we declare say function f() as virtual in class B and
override the same function in class A then at runtime appropriate method of the
class will be called depending upon the type of the object.

Q5: Given two tables Student(SID, Name, Course) and Level(SID, level) write
the SQL statement to get the name and SID of the student who are taking
course = 3 and at freshman level.

Ans: SELECT Student. name, Student. SID

FROM Student, Level
WHERE Student. SID = Level. SID
AND Level. Level = "freshman"
AND Student. Course = 3;
Q6: What are the disadvantages of using threads?

Ans: DeadLock.

Q1: Write the Java code to declare any constant (say gravitational constant)
and to get its value

Ans: Class ABC

{
static final float GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT = 9.8;
public void getConstant()
{
system.out.println("Gravitational_Constant: " + GRAVITATIONAL_CONSTANT);
}
}
Q2: What do you mean by multiple inheritance in C++ ?

Ans: Multiple inheritance is a feature in C++ by which one class can be of different
types. Say class teachingAssistant is inherited from two classes say teacher and
Student.

Q3: Can you write Java code for declaration of multiple inheritance in Java ?

Ans: Class C extends A implements B

{
}

1. What are the Object and Class classes used for?

The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The
Class class is used to represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded
by a Java program.

2. What is Serialization and deserialization?

Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte

stream.
Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects.

1. What interface must an object implement before it can be written to a

stream as an object?
 An object must implement the Serializable or Externalizable interface
before it can be written to a stream as an object.

2. What is the ResourceBundle class?

The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that

can be loaded by a program to tailor the program's appearance to the
particular locale in which it is being run.

1. What class allows you to read objects directly from a stream?

The ObjectInputStream class supports the reading of objects from input

streams.

2. How are this() and super() used with constructors?

this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to

invoke a superclass constructor.

3. How is it possible for two String objects with identical values not to be equal
under the == operator?

The == operator compares two objects to determine if they are the same
object in memory. It is possible for two String objects to have the same
value, but located indifferent areas of memory.

1. How does multithreading take place on a computer with a single CPU?

The operating system's task scheduler allocates execution time to multiple

tasks. By quickly switching between executing tasks, it creates the
impression that tasks execute sequentially.

2. What restrictions are placed on method overloading?

Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different
return types.

3. What restrictions are placed on method overriding?

Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and return
type. The overriding method may not limit the access of the method it
overrides. The overriding method may not throw any exceptions that may
not be thrown by the overridden method.
1. What happens when a thread cannot acquire a lock on an object?

If a thread attempts to execute a synchronized method or synchronized

statement and is unable to acquire an object's lock, it enters the waiting
state until the lock becomes available.

2. What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the
InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?

The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the

InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented.

3. What classes of exceptions may be caught by a catch clause?

A catch clause can catch any exception that may be assigned to the
Throwable type. This includes the Error and Exception types.

1. What is the purpose of finalization?

The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity

to perform any cleanup processing before the object is garbage collected.

1. What is synchronization and why is it important?

With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control

the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without
synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object
while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object's
value. This often causes dirty data and leads to significant errors.

2. What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?

Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an

object. A thread only executes a synchronized method after it has
acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized
statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement
can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object
or class referenced in the synchronized statement.
1. What is the serialization?

The serialization is a kind of mechanism that makes a class or a bean

persistence by having its properties or fields and state information saved
and restored to and from storage.

2. How to make a class or a bean serializable?

By implementing either the java.io.Serializable interface, or the

java.io.Externalizable interface. As long as one class in a class's inheritance
hierarchy implements Serializable or Externalizable, that class is
serializable.

3. How many methods in the Serializable interface?

There is no method in the Serializable interface. The Serializable

interface acts as a marker, telling the object serialization tools that your
class is serializable.

4. How many methods in the Externalizable interface?

There are two methods in the Externalizable interface. You have to

implement these two methods in order to make your class externalizable.
These two methods are readExternal() and writeExternal().

5. What is the difference between Serializalble and Externalizable interface?

When you use Serializable interface, your class is serialized automatically

by default. But you can override writeObject() and readObject() two
methods to control more complex object serailization process. When you
use Externalizable interface, you have a complete control over your class's
serialization process.

6. What is a transient variable?

A transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized. If you don't

want some field not to be serialized, you can mark that field transient or
static.
Connecting to a Database

JDBC Questions

1. What is JDBC?

JDBC is a layer of abstraction that allows users to choose between

databases. It allows you to change to a different database engine and to
write to a single API. JDBC allows you to write database applications in
Java without having to concern yourself with the underlying details of a
particular database.

2. What are the two major components of JDBC?

One implementation interface for database manufacturers, the other

implementation interface for application and applet writers.

3. What is JDBC Driver interface?

The JDBC Driver interface provides vendor-specific implementations of

the abstract classes provided by the JDBC API. Each vendors driver must
provide implementations of the
java.sql.Connection,Statement,PreparedStatement, CallableStatement,
ResultSet and Driver.

4. What are the common tasks of JDBC?

o Create an instance of a JDBC driver or load JDBC drivers through
jdbc.drivers
o Register a driver
o Specify a database
o Open a database connection
o Submit a query
o Receive results
5. What packages are used by JDBC?

There are 8 packages: java.sql.Driver, Connection,Statement,

PreparedStatement, CallableStatement, ResultSet, ResultSetMetaData,
DatabaseMetaData.

6. What are the flow statements of JDBC?

A URL string -->getConnection-->DriverManager-->Driver-->Connection--

>Statement-->executeQuery-->ResultSet.
7. What are the steps involved in establishing a connection?

This involves two steps: (1) loading the driver and (2) making the
connection.

8. How can you load the drivers?

Loading the driver or drivers you want to use is very simple and involves
just one line of code. If, for example, you want to use the JDBC-ODBC
Bridge driver, the following code will load it:

Eg.
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Your driver documentation will give you the class name to use. For instance,
if the class name is jdbc.DriverXYZ , you would load the driver with the
following line of code:
E.g.
Class.forName("jdbc.DriverXYZ");

9. What Class.forName will do while loading drivers?

It is used to create an instance of a driver and register it with the

DriverManager. When you have loaded a driver, it is available for making a
connection with a DBMS.

10. How can you make the connection?

In establishing a connection is to have the appropriate driver connect to

the DBMS. The following line of code illustrates the general idea:

E.g.
String url = "jdbc:odbc:Fred";
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "Fernanda", "J8");

11. How can you create JDBC statements?

A Statement object is what sends your SQL statement to the DBMS. You
simply create a Statement object and then execute it, supplying the
appropriate execute method with the SQL statement you want to send. For
a SELECT statement, the method to use is executeQuery. For statements
that create or modify tables, the method to use is executeUpdate. E.g. It
takes an instance of an active connection to create a Statement object. In
 the following example, we use our Connection object con to create the
Statement object stmt :

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

12. How can you retrieve data from the ResultSet?

First JDBC returns results in a ResultSet object, so we need to declare an

instance of the class ResultSet to hold our results. The following code
demonstrates declaring the ResultSet object rs.

E.g.
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COF_NAME, PRICE FROM
COFFEES");

Second:
String s = rs.getString("COF_NAME");
The method getString is invoked on the ResultSet object rs , so getString
will retrieve (get) the value stored in the column COF_NAME in the
current row of rs

13. What are the different types of Statements?

1.Statement (use createStatement method) 2. Prepared Statement (Use

prepareStatement method) and 3. Callable Statement (Use prepareCall)

14. How can you use PreparedStatement?

This special type of statement is derived from the more general class,
Statement. If you want to execute a Statement object many times, it will
normally reduce execution time to use a PreparedStatement object
instead. The advantage to this is that in most cases, this SQL statement
will be sent to the DBMS right away, where it will be compiled. As a result,
the PreparedStatement object contains not just an SQL statement, but an
SQL statement that has been precompiled. This means that when the
PreparedStatement is executed, the DBMS can just run the
PreparedStatement 's SQL statement without having to compile it first.

E.g.
PreparedStatement updateSales = con.prepareStatement("UPDATE
COFFEES SET SALES = ? WHERE COF_NAME LIKE ?");

15. How to call a Stored Procedure from JDBC?

 The first step is to create a CallableStatement object. As with Statement
an and PreparedStatement objects, this is done with an open Connection
object. A CallableStatement object contains a call to a stored procedure;

E.g.
CallableStatement cs = con.prepareCall("{call SHOW_SUPPLIERS}");
ResultSet rs = cs.executeQuery();

16. How to Retrieve Warnings?

SQLWarning objects are a subclass of SQLException that deal with

database access warnings. Warnings do not stop the execution of an
application, as exceptions do; they simply alert the user that something did
not happen as planned. A warning can be reported on a Connection object, a
Statement object (including PreparedStatement and CallableStatement
objects), or a ResultSet object. Each of these classes has a getWarnings
method, which you must invoke in order to see the first warning reported
on the calling object

E.g.
SQLWarning warning = stmt.getWarnings();
if (warning != null) {

while (warning != null) {

System.out.println("Message: " + warning.getMessage());
System.out.println("SQLState: " + warning.getSQLState());
System.out.print("Vendor error code: ");
System.out.println(warning.getErrorCode());
warning = warning.getNextWarning();
}
}

17. How to Make Updates to Updatable Result Sets?

Another new feature in the JDBC 2.0 API is the ability to update rows in a
result set using methods in the Java programming language rather than
having to send an SQL command. But before you can take advantage of this
capability, you need to create a ResultSet object that is updatable. In
order to do this, you supply the ResultSet constant CONCUR_UPDATABLE
to the createStatement method.

E.g.
 Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mySubprotocol:mySubName");
Statement stmt =
con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet uprs = ("SELECT COF_NAME, PRICE FROM COFFEES");

Strings HANDLING

Constructing a String

If you are constructing a string with several appends, it may be more efficient to
construct it using a StringBuffer and then convert it to an immutable String
object.

StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer("Initial Text");

// Modify
int index = 1;
buf.insert(index, "abc");
buf.append("def");

// Convert to string
String s = buf.toString();
Getting a Substring from a String
int start = 1;
int end = 4;
String substr = "aString".substring(start, end); // Str

Searching a String

String string = "aString";

// First occurrence.
int index = string.indexOf('S'); // 1

// Last occurrence.
index = string.lastIndexOf('i'); // 4

// Not found.
index = string.lastIndexOf('z'); // -1

Replacing Characters in a String

// Replace all occurrences of 'a' with 'o'

String newString = string.replace('a', 'o');

Replacing Substrings in a String

static String replace(String str,

String pattern, String replace) {
int s = 0;
int e = 0;
StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();

while ((e = str.indexOf(pattern, s)) >= 0) {

result.append(str.substring(s, e));
result.append(replace);
s = e+pattern.length();
}
result.append(str.substring(s));
return result.toString();
}

Converting a String to Upper or Lower Case

// Convert to upper case

String upper = string.toUpperCase();

// Convert to lower case

String lower = string.toLowerCase();
Converting a String to a Number
int i = Integer.parseInt("123");
long l = Long.parseLong("123");
float f = Float.parseFloat("123.4");
double d = Double.parseDouble("123.4e10");

Breaking a String into Words

String aString = "word1 word2 word3";
StringTokenizer parser =
new StringTokenizer(aString);
while (parser.hasMoreTokens()) {
processWord(parser.nextToken());

JSP /Servlets

1. What is the servlet?

Servlets are modules that extend request/response-oriented servers, such

as Java-enabled web servers. For example, a servlet may be responsible for
taking data in an HTML order-entry form and applying the business logic
used to update a company's order database.

2. What's the difference between servlets and applets?

Servlets are to servers; applets are to browsers. Unlike applets, however,

servlets have no graphical user interface.

3. What's the advantages using servlets than using CGI?

Servlets provide a way to generate dynamic documents that is both easier

to write and faster to run. It is efficient, convenient, powerful, portable,
secure and inexpensive. Servlets also address the problem of doing server-
side programming with platform-specific APIs: they are developed with
Java Servlet API, a standard Java extension.

4. What are the uses of Servlets?

 A servlet can handle multiple requests concurrently, and can synchronize
requests. This allows servlets to support systems such as on-line
conferencing. Servlets can forward requests to other servers and servlets.
Thus servlets can be used to balance load among several servers that
mirror the same content, and to partition a single logical service over
several servers, according to task type or organizational boundaries.

5. What's the Servlet Interface?

The central abstraction in the Servlet API is the Servlet interface. All
servlets implement this interface, either directly or, more commonly, by
extending a class that implements it such as HttpServlet.

Servlets-->Generic Servlet-->HttpServlet-->MyServlet.

The Servlet interface declares, but does not implement, methods that
manage the servlet and its communications with clients. Servlet writers
provide some or all of these methods when developing a servlet.

6. When a servlet accepts a call from a client, it receives two objects. What
are they?

ServeltRequest: which encapsulates the communication from the client to

the server.

ServletResponse: which encapsulates the communication from the servlet

back to the client.

ServletRequest and ServletResponse are interfaces defined by the

javax.servlet package.

7. What information that the ServletRequest interface allows the servlet

access to?

Information such as the names of the parameters passed in by the client,

the protocol (scheme) being used by the client, and the names of the
remote host that made the request and the server that received it. The
input stream, ServletInputStream.Servlets use the input stream to get
data from clients that use application protocols such as the HTTP POST
and PUT methods.

8. What information that the ServletResponse interface gives the servlet

methods for replying to the client?
 It Allows the servlet to set the content length and MIME type of the
reply. Provides an output stream, ServletOutputStream and a Writer
through which the servlet can send the reply data.

9. If you want a servlet to take the same action for both GET and POST
request, what should you do?

Simply have doGet call doPost, or vice versa.

10. What is the servlet life cycle?

Each servlet has the same life cycle:
A server loads and initializes the servlet (init())
The servlet handles zero or more client requests (service())
The server removes the servlet (destroy()) (some servers do this step only
when they shut down)
11. Which code line must be set before any of the lines that use the
PrintWriter?

setContentType() method must be set before transmitting the actual

document.

12. How HTTP Servlet handles client requests?

An HTTP Servlet handles client requests through its service method. The
service method supports standard HTTP client requests by dispatching
each request to a method designed to handle that request.