Statistics

statistics and Probability

and probability

Reviewer

Random Variables Sample Problem

A variable whose possible outcomes are determined When two pair dice are thrown simultaneously, what
by chance. Typically represented by an uppercase can be the possible outcomes? what are the
Letter, usually X. possible values?

DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES

- A variable that can only take a finite number of
distinct values.
- can be represented by nonnegative whole
numbers.
- An entity that has a countable value
Examples: Total sum=36 outcomes
x= number of points scored by a randomly selected
PBA player
y= number of birds in a nest.
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES
- A variable that can assume an infinite number of
values in an interval between two specific values.
- can assume values that can be represented not
Discrete Probability in Tabular Form
only by nonnegative whole numbers but also by
fractions and decimals.
- Is an entity with a value that can be obtained
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
by measuring.
- listing of the possible values and the
Examples:
corresponding probabilities of a discrete random.
X= the height of a randomly selected student
For any discrete random variable X, the ff. Are
inside the library in centimeters.
true:
y= the weights in kilogram of randomly selected
dancers after taking up aerobics · 0 ≤ P(x) ≤ 1, for each value of X

· ∑ P(x) = 1

DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

The probability of each value of a discrete random PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
variable is between 0 to 1 inclusive. - bar graph that displays the possible values of a
The sum of all probabilities is 1. discrete random variable (horizontal axis) and the
probabilities (vertical axis).
∑ P(x)= 1
Nicole Kristin
Reviewer
HUMSS 11 Aesthetic
 Statistics
statistics and Probability
and probability

Reviewer

Sample Problem 5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely

along the horizontal axis; always approaching the
Determine whether the distribution represents a axis but never touching it.
probability distribution.
6. The area under the curve is 1.
X 0 2 4 6 8
P(x) 1/6 1/6 1/3 1/6 1/6
Total: 1 – Properly Distributed

X 1 2 3 5
P(x) 1/4 1/8 1/4 1/8
Total: ¾ or 0.75 – Not Properly Distributed

Mean
Tells the value of a random variable that is x̄ – Mean
expected to be obtained if the experiment is done X̂ – Median
repeatedly.
— Mode
𝜇= ∑ [x · P(x)]
indicates how far, on the average, an observed STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
value of a random variable x is from its mean. • The mean= P

σ2= ∑ (x – 𝜇)2 • The standard deviation =1

• The standard normal curve extends
X P(x) X ·P(x) (x – 𝜇)2 ∑ (x – μ)2 · P (x) indefinitely in both directions
0 1/16 0 4 1/4 • Almost all the areas under the curve is
1 1/4 1/4 1 1/4
between z= –3 and z= – 3

2 3/8 3/4 0 0 SUGGESTED 5-STEP PROCESS IN COMPUTING

A PROBABILITY CORRESPONDING TO THE
3 1/4 3/4 1 1/4 AREA UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
4 1/16 1/4 4 1/4 1. Sketch the normal distribution and indicate the
∑=2 ∑=1 mean. The mean coincides with z= 0.
2. Identify the region under the curve by drawing
μ=2 σ2 = √1 = 1
a vertical line through each z value.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
3. Shade the required region.
1. The normal probability distribution is bell-shaped.
4. Decide what number operation is needed to find
2. The curve is symmetrical to its mean. the proportion of the area of the required region.
Use the z table to determine areas associated
3. The mean= median= mode with the given z-values.
4 The spread of the curve depends on the standard 5. Complete the proportion of the required area
derivation of the distribution. and express the result as a probability.

Nicole Kristin
Reviewer
HUMSS 11 Aesthetic
 Statistics
statistics and Probability
and probability

Reviewer

Sample Problem 5. Between z=-2 and z=-3

Find the proportion of the area that corresponds

to the following:
1. z= 1.5 Az = 1.5 = 0.4332

A2-A1
=0.4987-0.4772
=0.0215
2. z= – 1.32 Az = -1.32 = 0.4066
6. The area between -2.33 AND -0.56
P(2.33)=0.4901 P(-2.33<Z,-0.56)
P(-0.56)=0.2123 =0.4901-0.2123
=0.2778

3. z= –2.58 Az =-2.58 =0.4951

7. The z-score so that the area to the left of the

z-score is 0.8888
4. Between z= –1.5 and z= 2
0.8888 – .5 =0.3888
0.4772 +0.4332
0.3888 = 1.22 (z-score)

Nicole Kristin
Reviewer
HUMSS 11 Aesthetic
 Statistics
statistics and Probability
and probability

Reviewer

8. The 90th percentile, P10 2. The Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores for people
are normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a
90th = 0.9000 -0.5
standard deviation of 16. If Jennifer was randomly
=0.4000 selected to take the test, what is the Probability
that her score is between 100 and 120?
z =1.28
𝑥−𝜇
Z= 𝜎
120−100
= 16
= 1.25

=0.3944 or 39.44%

Z-Score Table
Z-Score
- a measure of relative standing.
- a standard deviation value.
- a distance between a given value X and the mean.

Z score for sample data

Sample Problem
Given the mean grade of 81 and the standard deviation
of 6 find the grades of the following students whose z-
scores are given: (a) Martha, z= 1.0; (b) Alberto, z= - 3; (c)
Lona, z=-2.5
𝑥−𝜇
Z= 𝜎
𝑥−81
= 6 [ -2.5= 6 ] 6
= [-15 = x - 81]
= 81-15=x
x=66 (Lorna’s grade)

Nicole Kristin
Reviewer
HUMSS 11 Aesthetic