Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DECEMBER 2010
vii
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENT viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objective 4
1.4 Scope of Study 4
1.5 Rational and Significance 5
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Wastewater 6
2.2 Heavy Metals 8
2.2.1 Ferrum (II)
10
2.3 Biosorption 11
2.3.1 Biosorption Mechanism 13
2.3.1.1 Transport across cell
membranes 13
2.3.1.2 Physical adsorption 15
2.3.1.3 Ion Exchange 15
2.3.1.4 Complexation 15
2.3.1.5 Precipitation 16
2.3.2 Biosorbent 16
2.4 Water Spinach 18
3 METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.1.1 Overall Process Flow 22
3.2 Equipments/ Apparatus 23
3.3 Reagents 23
3.4 Preparation of Biosorbent 23
3.5 Preparation of FeSO4 Standard Curve 24
3.6 Analysis of Industrial Wastewater 25
3.7 Dilution of Wastewater Sample 26
3.8 Ferrum Biosorption Experiment 27
3.8.1 Effect of Contact Time 28
3.8.2 Effect of Water Spinach Amount 28
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REFERENCES 44
APPENDICES 47
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS
mg - Miligram
g - Gram
L - Liter
ppm - part per million
hr - Hour
o
C - Degree Celcius
% - Percentage
e.g - Example
2+
Fe - Ferrous Iron
Fe3+ - Ferric Iron
Cu2+ - Copper Ion
Zn2+ - Zink Ion
K+ - Potassium Ion
Na+ - Natrium Ion
2+
Ca - Calcium Ion
Mg2+ - Magnesium Ion
Cd2+ - Cadmium Ion
Abs - Absorbance
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
H2SO4 - Sulphuric Acid
FeSO4 - Ferrum Sulphate
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX. TITLE
PAGE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
is one of the research that shows the ability of aquatic plant in removing heavy
metals from water. Biosorption is presented as an alternative to traditional
physicochemical means for removing toxic metals from ground-waters and
wastewater (Lalitagauri et.al., 2003). Doyorum et al., (2006) reported that
biosorption is an economically feasible alternative method for removing heavy
metals. Discovery on the unique ability of aquatic plant in absorbing heavy metals
from wastewater are very useful for wastewater treatment. Microprecipitation, ion
exchange, chemisorptions, complexation, hydroxide condensation onto the
biosurface, surface adsorption are the known mechanisms that involved in the
biosorption process.
In this research, Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) is used for the same
purpose which is removing heavy metals from wastewater. Water spinach is an
herbaceous trailing vine that dwells in muddy stream banks, freshwater ponds, and
marshes. This perennial aquatic vine is confined to the tropics and subtropics zones
because it is susceptible to frosts and does not grow well when temperatures are
below 23.9 C, meaning that this aquatic plant can be found easily in Malaysia.
The heavy metal focused in this research is Ferrum (Fe) which is one of the
vital elements for humans and for other forms of life. Nevertheless, high dosage of
Ferrum are known to cause hemorrhagic necrosis, sloughing of mucosa areas in the
stomach, tissue damage to a variety of organs by catalyzing the conversion of H2O2
to free radical ions that attack cell membranes, proteins and break the DNA double
3
strands and cause oncogene activation (Mahesh et al., 2008). With pathological
conditions it is known that Fe metabolism and superoxide metabolism can exacerbate
the toxicity of each other. Further Fe toxicity leads to diabetes mellitus,
atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, hormonal abnormalities, and a
dysfunctional immune system. Moreover, oxidative stress induced by excess Fe may
also cause brain damage (Gurzau et al., 2003).
1.3 Objective
In order to achieve the objective of this research, the scope of study has been
determined to based on two parameters which are the contact time between the water
spinach and the industrial wastewater and amount of water spinach (Ipomoea
aquatica) used in the biosorption of ferrum.
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Ferrum is one of the most hazardous metals that can be easily found in our
environment and can lead to many disorders, diseases and sickness. Majorly, this
problem is caused by the industrial wastewater containing high concentration of
ferrum discharged by the industry. Thus, the ferrum contained in industrial
wastewater needed to be treated before discharged into the environment. In this
study, the wastewater that contains high concentration of ferrum is obtained from
Huntsman Tioxide (M) Sdn. Bhd. The biosorption method is chose which can reduce
the cost in removing heavy metals from wastewater compared to other process such
as chemical precipitation and ion exchange.
Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) is used in this study as the biosorbent for
the biosorption of ferrum. This aquatic plant is easy to find because of its high
growth rate in swamps, lake, canal and drainage systems. Furthermore, the cost of
wastewater treatment can be reduced. By doing this study we can also settle
problems that caused by water spinach to the environment such as the blockage of
canals and rivers that can even cause dangerous flooding.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Wastewater
activities have declined through the years. This environmental issue is mainly
stressed in developing countries today.
To deal with the wastewaters, many types of treatment systems are used to
treat their wastewater such as sedimentation, coagulation, lagoon & pond, activated
sludge, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, land treatment system, reverse osmosis,
electro dialysis, ozonation, filtration, flocculation etc. The treatment systems used are
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based on the type of contaminant detected in the wastewater. The treatment systems
that are usually used for heavy metals contaminants are land treatment system,
chemical precipitation and ion exchange.
Wallace et al., have reported that the increasing use of metals and chemicals
in the process industries has resulted in the generation of large quantities of aqueous
effluents that contain high levels of heavy metals, creating serious environmental
disposal problems. Additionally, mining, mineral processing and extractive
metallurgical operations generate huge volumes of toxic liquid waste.
According to the previous study, the presence of certain heavy metals in the
environment specifically in various water resources is of major concern because of
their toxicity, non-biodegradable nature and threat to human, animal and plant life.
Ferrum is one of the most prevalent metals among various metal ions present in
wastewater that are detected in the waste streams from industries.
In the aspect of health, Fe can be useful and can also be hazardous based on
the amount of it. Heavy metal ions such as Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ are essential
micronutrient for plant mechanism but when it present in excess it can become
extremely toxic(Williams LE et al., 2000). Further Fe toxicity leads to diabetes
mellitus, hemochromatosis, atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases,
hormonal abnormalities, and a dysfunctional immune system. Moreover, oxidative
stress induced by excess ferrum may also cause brain damage (Gurzau et al., 2003).
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2.3 Biosorption
The search for new technologies involving the removal of toxic metals from
wastewaters has directed attention to biosorption, based on metal binding capacities
of various biological materials
Figure 2.1 is one from previous research which shows the potential of various
aquatic plants in biosorption of ferrum. The percentage biosorption of the elements in
the plants increase according to this sequence: Eicchornia crassipes (65%) > Pistia
stratiotes (73%)> Lemna major (76%)> H.verticillata (78.5%)>Ipomoea
aquatic(80.5%)> Nymphaeae spp (84 %) > Nelumbo nucifera(84.5) > Nymphoides
indica ( 88%) in 6 days (Begum et. al., 2009).
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In the case of precipitation, the metal uptake may take place both in the
solution and on the cell surface (Ercole et al., 1994). Precipitation may not be
dependent on the cells' metabolism, if it occurs after a chemical interaction between
the metal and cell surface.
The metal transport systems may become confused by the presence of heavy
metal ions of the same charge and ionic radius associated with essential ions. This
kind of mechanism is not associated with metabolic activity. Basically biosorption by
living organisms comprises of two steps. First, a metabolism independent binding
where the metals are bound to the cell walls and second, metabolism dependent
intracellular uptake, whereby metal ions are transported across the cell membrane. (
Costa, et.al., 1990, Gadd et.al., 1988, Ghourdon et.al., 1990, Huang et.al., 1990.,
Nourbaksh et.al., 1994).
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In this category, physical adsorption takes place with the help of van der
Waals' forces. Kuyucak and Volesky 1988, hypothesized that uranium, cadmium,
zinc, copper and cobalt biosorption by dead biomasses of algae, fungi and yeasts
takes place through electrostatic interactions between the metal ions in solutions and
cell walls of microbial cells. Electrostatic interactions have been demonstrated to be
responsible for copper biosorption by bacterium Zoogloea ramigera and alga
Chiarella vulgaris (Aksu et al. 1992).
2.3.1.4 Complexation
The metal removal from solution may also take place by complex formation
on the cell surface after the interaction between the metal and the active groups.
Aksu et al., (1992) hypothesized that biosorption of copper by C. vulgaris and Z.