Java:

Web development (Java EE, Spring Framework)

Android app development

Enterprise applications

Big data processing (Hadoop, Spark)

JavaScript:

Web development (Front-end with frameworks like React, Angular, Vue.js; Back-end with Node.js)

Browser-based games

Mobile app development (React Native, NativeScript)

Server-side scripting (with Node.js)

Python:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

Data science and data analysis (with libraries like NumPy, Pandas, TensorFlow, PyTorch)

Web development (Django, Flask)

Automation and scripting

Scientific computing

C/C++:

Systems programming

Game development

Embedded systems programming

Performance-critical applications

Operating systems development

C#:

Windows desktop applications (with .NET Framework)

Game development (Unity game engine)

Web development (ASP.NET)

Mobile app development (Xamarin)

PHP:

Web development (server-side scripting)

Content Management Systems (CMS) like WordPress, Joomla

E-commerce platforms like Magento

Swift:

iOS and macOS app development

Apple Watch and Apple TV app development

Ruby:

Web development (Ruby on Rails framework)

DevOps automation (with tools like Chef, Puppet)

Go (Golang):

Systems programming

Web servers and microservices

Cloud-native development

Concurrency and parallelism

R:

Statistical computing and graphics

Data analysis and visualization

Machine learning (with libraries like caret, TensorFlow, Keras)

SQL:

Database management and querying

Data analysis and reporting

Perl:

Text processing

System administration
Web development (though its popularity has declined in recent years

Scala:

Functional programming

Big data processing (with Apache Spark)

Web development (with frameworks like Play)

Kotlin:

Android app development (officially supported by Google as a first-class language)

Server-side development (with frameworks like Spring Boot)

Multi-platform development (with Kotlin Multiplatform)

TypeScript:

Web development (as a statically typed superset of JavaScript)

Large-scale applications (with frameworks like Angular)

Lua:

Game development (as a scripting language in game engines like Unity and Roblox)

Embedded systems

Network applications

Haskell:

Functional programming

Research in programming language theory

Compiler development

Assembly Language:

Low-level system programming

Embedded systems programming

Device drivers development

Shell Scripting (Bash, PowerShell, etc.):

System administration

Automation of repetitive tasks

Scripting for Unix/Linux environments

Rust:

Systems programming

WebAssembly

Game development

Embedded systems

Julia:

Scientific computing

High-performance numerical analysis

Data science and machine learning

Dart:

Cross-platform mobile app development (with Flutter)

Web development (with frameworks like AngularDart)

Objective-C:

macOS and iOS app development (before the introduction of Swift)

Elixir:

Web development (with Phoenix framework)

Real-time applications

Distributed systems

Clojure:

Functional programming

Concurrency and parallelism

JVM-based development

COBOL:

Business and administrative systems

Financial and enterprise applications

Scratch:

Educational purposes (teaching programming concepts to children)

PL/SQL:

Oracle Database development

Database management and querying

Prolog:

Logic programming

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Smalltalk:

Object-oriented programming

Educational purposes