Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (2022) 101747

%     .   D 

.  ' #      

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seta

   

            

   
   !
Key Lab of Industrial Computer Control Engineering of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China

" # $ % & ' $ ( )
  - . # " % #  

Keywords: #         /)**#0     /*.%0
*                                *1   
)        2 #        3                    
*    + 
                    3      ­
, 
+   2      +           
*   
         )**#  2#   *1      
          )**#          3       
 4             2 $              
     *.%      2

Introduction        3    

*   /*10         ­
            
     56782,     
                    
             
   /   059:8 
    2)      /)**#0 
        5;<8   
     /=**#05>?8    
 *1 2
'  )**#         @ #  4  
  4    *13        
*1          4      ­
    5A6B82#  )**# 
   C              
=**#    “*1 1   % ”  2 #        
                   
5666782$              
      )**#   “*11  
% ”    C *1           
   )**# 2D   +   =**#
  3        3        
  4 56982, D #  256:8   
         /E *%0      
 =**#       /%E*02# 
                 
C        2.F 2
56;8       )**#        C 
   +          2
'           ­
                
      2%  256<8   
)**#      /=**0  2
#       =**    *31        
               =**   
               
   =**                    
                    
 2       )**#     ­
                     
            =**2
$           )**#     
  *12,    *1
           2 2 
  /*.%02$      *31        

! %  2

E-mail address:  +G6<92 /2 02

 @HH2H6B26B6<HC2 27B7626B6>:>
"  96  7B76I"    7:
 7B76I  ;(  7B76
Available online 16 November 2021
2213-1388/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Z. Xie and Z. Wu Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (2022) 101747

*1      56>6?8

                       
 2

     *1       
                 *.%2
,                      
2)         
             2$    
              *1        
          *.%2$  4  
              
 2
         )**#       
    =**#  /     0  
)**# /        02    =**#
      )**#         
  /&=**02
#            )**#
       + ­
 /,%&*.
0 *.%2#         
2

#            ­

   *31            
    &=**      ,%   
   &=**   2-        
=**         =**# 
)**# 2
 C           
            *.
   
                     + )**#
 2
Fig. 1. =**#)**#  2
#  ,%&*.
3  )**#         
                2 - ­
           *.%     
  &=** *.%2

#        @# )**# ­

             
. $$. $$$   2. $1     ­
     )**#   2)
            
. 12

Fppt

D        *1    

    /   0  
Fig. 2. *31  *1 *.%2
           2 $     
  )**#              
      *1   56A7B82
 *1      *31  ­
      *1     2)26    
     *1       2
 )26/0    *1 
       /P 0        =**72
               2 $
    P        
       =** )**& )**"2$  
         )**&    
            
   )**"                 
    5 )26/082
    *1    *.%         
Fig. 3. )**#  *.%2
   *1     *31       ­
  )272
$      *1               

2
Z. Xie and Z. Wu Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (2022) 101747

        *.%2,        P=** ( ( ) )

Q(V + IRs ) V + IRs
 *1     P       I = Iph − Id − Ish = Iph − I0 exp − 1 − /70
          *1 nkT Rsh
 2$                
   I            I I       
)**#        +             
   II            I
                 
IB        IV            
         2
In       Ik    +   IR   
        *13 *31      
       IR       2
   2            
'2 /70                 
                     2 #
4  2J   R     
          ­
R (V + IRs )/R IR        I
      *31        4   
     R            
  =**   /)**&0 =**   /)**"0
  I       3
                      
     I 2#'2/70  4  '/903/;0
/)2902
C1 Isc = I0 /90
Remark1:2 Since the slope of the P3V curve at FPPR is large a smaller
voltage fluctuations can cause larger power fluctuations2In contrastthe slope C2 = nkT/Q /:0
at FPPL is smaller and it can provide more stable operating conditionsthus
this paper only analyzes and simulates the case of operation at FPPLthe case ( )]
/;0
V

of operation at FPPR will not be considered anymore2 I = Isc ⋅[1 − C1 ⋅ eC2 ⋅Voc − 1

FPPT algorithm based on HC&PSO under PSC   V        2

   *1    =**        =**
.                     I      =**  V2#'2/<0  
      *.%   4       ­      I = I V = V  '2/;02
        2#   )**#  ( )]
 ,%&*.
 *.% 2#    /<0
Vm
Im = Isc ⋅[1 − C1 ⋅ eC2 ⋅Voc − 1
   *1        4          
       2#   ,%*.
   V
#  eC7 ⋅V      66   2# 
     +    
'2/>0      2
        2
( )
Im
/>0
Vm
C1 = 1 − ⋅e− C2 ⋅Voc
PSO and HC algorithm Isc
$        I = BV = V 2* '2/:0I = BV =
#  *.
     meta3         
V   '2/;0   
   57682$  @
( ) ( )]
    N    D3     Im
/?0
− Vm 1
0 = Isc ⋅[1 − 1 − ⋅e C2 ⋅Voc ⋅ eC2 − 1
      i     vi = vi6 , vi7 , …, viD xi = Isc
xi6 , xi7 , …, xiD    /6⩽i⩽N02$   +     6
   C        '2/602 $'2/?0   eC7     66   2
{ # '2/A0      2
xk+1 = xk + vk
i
( k i k) i ( ) /60 (
Vm
)[ (
Im
) ]− 1
vi = ω⋅vi + c1 ⋅r1 pi − xi + c2 ⋅r2 gk − xki /A0
k+1 k
C2 = − 1 ⋅ ln 1 −
Voc Isc
   xk+6i  vk+6
i                 i  *1        =**    /IK 0 =**
   Iω      Ic6c7     Ir6r7    /VK 0         /I K 0         
    B6Ipki        i  /V K 0    /     T  = 7;℃
  k    Igk        k    S  = 6BBB H702,      ­
   2          I V VI   *1
# ,%                   '2/6B03
  2# ,%            /6;02
           2 $         ΔT = T − Tref /6B0
            
          2 ΔS = 1 − Sref /S /660
#    +                 
4       2,         S
Isc = Isc ref ⋅ ⋅(1 + α⋅ΔT) /670
                  2 = ­ Sref
               
             Voc = Vocref ⋅(1 − γ⋅ΔT)⋅ln(e + β⋅ΔS) /690
2
S
Im = Imref ⋅ ⋅(1 + α⋅ΔT) /6:0
The FPPT algorithm based on HC&PSO Sref

Vm = Vmref ⋅(1 − γ⋅ΔT)⋅ln(e + β⋅ΔS) /6;0

PV cell model
'2/70     *1 57782 '2/6<0    '2/;0

3
Z. Xie and Z. Wu Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (2022) 101747

Fig. 4. %        *1 *.%2/0*12/0I6 < I 69I7 < I 772/ 0I6 < I 69I7 > I 772/0I6 > I 69I7 > I 772

*1ijIi        i *1 2& *169 *177    

 *1 I 69 > I 77 2
) :/0–/0              *1
 *.%2     )2:      *1
       3      *1   
*1              
*1 2#      +         *3
1             *1 
    3      *1   *1 2
-          
    2
   c × r *1       
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
S11 S12 ⋯ S1r T11 T12 ⋯ T1r
S=⎣ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎦, T = ⎣ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎦ /6>0
Sc1 Sc2 ⋯ Scr Tc1 Tc2 ⋯ Tcr

Fig. 5. #      C   )**# 2

  Sij Tij           j *1 
i *1    2
V = C2 Voc ln[(1 − I/Isc )/C1 + 1 ] /6<0  '2/6B03/6;0'2/6>0  4  
*1      '2/6?03/7602
The matrix of turning points
Sij ( ( ))
)              *1    *.%  Iscij = Iscref ⋅ ⋅ 1 + α⋅ Tij − Tref /6?0
Sref
+             *31    
 2# 7× 9*1            ( ( )) ( ( ))
Vocij = Vocref ⋅ 1 − γ Tij − Tref ⋅ln e + β 1 − Sref /Sij /6A0
 *.%)2:/0   *1ij       j *1
   i *1 I ij        3      

Fig. 6. .      ,%&*.
   *.%2

4
Z. Xie and Z. Wu Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (2022) 101747

Fig. 7.
      *1 2

Table 1
*   *1 2
*  . 1 

*1  P=** ;B:2: 

*1    V=** ;B:2:1
*1     I=** 6BBB 
*1    C 9)
 3       L  6B,
 3      f3  6B,+
E3    4  L 9,
$       f3 6B,+
 3   V  >BB1

Table 2
* ,%&*.
E *%2
  * 

,%&*.
 *.
@N = ;BK = 7Bc6 = c7 = 6ω = B2>

,%@v  = B2;1ε = 6B 
E *% V  = B2;1T  = B2BB6k6 = B2BB6k7 = B2B?;

Fig. 8. .     2

Sij ( ( ))
Imij = Imref ⋅ ⋅ 1 + α⋅ Tij − Tref /7B0 Fig. 9. #         2
Sref
( ( )) ( ( ))
Vmij = Vmref ⋅ 1 − γ Tij − Tref ⋅ln e + β 1 − Sref /Sij /760   V  (i)               i *1 2
.   *1  c *1       
  I C V C IC VC          4  
                 *1
 j *1 i *1      '2/6>02

(     3       i *1   
( )
∑
r VPVoc = max Vstringoc (i) , 1⩽i⩽c /790
Vstringoc (i) = Vocij /770 [ ]
j=1 & I  = I 6 , ⋯, I C , ⋯, I  i ∈ [6, c]    3      
   i *1 2#  I     I C

5
Z. Xie and Z. Wu Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (2022) 101747

Fig. 10. $  *.%2

[ ]
 I!i = Ii6
!
, ⋯, Iij! , ⋯, Iir! 2  '2/6<03/760  
       '2/7:02 Fig. 11. #        *.%=**# 2
j
∑ [( )/ ]
Vij = C2ik ⋅Vocik ⋅ln 1 − Iik! /Iscik C1ik + 1 /7:0 The matrix of peak points
k=1
.          /M#0   l   
   l + 6    *31        
   Vij          Iij!    i    V i =
[ ]         l + 6    V ∈ (B, V6 ), (V6 , V7 ), ⋯,
Vi6 , ⋯, Vij , ⋯, Vir i ∈ [6, c]2 (Vl , V*1 )2#         
#            /M 0        ,%      2)    
'2/7;02  +      + 
[ ]  2#  ,%  +   =**  
I!1 , I!2 , ⋯, I!c
Mt = /7;0 l + 6    2
V 1 , V 2 , ⋯, V c 2×(c×r) #    /M 0  '2/7?02
⎡ ⎤
(    Mt   Vij 4   Ip1 , Ip2 , ⋯, Ip(l + 1)
 /M 60  2 ⎣
Mpeak = Vp1 , Vp2 , ⋯, Vp(l + 1) ⎦ /7?0
[ ] Pp1 , Pp2 , ⋯, Pp(l + 1)
I1 , ⋯, I(c×r)
Mt1 = /7<0
V1 , ⋯, V(c×r) 2×(c×r)   Pi = Ii ⋅Vi 2
-   *1            
MPPT mode and FPPT mode
4  Mt6            
    M    /P0
               4 2=  
        /v0        
    4   M 6    3        
     =**2
*1       4     2
{ ( )
)  4   /M#0  '2/7>02 Pmpp = max Ppi , 1⩽i⩽l( + )1 /7A0
[ ] vmpp = Vpe , Ppe = max Ppi
I1 , ⋯, Il
MT = /7>0
V1 , ⋯, Vl 2×l  P   P      =**# 
   =**/vP02
  l      *31      l <  P   P      )**# 
c × r2        2# C     
@

6
Z. Xie and Z. Wu Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (2022) 101747

Remark2:2 Although the analysis is not performed in this paper for the case
of operation at FPPRthe proposed algorithm can be implemented for oper­
ating at FPPR simply by setting the search interval of PSO algorithm as
[v*" , V*1 ].

Schematics of the FPPT algorithm

)  <               )**#     
,%&*.
2

Simulation and result analysis

#           )**#­

Fig. 12. *       *.%2
( ⃒ ⃒) ( ⃒ ⃒)
f (V) = max Pref − ⃒P − Pref ⃒ = max Pref − ⃒VI(V) − Pref ⃒
#    f/V0)2;2
$)2;v*&     4      4    ­
 Pi > P            
   3 =**[B, v*& ]2#   *.
     
 f/V0   [B, v*& ]      
       2
   *1    . 
)2>    # 62
  )2>     7× 9*1 
  3   4 “*1   ”  “3
   ”  2# *1     3   
      “*13   ”  C    
      /  P 0     *1   2
* = * =     3      
     2# “   ”     
     3  2#     
      3   2E +­
      3        
   +       2   
    )**#*1   3     
   2
*           E *%
  #  256:8       
# 72
.                    4   
           
 *1 2,               
   ABL               
    2 2 P  = :;B  2 -        
   *.%   2
Simulation under uniform irradiance
/9B0
$        *1
)2?2
*                
)2A P     P       
  2
)2A  ,%&*.
   C   *1
       =**   B2>?         3  

Table 3
%        2
%  ,%&*.% E *%

.   / 0 #  /L0 Δv /L0 .   / 0 #  /L0 Δv /L0

% 6@J  . 6 77>2A B2B:: B26<? 77>2A B2B:: B276:

. 7 – – – –
. 9 ::A2A B2B77 :;627 B27<
. : – – – –
. ; 77>2A B2B:: 77>2A B2B::

% 7@=**# *.% . 6 ;B:27A B2B7A B2696 ;B:267 B2B;< B27?>
. 7 :>92; B2B:7 :>92; B2B:7
. 9 9BA2> B277 7A62B 7;2;?
. : 9>B2A B 9>B2> B2B;:
. ; :?72> B :?72< B2B76

% 9@)**# *.% . 6 :;B26 B2B77 B27B; :;92; B2>? B297<
. 7 :;B26 B2B77 :;72: B2;99
. 9 9BA2? B26A9 9BA2< B27;?
. : 9>B2A B 9B>2A 6<2A?
. ; ::A2? B2B:: :;:26 B2A6

7
Z. Xie and Z. Wu
       2 #  E *%        
/B276 0       =**2            P 
   2Dt = B2A6M62;A  P    P     
      =**         2  
   4    ,%&*.
        
   =**              
        2       
 E *%          P  
                2
Simulation under PSC
)      *1   *1
       *.%)26B/0  
*31        *1 )26B/02. k
)26B          *1
      5B2;/k360 B2; k82       
  @=**#)**# P  = :;B 2
) 66            
=**#  *.%2
)266    ,%&*.
        
=**    4             
  2# E *%       =**. 67:
;           ,%&*.
 2
$. 9  E *%           
,%&*.
        &=**2
)  67              
)**#  *.%2
  )267      *1
. 9:   P         
=**2 #  ,%&*.
          =**    
E *%      . :2$. 67
;      *1    P 
                    2 #  ,%&*.

                       
      2 %      ,%&*.
    
  E *%    2
Comparison of HC&PSO and GAPC
$    +        
    3           
 # 92$       ­
             
  57982
1 ∑ m
|P(i) − P(i − 1) |
Δvavg = /960
m − 1 i=2 Pavg
  Δv            m       
             P(i)   
     i     B2BB6
P       2#        
       3       2
$# 9            ,%&*.

              E *%    
   2$         E *%   
  9    7      :    9   7A6    9B>2A  
          ,%&*.
­
 /9BA2> 9>B2A 0     ­
  E *%  2 =     ,%&*.
    
     Δv         E *%  
            3   ­
    2
$     E *%         )**#     
                        
8
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (2022) 101747
                2
,                   
  2'          
      2%    E *% 
    3      
                      
 + *.
        2

              ,%&*.
   
       =**#)**#­
    2#               
                    ­
    3     2 $       
          
           2
Conclusion
$                
       *1     
 )**#  ,%&*.
   *.%2
)          *31 ­
       *31      3 
 ,%      +     
3        2-   
          =**   
             )**# 2
-   C        )**# 
  *.
     +               
          )**#  2.    
           E *%  ,%&*.
3
 )**#        
  2=      ,%&*.
  
               
         *.%2 )     
              
                *1  
)**#  2
Declaration of Competing Interest
#           4 
                
     2
Acknowledgement
# C        (  .    )  
,  *  E )7B7B7B9B6:2
References
568 ,  ,1% &D.=1% +  2   
        @      4  
          2' 7B6;IA9@6;6;–772
578 % .F&,F,=.%2#       
     %2* %.''7B6?I9?@6?A9–AB:2
598 FF'C *-C ) ,2  3        @
E  4         2$'''$ =
7B6;I76/;0@76–962
5:8 FF-C ) ,.˜  =E2*      3
  3      2$'#"  * E  7B6<I
6B/:0@;B:–692
5;8 E 12,  = " 3#   * "   
'  J  3.  *   * * 2J. @( "  2
' &I7B6A2
5<8 %=%-,N)2D      
         *1      3 
 2$'''#. E7B6?IA/70@6B?<–A;2
5>8 FD2      *1 
        2 . % 7B6?I<7@6B6–A2
Z. Xie and Z. Wu
5?8 OFDOP,2        + 
=**#    2
 %  = 7B6?I9A@6B7A–:72
5A8 = =*N  1E2. 3 3    3 3
        3    
 2$'''#.  ' 7B6;I</90@66;B–A2
56B8 D # ,= $P  E*NPP& 2
&3   3      3    3 3
      H    C 2$'#"  * E  
7B6>I66/?0@66?7–AB2
5668 # ,D= $P  E*N-C )2      
         2$'''#* ' 
7B6?I99/;0@:B??–6B62
5678 .  FF-C )2         
   3  3  *1 2$'''#* ' 7B6>I
97/660@?;;A–<A2
5698 # ,DP  E# %D)EE.  FF
2'              
 @   2$'''#* ' 7B7BI9;/A0@A9:7–;<2
56:8 # ,D.  FFFE*N-C )2   
            27B6?$'''
 * '  %   ' / *'%0666;366762
56;8 .F,D%2            
          2N%
J  7B7BI636;25
 82  @ @HH2 2 H H 
H;B26B::227B7BB;6?266BA2BB72 2
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (2022) 101747
56<8 %F3*FE2)   3 3  3 
       *1 2$'#"  * E  7B7BI6:/6B0@
6>A>–?B>2
56>8 P(,$.-*-P2.  3 =**# 
 *1   % E   
 + 2$'''#' % 7B6>I97/90@A?9–A72
56?8 P(,$.-*-P2(    3
 =**#*1       
 *(P&=. 2$'''#$ 7B6?I;:/<0@<9:9–;72
56A8 & ,% -D. 2   3       
             2.' 
7B7BI7B?@6B;?–<>2
57B8 P  # ,DP(P)EE*N.#2)  
           2$'''
#* ' 7B76I9</?0@A:6A–7A2 @HH2H6B266BAH
#*'&27B7629B:A7>;2
5768 F .%DFO&*& F D- 2   *.
 
=**#*12* %.''7B67I97@:7–?2
5778 O P EF&O, F&2 =      
         + 2 
'  . 7B7BI:?@7B6>–7:2
5798   2=     *1  
     3P         2.  
' #   7B76I::@6B6BAB2 @HH2H6B26B6<HC2
 27B7626B6BAB2