REPORTS
tribution, calculated assuming NS/pR2 = 0.5
(Fig. 2), envelopes most of the observed data
points. In reality, there is a wide range of Si II line
strengths; accordingly, the numbers and sizes of
lumps may not be the same for all the SNe. The
observed polarization-Dm15 correlation appears to
be tighter than that given by the Monte Carlo
model. This is perhaps an indication of a non-
negligible amount of large-scale asymmetry of the
SN ejecta, especially for those SNe with high
polarization and Dm15. Such large-scale asymme-
tries do not generate noticeable amounts of
polarization in the continuum, which is formed
deeper inside, and can be identified with large
plumes located above the SN photosphere. It may
also be generated from the interaction of the ejecta
with circumstellar material, such as an accretion
disk before the explosion of the white dwarf
progenitor. Alternatively, the observed tight cor-
relation may be due to a global aspherical
explosion. In this case, a tight correlation implies
that a more asymmetric explosion generates
intrinsically dimmer SNe. However, we stress
that the asymmetries we observe here are confined
to the high-velocity regions and do not affect the
geometric shape of SN photosphere around the
optical maximum. Any large-scale asymmetry is
therefore confined only to the outermost layers.
Because the light curve of a SN Ia is powered
by the radioactive decay of 56Ni, we infer (Fig. 2)
a possible anticorrelation between the amount of
56
Ni synthesized in SNe Ia and the asphericity of
the silicon-rich layer.
Our result puts strong constraints on any
successful models of SNe Ia. At around optical
maximum, the photosphere is typically located at
velocities around 12,000 km/s as measured from
P-cygni line profiles, which according to hydro-
dynamic calculations (7) of delayed detonation is
close to the velocity zones dominated by iron
group elements. The absence of notable polariza-
tion at this velocity is evidence in support of
delayed detonation.
Formation of a Nematic Fluid at High
Fields in Sr3Ru2O7
R. A. Borzi,1,2,3* S. A. Grigera,1,4 J. Farrell,1 R. S. Perry,1 S. J. S. Lister,1 S. L. Lee,1
D. A. Tennant,5 Y. Maeno,6 A. P. Mackenzie1*
In principle, a complex assembly of strongly interacting electrons can self-organize into a wide variety of
collective states, but relatively few such states have been identified in practice. We report that, in the
close vicinity of a metamagnetic quantum critical point, high-purity strontium ruthenate Sr3Ru2O7
possesses a large magnetoresistive anisotropy, consistent with the existence of an electronic nematic
fluid. We discuss a striking phenomenological similarity between our observations and those made in
high-purity two-dimensional electron fluids in gallium arsenide devices.
n the standard materials that form the basis of
I most of today’s electronic technology, the
Hamiltonian for the outer electrons is domi-
nated by the attraction to the ions of the crys-
214 12 JANUARY 2007
Details of delayed-detonation models af- 11. D. A. Howell, P. Höflich, L. Wang, J. C. Wheeler,
fect the brightness and the geometric structure
of SNe Ia. Larger departures from sphericity imply
that less of the central region is scoured of
irregularities in the composition left by pure
deflagration models, thus less material burned to
thermonuclear equilibrium, and hence dimmer
SNe, in accordance with the statistical trend
revealed by our studies.
Lastly, we remark on the use of SNe Ia as
standard candles. Asymmetry introduces intrinsic
magnitude and color dispersions. Intrinsic color
dispersion may be particularly important because
it makes precise extinction corrections difficult.
The stochastic nature of the origin of the asym-
metry suggest that the color corrections can only
be performed in a statistical sense. It is perhaps
difficult to find pairs of SNe Ia with identical light
curves and spectroscopic properties.
The application of spectropolarimetric ob-
serving techniques to SNe Ia permits the geo-
metric structures of SNe to be probed even
though they are at distances that cannot be
spatially resolved. The explosion of SNe Ia is
intrinsically a three-dimensional phenomenon,
and a phase of delayed detonation is necessary to
account for the observed geometric and chemical
differentiation.
References and Notes
1. J. Whelan, I. J. Iben, Astrophys. J. 186, 1007 (1973).
2. D. Arnett, Astrophys. Space Sci. 5, 180 (1969).
3. K. Nomoto, D. Sugimoto, S. Neo, Astrophys. Space Sci.
39, L37 (1976).
4. A. M. Khokhlov, Astron. Astrophys. 245, 114 (1991).
5. M. Reinecke, W. Hillebrandt, J. C. Niemeyer, Astron.
Astrophys. 391, 1167 (2002).
6. T. Plewa, A. C. Calder, D. Q. Lamb, Astrophys. J. 12, L37
(2004).
7. V. N. Gamezo, A. M. Khokhlov, E. S. Oran, Astrophys. J.
627, 337 (2005).
8. P. Höflich, Astron. Astrophys. 246, 481 (1991).
9. L. Wang, J. C. Wheeler, Z. Li, A. Clocchiatti, Astrophys. J.
467, 435 (1996).
10. L. Wang, J. C. Wheeler, P. Höflich, Astrophys. J. 476, L27
(1997).
talline lattice. In “strongly correlated” materials,
this is no longer true. The Coulomb interaction
between electrons is large, so it might be ex-
pected to add a large term to the Hamiltonian that
VOL 315 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
Astrophys. J. 556, 302 (2001).
12. L. Wang et al., Astrophys. J. 591, 1110 (2003).
13. L. Wang et al., Astrophys. J.; preprint available online at
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/papernum=0409593.
14. D. C. Leonard et al., Astrophys. J. 632, 450 (2005).
15. D. Kasen et al., Astrophys. J. 593, 788 (2003).
16. L. Wang, D. A. Howell, P. Höflich, J. C. Wheeler,
Astrophys. J. 550, 1030 (2001).
17. M. M. Phillips, Astrophys. J. 413, L105 (1993).
18. P. E. Nugent, M. M. Phillips, E. Baron, D. Branch,
P. H. Hauschildt, Astrophys. J. 455, L147 (1995).
19. L. Wang et al., Astrophys. J. 641, 50 (2006).
20. S. Chandarsekha, Radiative Transfer (Dover, New York,
1960), p. 22.
21. A. G. Riess et al., Astron. J. 117, 707 (1999).
22. S. Jha et al., Astrophys. J. 131, 527 (2006).
23. W. Li et al., Astron. J. 117, 2709 (1999).
24. P. M. Garnavich et al., Astrophys. J. 613, 1120
(2004).
25. J. Vinkó et al., Astron. Astrophys. 397, 115
(2003).
26. K. Krisciunas et al., Astron. J. 125, 166 (2003).
27. S. Benetti et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 348, 261
(2004).
28. A. Pastorello et al., personal communication.
29. We thank the ESO for the generous allocation of observing
time, the staff of the Paranal Observatory for their
competent and never-tiring support of this project in
service mode, J. C. Wheeler for discussions, and the
anonymous referees that helped to improve this paper. The
research of L.W. is supported in part by the Director, Office
of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, U.S.
Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC03-
76SF000098. The SN polarimetry project, on which this
study is based, has greatly benefited from contributions by
J. C. Wheeler and P. Höflich. This work is based in part on
observations obtained at the ESO, Chile [programs
64.H-0617(B), 66.D-0328(A), 67.D-0517(A), 68.D-0571(A),
69.D-0438(A), 70.D-0111(A), 71.D-0141(A), 073.D-0771(A),
and 075.D-0628(A)].
Supporting Online Material
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1121656/DC1
SOM Text
Fig. S1
References
21 October 2005; accepted 15 November 2006
Published online 30 November 2006;
10.1126/science.1121656
Include this information when citing this paper.
is not necessarily strongly related to the periodic
potential. However, in most correlated electron
systems studied to date, the many-electron col-
lective states still retain strong links with the lat-
tice, and the range of “correlated electron matter”
identified so far is considerably less diverse than
1
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and
Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews,
Fife KY16 9SS, UK. 2Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas
Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)–
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
(CONICET), Sucursal 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. 3Departamento
de Física, Instituto de Física de La Plata, UNLP, 1900 La Plata,
Argentina. 4Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos
(UNLP-CONICET–Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas), 1900
La Plata, Argentina. 5Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Glienicker Strasse
100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. 6Department of Physics and
International Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-
8501, Japan.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
r.chufo@gmail.com (R.A.B.); apm9@st-and.ac.uk (A.P.M.)

should, in principle, be possible. In itinerant sys-
tems, it almost always consists of electron liquids
such as Fermi liquids or superfluids that respect
the lattice symmetry; the identification of super-
conductors in which the condensate breaks some
lattice symmetries has been one of the triumphs
of the field. [For a recent review, see (1).]
In recent years, there have been proposals that
even more exotic electronic liquids might be
observable. In an analogy with the nematic state
of liquid crystals, which is characterized by
orientational but not positional order, it might be
possible to form nematic liquids in electronic sys-
tems with strong correlations (2). In the broadest
sense, a correlated electron nematic is charac-
terized by a lowering of rotational symmetry in its
itinerant properties that is not simply a conse-
quence of a symmetry lowering of the lattice.
We report electrical transport phenomena that
show that the correlated electron system possesses
this key property of a nematic fluid. In previous
work, we have argued that a novel quantum phase
forms in the vicinity of a metamagnetic quantum
critical point in the correlated electron oxide
Sr3Ru2O7 (3–5). Here, we show that this state is
accompanied by pronounced magnetoresistive
anisotropies that have two-fold symmetry and
can be aligned using modest in-plane magnetic
fields. Even in the presence of these two-fold
anisotropies, neutron single-crystal diffraction
resolves no change from the initial square
symmetry of the lattice. The overall phenomenol-
Sr3Ru2O7 (14). Previous work has shown that the
large resistive anomaly of Fig. 1A disappears
rapidly with tilt angle (18), leaving behind much
weaker signals in r that trace the origin of the two
first-order phase transitions as a bifurcation from a
single first-order transition at q ≈ 60° (5), marked
by the white arrow in Fig. 2A. At first sight, this
seems to contradict the identification of the
bounded region between the two first-order lines
as a single distinctive phase; there was no evidence
that the sudden drop in resistivity with the angle
at q ≈ 80° coincided with any phase boundary. The
apparent contradiction can be resolved by postulat-
ing the existence of domains of some kind. In such
a picture, the behavior shown in Figs. 1A and 2A
would be due to these domains producing the extra
scattering. The fact that the anomalous scattering
disappears so rapidly as q increases would then be
most straightforwardly interpreted as being due to
the in-plane component of the tilted magnetic field
(Hin-plane) destroying the domains.
However, instead of simply removing the
anomalous peak, Hin-plane exposed an intrinsic
asymmetry of the underlying phase, defining
Fig. 1. The two diagonal A B
components raa and rbb of 3.0
the in-plane magnetoresis-
tivity tensor of a high-purity
single crystal of Sr3Ru2O7.
(A) For an applied field 2.5
parallel to the crystalline c
ρ (µΩ cm)
REPORTS
“easy” and “hard” directions for magnetotrans-
port. These easy and hard directions are shown in
Fig. 1B. In previous experiments (3–5), we had
worked with the current I // b ⊥ Hin-plane, so that
the standard metallic transverse magneto-
resistance rbb could be studied across the whole
phase diagram. In that configuration (red traces in
Fig. 1), the anomalous scattering disappears
rapidly as Hin-plane increases. However, the
behavior of raa (measured with I // a // Hin-plane)
is completely different. As shown by the black
traces in Fig. 1, the scattering rate remains high
even for an angle at which the anomalous
scattering is absent for I ⊥ Hin-plane.
Pronounced in-plane resistive anisotropy can
have a number of origins. There is known to be a
strong magnetostructural coupling in Sr3Ru2O7,
so one possibility is a symmetry-lowering struc-
tural phase transition giving the resistive anisot-
ropy due to a corresponding anisotropy in the
hopping integrals. Another is the formation of
field-alignable magnetic domains such as those
examined in the context of itinerant metamag-
netism in recent theoretical work (19, 20).
3.0
100 mK
2.5

ogy of our observations bears a striking resem-

blance to that observed in gallium arsenide (GaAs) axis (with an alignment
devices near the high-field limit (6–9), which accuracy of better than 2°),
raa (black) and rbb (red) are 2.0 2.0
suggests that the nematic phenomena previously
almost identical. (B) With
thought to be specific to close proximity to a
the crystal tilted such that
fractional quantum Hall state may be more general. the field is 13° from c,
The single crystals used in the present work Η // c-axis θ = 77
o
giving an in-plane compo- 1.5 1.5
were grown in an image furnace with techniques nent along a, a pronounced
described fully in (10). All transport data shown are anisotropy is seen, with the 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
measurements of the in-plane magnetoresistiv- easy direction for current µ0H (T) µ0H (T)
ity, denoted r (11). Crystal purity is crucial in flow being along b, perpen-
Sr3Ru2O7. For a residual resistivity ro ≈ 3 mW·cm dicular to the in-plane field component (18). If the in-plane field component is aligned along b instead, the
(corresponding to a mean free path of ~300 Å easy direction switches to current flow along a.
or less), the phase diagram contains a quantum
critical point (QCP) that can be accessed by the
application of a magnetic field of ~7.8 T parallel to
the crystalline c axis and the effects of which have
A T B
H I H // I
now been studied with a variety of experimental in-plane in-plane

probes (12–17). As the purity is increased, first-

order phase transitions appear as the QCP is
approached, and measurements of at least five
thermodynamic and transport properties contain
features whose loci enclose a well-defined region of
80

1.4 1.4
80

the phase diagram in the vicinity of the QCP.

A

A
60

60
ng

ng

1.2 1.2
Previously, we have argued that these observations
le

le

Hc /H
c
(d
40

(d

H/
40
eg

1.0 1.0 H
gr

are indicative of the formation of a new quantum h= h=

ree

ee
20

20
s)

s)

phase (3–5). For fields applied parallel to c, r has a 0.8 0. 8

0

pronounced anomaly when this phase is entered
(Fig. 1A). The two steep “sidewalls” coincide with
first-order phase transitions that can be observed
using ac susceptibility or magnetization. The angle,
q, of the applied magnetic field to the ab plane
of the crystal is a known tuning parameter in
Fig. 2. Three-dimensional plots of the magnetoresistivity components rbb (A) and raa (B) of a
single crystal of Sr3Ru2O7 as the external magnetic field is rotated from alignment along the
crystalline a axis (0°) to alignment along the crystalline c axis (90°), at a constant temperature of
100 mK. The quantity Hc(q) that normalizes h is the main metamagnetic transition (i.e., the one
that dominates the change in the magnetic moment). It varies smoothly from 5.1 T at 0° to 7.87 T
at 90°. The same data plotted without this normalization are shown in SOM Text 3.

www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 315 12 JANUARY 2007 215

REPORTS
To investigate these possibilities, we first 90°). The temperature is 100 mK. Figure 2A direction of the field is rotated by 90°, the an-
carried out measurements of r(H) and magnetic shows the magnetoresistivity for the easy direction, isotropy is reversed and a becomes the easy
susceptibility c(H) at temperatures between 20 rbb, and Fig. 2B that for the hard direction, raa. direction. Checks show that the rotation is not
mK and 4 K on 20 samples from three different Figure 3 shows typical data for the difference smooth; the easy direction is either along a or b but
batches with a wide variety of shapes, 6 of which in r between the hard and easy directions (main cannot be made to lie, for example, at 45°. (iii) As
were cut from the same piece of crystal (SOM figure) and the temperature dependence of r in a can be seen in the lower inset to Fig. 3, the presence
Text 3). Shapes vary from square plates with field of 7.4 T along both directions (upper inset). of a (small) symmetry-breaking Hin-plane slightly
sides A ≈ B >> C to rectangular plates with side Along the easy direction, standard metallic be- rounds off the transition in temperature, giving a
A >> B >> C to long cylinders with A ≈ B << C. havior is seen, whereas a nonmetallic temperature “tail” above 800 mK. This effect, which high-
In each class of sample, dimension C is aligned dependence is seen for the hard direction [in lights the fact that an in-plane field (that breaks
with the crystalline c axis, but we deliberately tested agreement with results reported previously (3, 4)]. rotational symmetry) is conjugate to the order
combinations of A and B that were aligned or In the presence of such temperature-dependent parameter, becomes more pronounced for lower
misaligned with the crystalline a and b axes (SOM anisotropy, it is reasonable to plot the difference angles, that is, for higher Hin-plane. (iv) Another
Text 1). An important result of all these experiments between raa and rbb, normalized by their sum, as a feature, weaker, broader, but still very notice-
is that, apart from a small region of hysteresis phenomenological order parameter. This is done in able, is seen in the hard direction for q < 40° and
(maximum width ~80 mT), all the first-order phase the lower inset to Fig. 3 at a field applied at q = 72°. h ≈ 1.2 (Fig. 2B). (v) The anisotropy described
boundaries observed in Sr3Ru2O7 were invariant Several striking features are evident from our in point (iv) is, like the one described in point (i),
under changes to the sample shape. This firmly data: (i) A key finding is that strong scattering can extremely sensitive to sample purity [(21) and
rules out demagnetization effects as playing a major be observed in the whole region of the phase SOM Text 4], strongly suggesting a common
role in determining the physics and, hence, directly diagram enclosed by the two first-order phase origin for the two. Its breadth in field and in
contradicts predictions concerning magnetic do- boundaries that bifurcate from a single first-order temperature (not shown) is also consistent with
mains (20). To check for a large spontaneous lat- transition line at q ≈ 60° (5). If there is an in-plane its proximity to the ab plane, that is, in the pres-
tice parameter anisotropy, we performed elastic field component, this scattering becomes strongly ence of a large in-plane magnetic field. Specific
neutron scattering measurements for H // c (SOM anisotropic. The present observations are im- heat data taken cooling down at its central field
Text 2). Within our experimental resolution of 4 × portant because if one interprets the lower inset (h ≈ 1.2) show a logarithmic divergence of C/T
10−5 ), we see no evidence of any difference in of Fig. 3 as evidence for an order parameter, one down to 1 K (21), giving good evidence that this
lattice parameters a and b in the anomalous region. sees that the phase that it describes is bounded feature, like that for fields parallel to c, is related
The experiments described above therefore (at low temperatures and constant q) by well- to incipient quantum criticality.
rule out two of the more standard explanations defined first-order phase transitions that are The combination of susceptibility, neutron
(magnetic domains and structural change) for the independent of extrinsic parameters such as scattering, and transport data gives strong evi-
anisotropy shown in Fig. 1B. In Fig. 2, we show sample shape. (ii) Although the easy direction in dence for the spontaneous formation of a struc-
the complete magnetoresistive field-angle “phase Fig. 2 is for currents passed along the b axis, this is tured, anisotropic state in the correlated electron
diagrams” for fields between 4.2 T and 9 T rotating determined by the in-plane field component having fluid as a quantum critical point is approached
the entire 90° from parallel to a to parallel to c (q = been directed along a for the data shown. If the in Sr3Ru2O7. Although the anisotropy is seen
explicitly in the presence of a weak symmetry-
breaking in-plane field component, there is
compelling evidence that the symmetry break-
ing of the correlated electron state is spontaneous
0.75 and exists even for H // c. The data shown in Fig.
1A can be reconciled with those at other parts of
the phase diagram (Fig. 1B and Fig. 2) if the hard
axis is randomly oriented along the a and b
directions in different regions of the sample,
0.50
leading to overall isotropy despite strong local
anisotropy. Such behavior is commonplace in
symmetry-broken states, for example, in simple
ferromagnets in zero applied magnetic field (22).
0.25 Interesting comparisons can be made between
the present data and those in other correlated sys-
tems. In-plane transport anisotropies have been
observed in both cuprates and manganites. In those
systems, the crystals are always orthorhombic, but
0.00 in some cases the anisotropy increases while the
7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 degree of orthorhombicity decreases, and strong
anomalies have been seen in the Hall effect, both of
which have been interpreted as evidence for spon-
Fig. 3. The temperature dependence of the difference between raa and rbb for fields applied at q = taneous charge-stripe formation (23–25). A much
72° such that the in-plane field component lies along a. (Upper inset) The temperature stronger similarity exists between our observations
dependence of raa (black) and rbb (red) for moH = 7.4 T applied in the direction specified above. and those on two-dimensional (2D) GaAs devices.
For this field orientation, rbb has a clearly metallic temperature dependence, whereas raa has the For example, it was shown (6–9) that if the de-
mildly nonmetallic temperature dependence previously reported for H // c in (3, 4). If the in-plane vices can be prepared with ultrahigh mobility such
field component is instead oriented along b, rbb and rbb switch in both magnitude and that the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE)
temperature dependence. (Lower inset) The temperature dependence of the difference between could be observed in the upper two Landau levels,
the two magnetoresistivities shown in the upper inset, normalized by their sum, which is similar to the correlated electron system does not make a
that expected for the order parameter associated with a continuous thermal phase transition. simple FQHE-Fermi liquid crossover as the field

216 12 JANUARY 2007 VOL 315 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org


is reduced and the filling is increased. In the N = 2
to N = 5 Landau levels, the FQHE is replaced by a
strong spontaneous resistive anisotropy aligned
with principal in-plane crystal axes, even though
the crystal symmetry shows no evidence of ortho-
rhombicity. The anisotropy exists even for fields
perpendicular to the plane of the device (presum-
ably because of some symmetry-breaking gra-
dients introduced during device fabrication) but
can be rotated by 90° by applying a modest in-
plane field. Just as in the present observations on
Sr3Ru2O7, the GaAs data have strong temperature
and purity dependencies, and the easy direction lies
perpendicular to an in-plane field applied along
one of the two relevant crystalline principal axes.
The phenomenological similarity between the
GaAs and Sr3Ru2O7 results suggests a common
origin for the observations. The disorder depen-
dence gives an important clue, because strong
sensitivity to elastic scattering is the signature of a
state that is anisotropic in k-space, as is well known
in unconventional superconductivity (26). The
challenge is how to reconcile what are, apparently,
large differences in the starting physical situations.
To promote self-organization of a correlated elec-
tron system, one must tune the ratio of a potential
energy term often summarized by the parameter U
(the Coulomb repulsion, which tends to localize)
to the kinetic energy, often denoted by W, which
tends to delocalize. If this is done “chemically,” by
forming new compounds, the change in the U/W
ratio is strongly linked to a change to the electron-
lattice coupling, because increasing U and decreas-
ing W also involves increasing the strength of the
periodic potential. In the GaAs devices, it is possi-
ble to increase the U/W ratio by quenching the
kinetic energy by going to very low Landau levels.
This leads to a relatively high effective correla-
tion strength without an increase in the effective
strength of the periodic potential. In Sr3Ru2O7,
similar basic physics is taking place but with a
different kind of tuning. It is intrinsically a strongly
correlated material, so the starting periodic poten-
tial is much larger than in GaAs. However, the
existence of an underlying metamagnetic quantum
critical point makes the quasiparticle mass m*
diverge on the approach to criticality (15, 27). This
mass divergence is another route to increasing
U/W without increasing the strength of the periodic
potential, hence freeing the correlated electron
fluid from its rigid link to the underlying lattice.
We have shown that in highly restricted parts
of its phase diagram, in proximity to metamag-
netic quantum critical points, the electron fluid in
Sr3Ru2O7 develops a strong resistive anisotropy,
whose hard and easy axes can be interchanged by
the application of modest in-plane magnetic
fields. The data are consistent with the formation
of a nematic state with broken rotational sym-
metry. Intriguingly, a correlated electron nematic
arising from a Pomeranchuk-like Fermi surface
distortion (4, 28–36) possesses two of the key
features that are present in our data and those from
GaAs, namely the k-space anisotropy that would
give a strong disorder dependence and the
www.sciencemag.org
REPORTS
possibility of anisotropic transport, intrinsic or information on the temperature dependence of the
through domain formation (37). Whatever the formation of the nematic state. It should not, however, be
overinterpreted. As a macroscopic parameter, it suffers
detailed microscopic origin (38), our data suggest from the same flaws as the magnetization in a
that nematic behavior is a feature of ultraclean low- ferromagnet; in addition, we cannot rule out the
dimensional correlated electron systems in which possibility of multiband effects in which electrons in
the bandwidth can be reduced independently of bands based on only one species of underlying orbitals
participate in the nematic ordering.
changes to the strength of the periodic potential. 23. Y. Ando, A. N. Lavrov, K. Segawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83,
2813 (1999).
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18. For reasons explained in SOM Text 3, the data in Fig. 1 K. Prokes for help and advice, and the UK EPSRC, Royal
are necessarily subject to higher noise levels than those Society, and Leverhulme Trust for financial support.
reported in, for example, (6, 7). In particular, the small Supporting Online Material
resistive step at 7.8 T for Hin-plane ⊥ I is harder to resolve www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1134796/DC1
than in our high-resolution data.
SOM Text
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Lett. 96, 196406 (2006). 6 September 2006; accepted 15 November 2006
21. R. S. Perry et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 74, 1270 (2005). Published online 23 November 2006;
22. The phenomenological order parameter defined as in the 10.1126/science.1134796
lower inset to Fig. 3 gives, at fixed field and angle, useful Include this information when citing this paper.
Highly Siderophile Element Constraints
on Accretion and Differentiation
of the Earth-Moon System
James M. D. Day,1* D. Graham Pearson,2 Lawrence A. Taylor1
A new combined rhenium-osmium– and platinum-group element data set for basalts from the Moon
establishes that the basalts have uniformly low abundances of highly siderophile elements. The data
set indicates a lunar mantle with long-term, chondritic, highly siderophile element ratios, but with
absolute abundances that are over 20 times lower than those in Earth’s mantle. The results are
consistent with silicate-metal equilibrium during a giant impact and core formation in both bodies,
followed by post–core-formation late accretion that replenished their mantles with highly siderophile
elements. The lunar mantle experienced late accretion that was similar in composition to that of Earth
but volumetrically less than (~0.02% lunar mass) and terminated earlier than for Earth.
he histories of Earth and the Moon are After this event, both bodies experienced early
T intrinsically linked, with a catastrophic giant
impact considered to be the most likely
mode of origin of the Earth-Moon system (1, 2).
[4.53 ± 0.01 gigayear (Gyear)] global-scale differ-
entiation (3, 4), forming metallic cores and silicate
mantles and crusts. However, uncertainty exists in
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