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Thompson was not eager to have her family photographed and exhibited as specimens of poverty,
but there were people starving in that camp, one of Thompson's daughters later recalled, and Lange
convinced her that the image would educate the public about the plight of hardworking but poor
people like herself. This includes internally displaced persons, refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless
people. It was on a photojournalism assignment for the FSA that Lange would take the iconic
''Migrant Mother'' photograph. In 1954, when Vietnam was split into the communist north and the
democratic south, many Catholics who lived in the north of the country feared persecution, and
about 1 million moved south. They had no resources, no work, and almost no hope. Most programs
are full day, and some offer counseling and community partnerships to connect students and their
families to additional services and resources, including other people in the community from similar
cultural backgrounds who can help them acclimate. Florence Owens Thompson came forward as the
woman depicted in the famous photograph. For example, it might affect how a community prepares
for a disaster or how likely it is to expect and depend on aid. The data from before 2013 can be used
to check the plausibility of this parallel trend assumption, as can data from grade 3 and grade 9
newcomers who did not experience the policy change. It’s like a teacher waved a magic wand and
did the work for me. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.
These data, which contain demographic, attendance, coursework, and test score information on all
students in the district, can be used to construct longitudinal profiles of migrant students that follow
them from entry to later years. She noted that the school district itself has been debating whether to
offer this program in more locations in the district, and that other school districts in the country are
adopting or considering adopting this particular model, and the study should have relevance for these
decisions. It was important to Lange that the photo be taken inside the family's home to make it
more humanizing and personal. It was taken by Dorothea Lange on a rainy March day in 1936 when
she was working on a collection of images of worker strife for the Farm Security Administration.
New guidelines, such as the ones developed in Canada, address this issue, but she questioned how to
scale them up globally, and whether IRBs are protecting respondents’ rights or protecting their own
organization’s liabilities. She and her family moved to California in the mid-1920s to work in mills
and on farms. In 1931, her husband died from tuberculosis, leaving Thompson to support their six
children on her own. Background of ''Migrant Mother'': The Great Depression and Dust Bowl
Dorothea Lange's ''Migrant Mother'': Analysis The Significance of ''Migrant Mother'' Lesson
Summary Show. Nearly 35 million acres of farmland were devastated, leaving farmworkers destitute.
Anna Marandi (National League of Cities) asked what resistance to engaging with government
means in practice. Due to an early freeze, much of the area's pea crops were destroyed and the
migrants residing in the camp had no work, leaving them in a desperate situation. She spoke plainly,
with no sentimentality. “We just existed,” she said. “Anyway, we lived. We survived, let's put it that
way.” During the Great Depression, that was never a guarantee. “We never had a lot,” said
McIntosh, her daughter, “but she always made sure we had something. Over the following three
years, the stock market declined by an astounding 90%. She divorced Dixon, with whom she shared
two children, in 1935, quickly remarrying economist Paul Schuster Taylor, with whom she remained
for the rest of her life. Second, culture, which results from history and is dynamic, is often
oversimplified. At the same time, she pointed to the ambiguities of the categories used in forced
migration research. First, what are the differences in the experiences and outcomes of a migrant
population from what they would have been if they were perfectly “assimilated” and had the same
structure of opportunities as natives (using the outcomes of a comparable receiving population to
make this determination). They did not find conclusive evidence consistent with sociocultural
protection mechanisms. Demographic surveillance, despite the challenges it raises related to
legitimacy and efficacy given the drive for profits, has at least the potential to be scaled up for
national civil registration. Students can display their photographs and captions in a PowerPoint
presentation or on a classroom website.
Finally, students will consider how the work fits within the tradition of documentary photography.
Consumer spending quickly reduced, and businesses were forced to reduce staff and wages as a
result. The outcomes examined will include attendance, suspensions, test scores, and academic track
in the shorter run and high school completion, college attendance and degree completion, and
earnings in the longer run. Next, students will compare Migrant Mother with the five additional
frames Lange made of the scene that day. In the later years of her life, her health declined
considerably, and on October 11, 1965, she died of esophageal cancer at age 70. A related challenge
is that models can become so specialized that only a small cadre of specialists has the training to
apply them, which makes independent evaluation of results more difficult. However, he worried that
such views can contribute to an “essentialism of culture,” both within and outside of the community.
Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of
interest when they're released. A quasi-probabilistic approach could help identify who is displaced
and the role of selection in displacement. The photograph features Florence Owens Thompson with
three of her children in a lean-to canvas tent. She didn't eat sometimes, but she made sure us children
ate.” (via PBS ). Forced migrants have additional considerations that can require more than help with
English acquisition, Chin observed. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions
from the workshop. Her worried, vacant expression seems to communicate what we, at our end of
history, already know: Things were not going to get better for a long, long time. For most of the
1930s, she was an itinerant farmhand, picking whatever was in season. Calling on participants to
“think big,” she also asked whether it might be possible, for example, to work with the United
Nations High Commissioner on Refugees (UNHCR) and the Ugandan government to obtain
administrative data and follow forced migrant households from Uganda. She said that they had been
living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birds that the children killed. The
photograph did what it was meant to: it inspired the relief effort. This means that every time you
visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. For example, Hunter and Simon
(2017) used this approach to find that selectivity is stronger in places subject to environmental
strains. This workshop brought together stakeholders and experts in demography, public health, and
policy analysis to review and address some of the domestic implications of international migration
and refugee flows for the United States. Selection complicates studies of integration, with both
positive and negative selection having the potential to produce paradoxical outcomes. Some of the
strength of the existing work is that an event happened while the work was ongoing, making it
possible to create pre- and postcomparisons. You may read more about our cookie collection practices
by viewing our Cookie Policy, and modify your preferences through your Privacy Settings at any
time. While many of the FSA photographers pursued their individual interests in what they
photographed, they were ultimately working on assignment for the US government. While the
photograph is in the public domain and has been reproduced extensively around the world, a print is
housed at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York City. About half are foreign born, and
only some of them are forced migrants. Integration of a migrant population can be conceptualized in
multiple ways, including as a gap, a process, a boundary, or a discontinuous trajectory. This includes
internally displaced persons, refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless people. Yet it seems unjust that
Migrant Mother, one of the most successful photographs in American history, should have helped so
many, but done nothing for the woman whose face and body were able to express so much.
These data, which contain demographic, attendance, coursework, and test score information on all
students in the district, can be used to construct longitudinal profiles of migrant students that follow
them from entry to later years. Not surprisingly, VanLandingham said, the stories that they tell about
themselves emphasize the idea that “we are survivors. He said that recent research on culture has
typically employed qualitative approaches, either for conceptualizing or measuring culture, and that
work that leverages quantitative methods is much less common. Students can display their
photographs and captions in a PowerPoint presentation or on a classroom website. Though the
Vietnamese community in New Orleans faced a specific set of circumstances, he believes that
measurable indices of acculturation can be applied to other groups (see Figure 6-1 ). The limitations
of survey data also must be kept in mind, although well-designed probability samples can overcome
some of the difficulties of traditional surveys. People subject to forced migration include internally
displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless people. Upon its publication in the
San Francisco News, it quickly came to be seen as an iconic representation of the Depression. Rather
than meet your gaze, she looks off into the distance, and doesn't acknowledge the camera. Today,
Dorothea Lange's ''Migrant Mother'' photo is considered to be one of the most famous American
photographs ever taken and a classic of international art photography. Migrant workers who found
themselves displaced by the Dust Bowl suffered homelessness and hunger on a regular basis. Lange
intentionally had the figures in the photo pose to capture the desperation felt by thousands of other
migrants. Selection is an important factor in answering these questions, Riosmena observed, as
different health trajectories due to selection could easily be confounded with differential trajectories
of the migrating population relative to sending- and destination-area populations. The first wave
were often elites who had worked with the French (and Americans) in Vietnam and were
predominantly Catholic, which facilitated their settlement in New Orleans, another major outpost in
the French colonial empire. The photograph features Florence Owens Thompson with three of her
children in a lean-to canvas tent. The FSA photographers did not have control over how the images
they created were reproduced, distributed, or archived. He pointed to evidence for both selection as
well as ethnic community protective factors, with the protection and “negative incorporation” effects
stronger for Hispanic women ( Riosmena et al., 2017 ). Riosmena urged more qualitative research to
understand the protective factors that arise from such features as a community’s sense of
cohesiveness and collective efficacy, and he emphasized that case studies are very important for
understanding those factors. To overcome this problem, she and her colleagues have been developing
a plan to study a particular school that has features enabling an effective research design. A limitation
is that, ideally, richer measures of student social and well-being outcomes would be available. This
workshop brought together stakeholders and experts in demography, public health, and policy
analysis to review and address some of the domestic implications of international migration and
refugee flows for the United States. For example, an increasing number of countries are offering
humanitarian visas that are temporary but can be renewed, though what happens after renewal is
often unclear. A child's face is a powerful thing in all forms of art, and hiding that face can be equally
powerful. This reluctance is understandable, given earlier initiatives that used culture to blame people
for their own circumstances. Have students listen to her account of the events depicted in the image.
( ). Children are supposed to be happy and joyous, symbols of hope and future prosperity. Integration
of a migrant population can be conceptualized in multiple ways, including as a gap, a process, a
boundary, or a discontinuous trajectory. This isn't a conversation between subject and audience.
Soon after, she shifted her career focus from snapping portraits to documentary photography,
focusing much of her work on Native Americans. It immediately captured the national attention due
to its level of human emotion and objective detachment that let people feel as if they were looking
into her life. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it
easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.
The general economic hardship was compounded by the Dust Bowl, which refers to the severe
drought and dust storms experienced through the Great Plains of the United States in the 1930s.
Their images were used in part to promote government programs and were eventually archived in the
Library of Congress. Research has not investigated in depth such factors as coercion, natural
disasters, or environmental factors as drivers of migration. Key strengths of these projects have
included the gathering of life histories and the use of an ethnosurvey that blends quantitative and
qualitative methods in an informal and nonthreatening context that produces standardized data. This
publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. The money helped to
defray Thompson's medical bills, but Thompson herself gained nothing. In Mexico, for example,
displacement related to climate change is embedded in historical flows that have occurred for other
reasons; it is difficult to identify them, let alone identify them in a fashion that would allow
understanding and distinguishing them and understanding the integration outcomes later on. I didn't
even weigh a hundred pounds.” For a while, she and her children lived under a bridge. “When
Steinbeck wrote in The Grapes of Wrath about those people living under the bridge at Bakersfield —
at one time we lived under that bridge. She had posed for the photo to help others, not herself, yet
the disparity between her high profile and low status couldn't help but bother her. Research and
practice do not completely overlap, he observed as a takeaway from the workshop session on the
topic. In this way, the researchers will be able to assess the causal effect of the program expansion.
However, such discussions are not as easy when culture has negative effects, as reflected in
controversies over the discussion of such factors as essentialism. These students often arrive with
trauma, whether war, violence, or a natural disaster that led them to migrate, or they may have
experienced trauma during the migration process. Desperate for work, migrants mainly from Texas,
Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma fled to the West hoping to find work. Of
the 2.5 million migrants in the 1930s, Oklahoma migrants totaled 440,000, giving rise to the term
''Okie.'' Though the term itself originally referred to migrants from Oklahoma, it quickly became a
blanket term used to disdainfully refer to any migrant workers fleeing the barren farmlands of the
Great Plains. In the years to follow, the Thompson family kept their identities to themselves, but the
photograph was a continual subject of conversation. “It always stayed with her,” said Katherine
Thompson McIntosh of her mother. “She always wanted a better life, you know.”. She noted that the
school district itself has been debating whether to offer this program in more locations in the district,
and that other school districts in the country are adopting or considering adopting this particular
model, and the study should have relevance for these decisions. It is widely considered a classic of
American and international photography. Many of these students have interrupted formal schooling,
such as a teenager who has attended only primary school in a home country, or the quality of their
schooling may have been low. For example, it might affect how a community prepares for a disaster
or how likely it is to expect and depend on aid. He said that recent research on culture has typically
employed qualitative approaches, either for conceptualizing or measuring culture, and that work that
leverages quantitative methods is much less common. We also share information about your use of
our site with our analytics partners. The same approach is now being taken in other countries,
including China, Germany, and Bangladesh. However, he worried that such views can contribute to
an “essentialism of culture,” both within and outside of the community. A set of five studies is
looking at differentials in long-term recovery from Hurricane Katrina, and he and his colleagues at
Tulane University are focusing on a Vietnamese community in the eastern part of New Orleans.
Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever
to read thousands of publications on our website. She later befriended Jim Hill, with whom she had
one child. It’s like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. It’s like a teacher waved
a magic wand and did the work for me. Jon Pedersen similarly noted that it is relatively easy to have
a discussion about culture when culture is seen as something positive that helps resilience. This
includes internally displaced persons, refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless people.
When public and private institutions were overwhelmed by Hurricane Katrina and unable to meet
their basic responsibilities, said VanLandingham, the way the Vietnamese community thought about
the world of authority, government, and institutions served the community well: “The cavalry is not
coming. Thompson was not eager to have her family photographed and exhibited as specimens of
poverty, but there were people starving in that camp, one of Thompson's daughters later recalled, and
Lange convinced her that the image would educate the public about the plight of hardworking but
poor people like herself. Anna Marandi (National League of Cities) asked what resistance to
engaging with government means in practice. Children are supposed to be happy and joyous,
symbols of hope and future prosperity. Scholars have debated this question for years, but there are
some common themes that everyone agrees on. The FSA was established under its original name in
1935 as one of President Roosevelt's New Deal programs designed to combat Depression-era
poverty. Have students listen to her account of the events depicted in the image. ( ). Though it was
not part of her work assignments, she decided to take a detour to visit the migrant camp, which was
located near San Luis Obispo, California. Not surprisingly, VanLandingham said, the stories that they
tell about themselves emphasize the idea that “we are survivors. Most programs are full day, and
some offer counseling and community partnerships to connect students and their families to
additional services and resources, including other people in the community from similar cultural
backgrounds who can help them acclimate. How does that affect their descriptions of the day that
the images were made. Many of the Vietnamese who came to the United States had not looked to
the South Vietnamese authorities when they had a problem. Similarly, immigration scholarship in the
United States has been highly focused on integration research, especially for Mexican immigrants.
Taken during the depths of the Great Depression, the photo became a symbol of the misfortune that
impacted migrant workers who had come west as a result of the Dust Bowl and other adverse
conditions during the 1930s. The advantages of using administrative data are that these data are
collected for other purposes and would be difficult to get through surveys. In practice, in part due to
sample size and the initial English skill measure that is available, it is not possible to limit analysis to a
very narrow neighborhood around the cutoff score. Nevertheless, both researchers and practitioners
can take concrete steps to make their relationships productive. Shifting conceptualizations around
forced migration require flexibility in data collection and analysis. Mother aged 32, the father is a
native Californian. Third, culture is often confused with other elements of social. She said that the
workshop was designed to create an ongoing dialogue between demographic researchers and those
who work directly with forced migrant populations to improve the health and well-being of forced
migrants and to promote sustainable and just humanitarian solutions to forced migration. It also
could help capture subsequent moves, about which little is known. Programs need evidence that
evaluates their degree of effectiveness, and they also need data that can help them improve. Research
for its own sake is important, and not all or even most of it has to have pragmatic applications, he
commented. The photograph was taken while Lange was working for the Resettlement
Administration (later the Farm Security Administration) in the depths of the Great Depression. This
strategy turns out to be difficult to implement because the researchers do not have data on who
applied to the school and what their scores were on the admission test. Use the following questions
to guide students in a close reading of the image. These students often arrive with trauma, whether
war, violence, or a natural disaster that led them to migrate, or they may have experienced trauma
during the migration process. The mother herself also avoids eye contact with the viewer. The general
economic hardship was compounded by the Dust Bowl, which refers to the severe drought and dust
storms experienced through the Great Plains of the United States in the 1930s.
In early 1936, Lange was contracted by the Farm Security Administration to drive around California
and take photographs of rural strife and struggle. Thus, many Vietnamese in New Orleans were
displaced after 1954, again after 1975, and again by Hurricane Katrina. Based on feedback from
you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of
publications on our website. Lange studied photography at Columbia University and worked as an
apprentice for several local studios. Lange was concluding a month's trip photographing migratory
farm labor around the state for what was then the Resettlement Administration. Lange did not ask
for details on the woman's life and history. She was inducted into the International Photography Hall
of Fame and Museum in 1984, and the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2003, and is still
considered one of the greatest American photographers to have lived. These visas create a new
category of people who in turn have a spectrum of experiences that researchers can study, such as
how these temporary visas link to integration. Share and discuss the caption that Lange wrote for
another photograph of the same mother and children. He noted that understanding sending-area
populations is particularly important to assess the impacts of migration on the displaced, even if
displacement situations make this difficult. Third, culture is often confused with other elements of
social. What she achieved was an image that was not only deeply emotional and personal, but also
detached. These students often arrive with trauma, whether war, violence, or a natural disaster that
led them to migrate, or they may have experienced trauma during the migration process. It is widely
considered to be one of the most significant American photos of all time and a classic of American
and international artistic photography. Many of the Vietnamese who came to the United States had
not looked to the South Vietnamese authorities when they had a problem. These data, which contain
demographic, attendance, coursework, and test score information on all students in the district, can
be used to construct longitudinal profiles of migrant students that follow them from entry to later
years. With her children cowering behind her for protection, hiding their faces, the Migrant Mother
gazes distractedly into the distance. As an example, Riosmena looked at data on height, health, and
hypertension drawn from Mexicans living in the United States, Mexicans who returned to Mexico,
and nonmigrants in Mexico ( Riosmena et al., 2013 ). These data reveal that migrants from Mexico to
the United States had an immigrant advantage relative to non-Hispanic Whites in hypertension and,
to a lesser extent, obesity. Finally, students will consider how the work fits within the tradition of
documentary photography. Riosmena provided an example from data on smoking among migrants to
the United States from Mexico ( Riosmena et al., 2017 ). Comparisons between migrants from five
major national-origin groups, a non-Hispanic White counterfactual, and people who stayed in the
sending country revealed statistically significant and substantial self-selection and protection among
migrants to the United States. They had no resources, no work, and almost no hope. An underlying
issue was how to engage researchers and practitioners with each other. This means that every time
you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. They may separate students
onto a different campus or teach them within a larger school. The use of registration and
administrative data can reduce these challenges, and a strategic pivot from operational humanitarian
information to official statistics is placing more emphasis on harmonization, validation, reliability,
timeliness. No one even knew her name: Lange never asked, and by the time the photo appeared in a
local newspaper, the woman and her family had moved on to the next town. However, it also
dehumanizes the children to a degree, emphasizing their desperation, hopelessness, and precarious
condition. He pointed to evidence for both selection as well as ethnic community protective factors,
with the protection and “negative incorporation” effects stronger for Hispanic women ( Riosmena et
al., 2017 ). Riosmena urged more qualitative research to understand the protective factors that arise
from such features as a community’s sense of cohesiveness and collective efficacy, and he
emphasized that case studies are very important for understanding those factors. According to Lange,
the family was living on birds killed by the children and frozen peas from the field. Though the exact
number of migrants who traveled west is unknown, scholars estimate that 200,000-400,000 migrants
landed in California and 40% of those migrants went to the San Joaquin Valley.