TEST QUESTIONNAIRE NO.

7 (1-100 items)

1. The desired product of fusion in fire assaying.

a. Dore
b. Slag
c. Precious metals
d. Lead Button

Dore-Gold and silver bullion that remains in a cupelling furnace after the lead has been oxidized and
skimmed off.
Slag- Partially or completely melted lithic material usually as a by-product of smelting or glass creation
Precious metals- Any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and the
platinum-group metals
Lead Button- In the separation of the noble metals from their impurities, lead is fused with the ore. The
bullion so formed drops to the bottom of the crucible in the lead button from which the precious metal is
extracted by cupellation.
2. The weight of metallic lead that will be produced from excess litharge by 1 gram of ore or any
assaying reagent.
a. Reducing power
b. Assay power
c. oxidizing power
d. fluxing power

Reducing power- Ability of a substance to donate electrons and reduce other substances, often measured
to determine the concentration of certain elements in a sample.
Assay power-capability of a substance to accurately determine the quantity or purity of a specific
component in a sample through analysis techniques such as chemical assays or instrumental methods
oxidizing power-ability of a substance to accept electrons and cause oxidation reactions, often measured
in chemical analyses to determine its strength as an oxidizing agent.
fluxing power-The capacity of a substance to lower the melting point of minerals in metallurgical
processes, facilitating the fusion of ores and other materials into a slag during smelting or refining
operations.
3. Commonly desired weight of lead button.
a. 32 grams
b. 24 grams
c. 26 grams
d. 28 grams
4. The weight of metallic lead that will be converted to PbO by 1 gram of ore or any assaying
reagent
a. Fluxing power
b. Oxidizing power
c. assaing power
d. reducing power

Reducing power- Ability of a substance to donate electrons and reduce other substances, often measured
to determine the concentration of certain elements in a sample.
Assay power-capability of a substance to accurately determine the quantity or purity of a specific
component in a sample through analysis techniques such as chemical assays or instrumental methods
oxidizing power-ability of a substance to accept electrons and cause oxidation reactions, often measured
in chemical analyses to determine its strength as an oxidizing agent.
fluxing power-The capacity of a substance to lower the melting point of minerals in metallurgical
processes, facilitating the fusion of ores and other materials into a slag during smelting or refining
operations.
5. FeO, MnO, and CaO are slag forming constituents of ores and gangue materials.
a. neutral
b. acidic
c. basic
6. The viscosity of silicates with thr percentage of silica above that needed for mono-silicate.
a. is not affected
b. increases
c. decreases
d. intermediate
7. Based on a short ton, 1 assay ton is equivalent to grams
a. 29.166
b. 32.666
c. 26.619
d. 26.366
8. The silicate degree is the ratio of in the acid to the base components of the slag.
a. silica
b. silicon
c. CaO
d. Oxygen

silica- silica refers to silicon dioxide (SiO2), a compound commonly found in ores and fluxes, which
plays a crucial role in forming slag and fluxing reactions during smelting and refining processes.
silicon-chemical element added to alloys, such as steel and aluminum, to enhance strength, hardness, and
corrosion resistance, and it is also used as a deoxidizer in steelmaking processes.
CaO-calcium oxide, is a chemical compound commonly known as quicklime, used in various industrial
processes such as steelmaking, water treatment, and construction for its strong alkaline properties and
ability to react with water to form calcium hydroxide.
Oxygen- chemical element essential for sustaining life and combustion, widely used in various industrial
processes such as steelmaking, chemical synthesis, and medical applications.
9. It is a sub-silicate.
a. 2MO.3SiO2
b. 4MO.3SiO2
c. 4MO.SiO2
d. 2MO.SiO2
10. It is a sesqui-silicate
a. 4MO.3SiO2
b. 4MO.SiO2
c 2MO.SiO2
d. 2MO.3SiO2
11. Determine the percentage solid by volume of a slurry with 45% solids and 2.7 solids S.G.
a. 26.3%
b. 23.6%
c. 25.2%
d. 22.5%
12. Find the volume of 1.5 MT of slurry that is 40% solids by weight with 2.7 solids S.G.
a. 1.5 cubic meter
b. 1.8 cubic meter
c. 1.1 cubic meter
d. 2.1 cubic meter
13. What is the percent recovery in a concentration operation where the values in heads = 0.31%,
products = 28.5% and waste 0.053%.
a. 81.3%
b. 81.8%
c. 88.1%
d. 83.1%
14. The inside diameter (liner to liner) of a ball mill is 16.84 feet and is operating at 75% of the
critical speed. Determine the rpm of the mill
a. 12 rpm
b. 14 rpm
c. 16 rpm
d. 18 rpm
15.. A ball mill in close circuit with a hydroclone is fed at a rate of 300 DMT per hour. The
percentages of solids by weight of the cyclone feed, overflow, and underflow are 60%, 40% and
75% respectively. Determine the circulating load ratio.
a. 2.5
b. 2.0
c. 3.0
d. 3.5
16. In problem no. 15, determine the tonnage of cyclone underflow.
a. 650 DMTPH
b. 700 DMTPH
c. 750 DMTPH
d. 800 DMTPH
17. In problem no. 15. determine the total tonnage passing through the mill.
a. 1000 DMTPH
b. 1050 DMTPH
c. 1100 DMTPH
d. 1150 DMTPH
18. The coarse fraction (oversize) in an industrial screening operation was sampled, tested in
laboratory and found to still contain 12% of the fines (undersize). Determine the screen efficiency.
a. 80%
b. 82%
c. 84%
d. 88%
19. 100 DMTPH of material is being processed in an industrial screening operation with undersize
tonnage at 71.2 DMTPH Laboratory screening test indicated that the feed is 80% passing the
screen size. Find the screen efficiency.
A. 89%
b. 92%
c. 87%
d. 85%
20. A certain concentrator is processing 0.30% copper ore at 42,000 DMTPD producing copper
concentrate and tailings assaying 28.5% Cu and 0.05% Cu respectively. Determine the DMT
copper produced per day
a. 100 DMTPD
b. 105.2 DMTPD
c. 110.3 DMTPD
d. 115.6 DMTPD
21. In problem 20, find the concentrate produced per day.
a. 369 DMTPD
b. 375 DMTPD
c. 360 DMTPD
d. 355 DMTPD
22. Method of representing and analyzing three dimensional relations between planes and lines on a
two dimensional diagram
a. orthographic projection
b. stereonet
c. hemispherical projection
d. plane projection

Orthographic projection- transforms a three-dimensional object into its two-dimensional image by a

mechanism of homogeneous deformation, with infinite shortening along the parallel projection lines
stereonet- A stereonet is a device that allows the stereographical projection of three-dimensional
information onto a two-dimensional plane
hemispherical projection- graphical methods whereby planes and lines in space can be represented in
two dimensions on a piece of paper.
plane projection- a type of view in which graphical projections from an object intersect.

23. Deposits that are formed simultaneously with the host rock.
a. epigenetic
b. syngenetic
c. metamorphic
d. pneumatolytic

epigenetic- Said of a mineral deposit formed later than the enclosing rocks
syngenetic- Said of a mineral deposit formed contemporaneously with, and by essentially the same
processes as, the enclosing rocks
metamorphic- Pertaining to the process of metamorphism or to its results.
pneumatolytic- (1) the surface effects of gases near volcanoes; (2) contact-metamorphic effects
surrounding deep-seated intrusives; (3) that stage in igneous differentiation between pegmatitic and
hydrothermal, which is supposed to be characterized by gas-crystal equilibria; and (4) very loosely, any
deposit containing minerals or elements commonly formed in pneumatolysis, such as tourmaline, topaz,
fluorite, lithium, and tin, and hence presumed to have formed from a gas phase.
24. It is the formation of planes of separation in the rock material.
a. schistosity
b. bedding plane
c fracture
d. filling

schistosity- The foliation in schist or other coarse-grained, crystalline metamorphic rock due to the
parallel, planar arrangement of mineral grains of the platy, prismatic, or ellipsoidal types, usually mica.
bedding plane- a surface that separates each layer from those above or below it. It usually records a
change in depositional circumstances by grain size, composition, color, or other features. The rock may
tend to split or break readily along bedding planes.
fracture- A general term for any break in a rock, whether or not it causes displacement, due to
mechanical failure by stress. Fracture includes cracks, joints, and faults.
filling- the deposition of sediment within a geological feature, resulting in the gradual infilling of the
space over time.
25. It is used to determine the mineral amenability to, preliminary flowsheet for treatment
a. analytical determination
b. metallurgical testing
c. assaying
d. chemical testing

analytical determination- analytical determination involves precise laboratory techniques to

quantitatively measure and identify the composition and properties of metallic materials.
metallurgical testing- conducting various experiments and analyses to assess the properties,
composition, and behavior of metallic materials, aiding in their characterization, quality control, and
process optimization in metallurgical industries.
assaying- qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques used to determine the composition and purity of
metals and ores, essential for assessing their value, quality, and suitability for various applications in
metallurgy and mining.
chemical testing-analyzing substances to identify their chemical composition and properties.

26. Grooves, channels, slats or wire screens in a sluice box or rocker to catch hold and other
valuable minerals.
a. Riffle
b. Whittle
c. Sluice
d. Gape

Riffle- lining of the bottom of a sluice, made of blocks or slats of wood or stones, arranged in such a
manner that chinks or slots are left between them, into which heavy mineral grains fall and are held for
recovery.
Whittle-to cut off (a bit). to reduce the amount of, as if by whittling; pare down
Sluice- conduit or passage for carrying off surplus water, often at high velocity. It may be fitted with a
valve or gate for stopping or regulating the flow.
Gape- Maximum aperture at entry to a coarse crushing machine at which the largest piece of rock fed to
it can be gripped and acted on by the breaking system.
27. In which part of gossan would you find the highest concentration of iron?
a..leached zone
b. primary mineralization
c. supergene enrichment
d. alteration zones-
leached zone- The part of a lode above the water table, from which some ore has been dissolved by
down-filtering meteoric or spring water.
primary mineralization-The original mineral deposit formed through geological processes without
significant alteration or weathering.
supergene enrichment-The enrichment of ore minerals near the surface through secondary processes,
such as oxidation and leaching, resulting in the concentration of valuable metals.
d. alteration zones-Areas where the original rock has been chemically or mineralogically altered due to
hydrothermal activity, weathering, or metamorphism.

28. It is a type of copper deposit that is closely related with submarine volcanism and is
characterized by massive, graded cross bedding or cross bedding ore texture?
a. porphyry Cu deposit
b. Bushveld complex
c. Kuroko type deposit
d. Transvaal system

porphyry Cu deposit-Copper ore bodies that are formed from hydrothermal fluids that originate from a
voluminous magma chamber several kilometers below the deposit itself.
Bushveld complex-a large layered intrusion, emplaced into a stable cratonic setting. It has been
considered an intrusive equivalent of a continental flood basalt province, and inferred to be related to a
mantle plume
Kuroko type deposit- intimately mixed sphalerite, galena, and barite, associated (in places) with large
masses of pyrite and gypsum. These deposits are a subtype of the volcanogenic massive sulfide ore
deposits
Transvaal system- sequence of sedimentary rocks predominantly found in southern Africa, characterized
by extensive gold-bearing conglomerates and quartzites dating to the Paleoproterozoic era
29. With the knowledge that the ore deposit being explored is a massive base metal, what type of
samples would be preferred?
a. channel samples
b. grab samples
c. chip samples
d. random samples

channel samples- Material from a level groove cut across an ore exposure to obtain a true cross section
of it.
grab samples- specimens of ore more or less at random from a heap, scatter pile, or passing load. Used in
connection with examination of the characteristic minerals in the deposit rather than for valuation.
chip samples- A regular series of ore chips or rock chips taken either in a continuous line across an
exposure or at uniformly spaced intervals
random samples- A sample take without plan or pattern
30. It is an interaction between the rock and the rising hydrothermal fluid. It is characterized by
the change in color, mineralization, hardness, and composition of the rock.
A. metasomatism
b. paragenesis
c. wall rock alteration
d. hydration

metasomatism-The process of practically simultaneous capillary solution and deposition by which a new
mineral of partly or wholly different chemical composition may grow in the body of an old mineral or
mineral aggregate.
paragenesis- A characteristic association or occurrence of minerals or a mineral assemblage, especially
in ore deposits, connoting a specific equilibrium assemblage or contemporaneous formation.
wall rock alteration- rock-forming minerals are altered due to reactions accompanying the flow of
heated aqueous fluids along fractures and grain boundaries
hydration- The chemical combination of water with another substance
31. They form during the regional or contact metamorphism and a variety of metasomatic
processes involving fluid of magmatic, metamorphic, meteoric, and/or marine origin
a. magnesium nodules
b. hydrothermal veins
c. stratiform deposits
d. skarns

magnesium nodules-authigenic deposits composed principally of manganese oxides enriched in Fe and

Co, Ni, and Cu. They occur in all the world's oceans but are generally found in areas where sediment
accumulation rate is slow.
hydrothermal veins- A layer of minerals that has been precipitated from a hydrothermal fluid between
layers of rock underground
stratiform deposits- ore minerals are always confined within specific strata and are distributed in a
manner that resembles particles in a sedimentary rock
skarns- A metasomatic rock formed at the contact between a silicate rock (or magmatic melt) and a
carbonate rock. It consists mainly of Ca, Mg, Fe and/or Mn silicates which are free from or poor in water.
32. In what tectonic setting did the Philippines form?
a. island arc
b. hot spots
c. mid oceanic ridge
d. continental arc

island arc- A group of islands having a curving, arclike pattern. Most island arcs lie near the continental
masses, but inasmuch as they rise from the deep ocean floors, they are not a part of the continents proper.
hot spots-large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth
mid oceanic ridge-a continuous range of underwater volcanoes that wraps around the globe
continental arc- type of volcanic arc occurring as an "arc-shape" topographic high region along a
continental margin.
33. Which of these rocks has the highest amount of quartz?
a. Granite
b. Diorite
c. basalt
d. syenite

Granite- a rock having an alkali-feldspar/total feldspar ratio from 0.35-0.90 on the QAPF diagram and
20-60% quartz
Diorite- A dioritic rock with <5% quartz and <10% alkali feldspar on the QAPF diagram.
Basalt- A mafite or basaltoid containing mostly calcic plagioclase, clinopyroxene +/- olivine,
orthopyroxene, foids, oxides and rarely quartz
Syenite- A coarse grained, felsic igneous Rock having an alkali-feldspar/plagioclase ratio from 65-90%
and felsic minerals contain <5% quartz.
34. It is the geometric arrangement of crystals
a. Cleavage
b. twinning
c. Fabric
d. Parting

Cleavage- The breaking of a mineral along its crystallographic planes, thus reflecting crystal structure.
Twinning- Crystals in which one or more parts, regularly arranged, are in reverse position with reference
to the other part or parts.
Fabric- It is the geometric arrangement of crystals
Parting- The physical property of some specimens of mineral species to break along specific
crystallographic planes because of twinning or chemical alteration along them
35. What is the distinguishing property between acidic and basic rocks?
a. pH level
b. alumina content
c. silica content
d. Iron content

36. Which does not belong to the discontinuous series of Bowen's Reaction Series?
a. biotite
b. Olivine
c. Amphibole
d. Plagioclase

biotite-A dark-colored mineral belonging to the mica group, commonly found in igneous and
metamorphic rocks.
Olivine-A greenish mineral with a glassy luster, typically found in mafic igneous rocks like basalt and
gabbro
Amphibole- A group of dark-colored, chain silicate minerals commonly found in igneous and
metamorphic rocks, including hornblende and actinolite.
Plagioclase- A group of feldspar minerals commonly found in igneous rocks, characterized by their
striated appearance and variable composition.
37. Which is not a wall rock alteration
a. argillic
b. potassic
c. Propylitic
d. Calcic

argillic-Wall rock alteration characterized by the replacement of minerals by clay minerals, typically
occurring in the presence of hydrothermal fluids.
potassic-Wall rock alteration characterized by the enrichment of potassium-rich minerals, such as biotite
and orthoclase, often associated with high-temperature hydrothermal alteration.
Propylitic-Wall rock alteration characterized by the formation of minerals such as chlorite, epidote, and
calcite, typically associated with low-temperature hydrothermal alteration.
Calcic-Not a commonly recognized type of wall rock alteration; this term may refer to alterations
involving calcium-rich minerals, but it's not a standard classification in alteration geology.
38. The most stable mineral at the surface of the earth
a. calcite
b. Feldspar
c. quartz
d. Plagioclase

Calcite-A common mineral found in sedimentary rocks, limestone, and marble, composed of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3).
Feldspar -A group of rock-forming minerals, including orthoclase, albite, and plagioclase, commonly
found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Quartz- A hard and durable mineral composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2), abundant in igneous,
metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.
Plagioclase-A group of feldspar minerals commonly found in igneous rocks, characterized by their
striated appearance and variable composition

39. Which sedimentary environment will you classify alluvial fans?

a. fluvial
b. lacustrian
c. transitional
d. Aeolian

fluvial- Existing, growing, or living in or about a stream or river.

lacustrian-deposition of sediment in lake basins, often characterized by fine-grained sediments and
organic-rich deposits.
transitional-occur at the boundary between terrestrial and marine environments, such as deltas or
estuaries, where sediment deposition is influenced by both riverine and marine processes.
Aeolian-deposition of sediment transported and reworked by wind processes, such as sand dunes or loess
deposits.

40. Aspect, appearance, and the characteristic of a rock unit usually reflecting the a. wall rock
alteration b. paragenetic origin.
a. Wall Rock Alteration
b. Paragenetic Origin
c. Stability field
d. Facies

Wall Rock Alteration-- rock-forming minerals are altered due to reactions accompanying the flow of
heated aqueous fluids along fractures and grain boundaries
Paragenic Origin-: The sequence of mineral deposition and alteration events that occurred during the
formation of a rock unit, reflecting its geological history.
Stability field- The range of temperature and pressure conditions under which a mineral or mineral
assemblage is stable within the Earth's crust.
Facies-A distinctive rock unit or assemblage of sedimentary features that reflect specific depositional
environments and conditions.
41. A rock that resulted in the replacement of magnesium of one of the calcium ion in a carbonate
rock?
a. dolomite
b. aragonite
c. Siderit
d. Anhydrite

Dolomite- CaMg(CO3)2
Aragonite- CaCO3
Siderite- FeCO3
Anhydrite- CaSO4

42. Also known as expandable clay

a. illite
b. Montmorillonite
c. Kaolinite
d. Smectite

illite- non-expanding clay mineral belonging to the mica group, with the chemical formula (K,H3O)
(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)].
Montmorillonite-an expansive clay mineral belonging to the smectite group, with the chemical formula
(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2·nH2O.
Kaolinite-non-expanding clay mineral with the chemical formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4, commonly found in
sedimentary rocks and soils.
Smectite- A group of clay minerals characterized by their ability to swell and expand when hydrated,
with the general formula (Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O.

43. Which is not a diagenetic process

a. compaction
b. replacement
c. cementation
d. silicification

compaction- sediments are pressed together under pressure, reducing pore space and increasing the
density of the sedimentary rock.
replacement- one mineral is replaced by another through chemical reactions, altering the composition
and texture of the original rock.
cementation-The precipitation of mineral cements between sediment grains, binding them together to
form a coherent sedimentary rock.
silicification-The process of introducing silica into a rock, often through the replacement of original
minerals with silica-rich materials, resulting in the formation of siliceous rocks.

44. Powerful basic flux and by far the cheapest one available. It melts at 852 degrees centigrade. It
is often charged equal to the weight of the ore sample.
a. sodium carbonate
b. silica
c. alumina
d. Potassium Phosphate

sodium carbonate-A basic flux commonly used in metallurgy for fluxing and smelting operations, also
known as soda ash, with the chemical formula Na2CO3.
silica- A compound composed of silicon and oxygen (SiO2), commonly used as a fluxing agent in
metallurgy to lower the melting point of minerals during smelting processes.
alumina- A compound of aluminum and oxygen (Al2O3), which can act as a fluxing agent in metallurgy
to promote the fusion of ores and facilitate the removal of impurities.
Potassium Phosphate- A compound containing potassium and phosphate ions, not commonly used as a
flux in metallurgy due to its relatively high melting point.
45. A fusible compound of earthy or metallic oxides and silica and other acid constituents.
a. Matte
b. slag
c. flux
d. litharge

Matte- A metallic sulfide mixture made by melting the roasted product in smelting sulfide ores of copper,
lead, and nickel
Slag- Partially or completely melted lithic material usually as a by-product of smelting or glass creation
Flux- material used to remove undesirable substances; e.g., sand, ash, or dirt, as a molten mixture.
Litharge- material obtained in the process of separating lead from silver by fire metallurgy.
46. Fusion is carried out at a. 1500-2000°C temperature.
a.1500-2000°C
b. 800-1500°C
c. 1200-1500°C
d. 1000-1200°C
47. An artificial sulphide of ore or more of the metals most often encountered in the niter fusion of
sulphide ore when the charge is too acidic.
a. Matte
b. slag
c. flux
d. litharge

Matte- A metallic sulfide mixture made by melting the roasted product in smelting sulfide ores of copper,
lead, and nickel
Slag- Partially or completely melted lithic material usually as a by-product of smelting or glass creation
Flux- material used to remove undesirable substances; e.g., sand, ash, or dirt, as a molten mixture.
Litharge- material obtained in the process of separating lead from silver by fire metallurgy.
48. Something that converts compounds infusible at a certain temperature into others which melts
at this temperature.
a. litharge
b. modifier
c. flux
d. Reducing agent

Modifier- A substance added to a mixture to alter or regulate its properties, often used in metallurgy to
improve the structure and properties of alloys.
Reducing Agent- A substance that donates electrons to another substance, leading to a reduction
reaction, often used in metallurgy to remove oxygen from ores or refine metals
Flux- material used to remove undesirable substances; e.g., sand, ash, or dirt, as a molten mixture.
Litharge- material obtained in the process of separating lead from silver by fire metallurgy.
49. Cupellation temperature ranges from ______
a. 900-1200°C
b. 850-1000°C
c. 1000-1500°C
d. 800-1200°C
50. The best ratio of silver to gold in dore bead is the optimum range of ___ Ag:Au.
a. 1:1-1.5:1
b. 2:3-3:5
c. 3:1 -5:2
d. 2:1-3:1
51. This acid causes spattering during dilution with hot liquid.
a. hydrochloric acid
b. nitric acid
c. sulfuric acid
d. All of these
52. The sample for fire assaying is crushed and pulverized to attain at least____ mesh
a. -100
b. -400
c. -200
d. -80
53. The ratio of silver gold in the dore that causes gold to break up.
a. 6:1
b. 3:1
c. 5:1
d. 7:1
54. A crystal habit resembling a bunch of grapes.
a. oolitic
b. pegmatitic
c. botryoidal
d. none of these

oolitic- ertaining to an oolite, or to a rock or mineral made up of ooliths; e.g., an oolitic ironstone, in
which iron oxide or iron carbonate has replaced the calcium carbonate of an oolitic limestone.
pegmatitic- Said of the texture of an exceptionally coarsely crystalline igneous rock, with an average
grain size >1cm.
botryoidal- Having the form of a bunch of grapes. Said of minerals, e.g., hematite with a surface of
spherical shapes; also said of a crystalline aggregate in which the spherical shapes are composed of
radiating crystals.
55. Property of minerals to break along planes of structural weakness
a. joints
b. cleavage
c. Fracture
d. Foliation

joints - divisional plane or surface that divides a rock and along which there has been no visible
movement parallel to the plane or surface.
cleavage - The breaking of a mineral along its crystallographic planes, thus reflecting crystal structure.
Fracture - A general term for any break in a rock, whether or not it causes displacement, due to
mechanical failure by stress. Fracture includes cracks, joints, and faults.
Foliation - A general term for a planar arrangement of textural or structural features in any type of rock;
esp., the planar structure that results from flattening of the constituent grains of a metamorphic rock. Adj.
foliate; foliated.
56. A type of luminescence in which the mineral becomes luminous upon crushing, scratching, or
rubbing.
a. triboluminescence
b. fluorescence
c. pyroluminiscence
d. none of these
triboluminescence-phenomenon of light emission resulting from the mechanical force applied to a
substance.
fluorescence-the ability of certain chemicals to give off visible light after absorbing radiation which is
not normally visible, such as ultraviolet light.
pyroluminiscence-Light emission induced in certain solids by nondestructive dynamic pressure
57. Selenite is a crystalline variety of the mineral ____
a. calcite
b. gypsum
c. anhydrite
d. aragonite

calcite- A common mineral found in sedimentary rocks, limestone, and marble, composed of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3).
gypsum- CaSO4 · 2H2O Colourless to white, often tinged other hues due to impurities; colourless in
transmitted light.
anhydrite- CaSO4
aragonite- CaCO3

58. Alabaster is a
a. crystalline gypsum
b. fibrous gypsum
c. massive gypsum
d. glassy gypsum
59. A mineral occurring as an aggregate of rounded pellets is___
a. Magnetic
b. botryoidal
c. oolitic
d. foliated

Magnetic- Of or pertaining to a mineral, object, area, or locale possessing the properties of a magnet.
Botryoidal- Having the form of a bunch of grapes. Said of minerals, e.g., hematite with a surface of
spherical shapes; also said of a crystalline aggregate in which the spherical shapes are composed of
radiating crystals.
Oolitic- ertaining to an oolite, or to a rock or mineral made up of ooliths; e.g., an oolitic ironstone, in
which iron oxide or iron carbonate has replaced the calcium carbonate of an oolitic limestone.
Foliated- A general term for a planar arrangement of textural or structural features in any type of rock;
esp., the planar structure that results from flattening of the constituent grains of a metamorphic rock. Adj.
foliate; foliated.
60. The tendency of a mineral to break in well-defined directions is called___
a. foliation
b. joints
c. cleavage
d. fracture

foliation- A general term for a planar arrangement of textural or structural features in any type of rock;
esp., the planar structure that results from flattening of the constituent grains of a metamorphic rock. Adj.
foliate; foliated.
b. joints- divisional plane or surface that divides a rock and along which there has been no visible
movement parallel to the plane or surface.
cleavage- The breaking of a mineral along its crystallographic planes, thus reflecting crystal structure.
fracture- A general term for any break in a rock, whether or not it causes displacement, due to
mechanical failure by stress. Fracture includes cracks, joints, and faults.

61. Ions or group of ions which produce characteristic colors in minerals are called
a. chromites
b. chromophores
c. Chromium
d. Chromate

chromites-Minerals containing chromium in the form of chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), commonly found
in ultramafic rocks and used as a source of chromium.
chromophores-Ions or groups of ions within minerals that are responsible for producing characteristic
colors by absorbing certain wavelengths of light.
Chromium-A chemical element with the symbol Cr and atomic number 24, commonly used in
metallurgy for its corrosion resistance and in various industrial applications, including the production of
stainless steel.
Chromate -A compound containing chromium in the +6 oxidation state, commonly used in pigments,
dyes, and as a corrosion inhibitor.
62. Minerals whose color vary greatly due to the presence of pigments, impurities and inclusions
are referred to as___
a. idiochromatic
b. Vidiochromatic
c. Allochromatic
d. hypochromatic

idiochromatic-Idiochromatic minerals are "self colored" due to their composition. The color is a constant
and predictable component of the mineral. Examples are blue Azurite, red Cinnabar, and green Malachite.
Vidiochromatic-not a real term in geology
Allochromatic-Minerals that are colorless when pure, the color coming from coloring agents, most of
which are, cobalt, copper, chromium, titanium, vanadium, manganese, and iron. Examples of this are
beryl,corundum, quartz, and spinel.
Hypochromatic- not a real term in geology

63. Pseudomorphism may take place through any of the following processes except for
a. substitution
b. alteration
c. deformation
d. encrustation

substitution- A chemical defect wherein one ion replaces another in a crystal structure. Substitution may
be partial; e.g., iron for zinc in sphalerite up to 30%, or complete; e.g., manganese and iron in the series
rhodochrosite-siderite.
alteration- Any change in the mineralogic composition of a rock brought about by physical or chemical
means, esp. by the action of hydrothermal solutions; also, a secondary, i.e., supergene, change in a rock or
mineral.
deformation- A general term for the process of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of
the rocks as a result of various Earth forces.
encrustation- A crust or coating of minerals formed on a rock surface; e.g., calcite on cave objects,
soluble salts on a playa, or manganese-rich crusts on the ocean or lake floor.
64. Quartz are used in digital watches. This could be attributed to its property called
a. triboluminescence
b. pyroelectricity
c. piezoelectricity
d. fluorescence

triboluminescence-phenomenon in which light is generated when a material is mechanically pulled apart,

ripped, scratched, crushed, or rubbed
pyroelectricity- Ability of certain materials to generate a temporary voltage when they are heated or
cooled.
piezoelectricity- a polarization of charge produced by an applied stress, occurs in many minerals. It is
particularly strong in quartz.
fluorescence- light produced by a substance that has absorbed light or other radiation, which has a longer
wavelength than the light that has been absorbed
65. The following mineral properties are dependent on external light source except for
a. chatoyancy
b. asterism
c. luster
d. luminescence

chatoyancy- cat's eye effect, is a special optical effect referring to a bright band on the surface of
gemstones caused by the reflection of light
asterism- starlike figure exhibited in light reflected or transmitted by some crystals.
luster-describes how a mineral's surface reflects light and how the interior of the mineral may refract or
bend light
luminescence- the light emitted following the release of stored energy (in the form of trapped charge)
accumulated in crystalline materials
66. Also known as mantle sequence
a. skarn
b. mid oceanic ridge basalts
c. ophiolites
d. Bouma sequence

skarn- coarse-grained metamorphic rocks that form by replacement of carbonate-bearing rocks during
regional or contact metamorphism and metasomatism.
mid oceanic ridge basalts- formed where tectonic plates are moving apart. As the plates move apart,
magma from the mantle rises to the surface and erupts, forming new oceanic crust. MORB is a dark, fine-
grained basalt that is rich in iron and magnesium.
Ophiolites-pieces of oceanic plate that have been thrusted (obducted) onto the edge of continental plates.
They provide models for processes at mid-ocean ridges. Ophiolites are an assemblage of mafic and
ultramafic lavas and hypabyssal rocks found in association with sedimentary rocks like greywackes and
cherts.
Bouma sequence- the first model of sediment-laden gravity flows and represents the first predictive
model in sedimentology.
67. The following are varieties of corundum except for
a. emerald
b. ruby
c. sapphire
d. emery

emerald -a green to blue green variety of the mineral Beryl, which has a slightly complex chemical
formula: Al2Be3(Si6O18) a silicate of Beryllium and Aluminum.
ruby- scientifically known as corundum, a rock-forming mineral and crystalline form of aluminium oxide
which is two aluminium atoms and three oxygen atoms (Al2O3) in a close packed hexagonal structure.
sapphire-a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminium oxide (α-
Al2O3) with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, cobalt, lead, chromium, vanadium,
magnesium, boron, and silicon.
emery- granular rock consisting of a mixture of the mineral corundum (aluminum oxide, Al2O3) and iron
oxides such as magnetite (Fe3O4) or hematite (Fe2O3).
68. The following minerals belong to the pyroxene group except for
a. diopside
b. enstatite
c. hedenbergite
d. Flourite

diopside- colourless or pale-green pyroxene mineral consisting of calcium magnesium silicate in

monoclinic crystalline form: used as a gemstone. Formula: CaMgSi 2 O 6.
Enstatite -a mineral; the magnesium endmember of the pyroxene silicate mineral series enstatite
(MgSiO3) – ferrosilite (FeSiO3)
hedenbergite- a dark green to black member of the pyroxene group. It usually forms due
to metamorphism of iron-rich or carbonate-rich sedimentary rocks or as a primary mineral in certain
syenites and related rocks.
Flourite-a calcium fluoride that crystallises in the cubic system
69. Quantitative determination in which metal or metals are separated from impurities by fusion
processes and weighed in order to determine the metal content.
a. metallurgical testing
b. fire assaying
c pyrometallurgical test
d. AAS

metallurgical testing- the collection and analysis of various metals, materials, and alloy samples.
fire assaying- The industry standard process for obtaining gold and platinum group element (PGE)
concentrations from high-grade ores. Lead collection gold fire assay is considered the most definitive
technique for gold analysis.
pyrometallurgical test- a metallurgical process involving elevated temperatures, ranging from 800° to
1200 °C, to facilitate metal recovery
AAS- detects elements in either liquid or solid samples through the application of characteristic
wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from a light source.
70. Numerous occurence of porphyry-type mineralization that have been identified at which
province?
a. Zambales Deposit
b. Sipatay, Negros Deposit
c. Marinduque Deposit
d. all of these
71. Nickel ores characterized by high iron content (40-50%), and relatively low nickel (0.5-15%),
cobalt (0.05-2%), magnesia (<5%), and silica (<10%).
a. limonite
b. saprolite
c. garnierite
d. none of these

limonite- Limonite (hydrous iron oxide, FeO(OH)•nH2O) is a heavy, yellowish-brown to dark brown
group of iron oxide minerals of variable composition. It commonly forms as a weathering product of
other minerals containing iron.
saprolite-More intense weathering results in a continuous transition from saprolite to laterite. Saprolites
form in the lower zones of soil horizons and represent deep weathering of the bedrock surface.
garnierite-a green nickel ore which is found in pockets and veins within weathered and serpentinized
ultramafic rocks.
72. What province can you find the biggest single deposit of refractory chromite in the Philippines?
a. Batangas
b. Ilocos
c. Baguio
d. Zambales
73. One of the largest producer of nickel in the country located in Palawan.
a. Berong Nickel Mining Corp
b. Rio Tuba Nickel mining corp
c. Carascal Nickel Corporation
d. Citinickel Corporation
74. The world's largest refractory chromite mine in Coto, Zambales is better described as
a. colliform
b. oolitic
c. podiform
d. acidic

coliform- Gram-negative oxidase negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, or facultative anaerobic rod-

shaped bacteria
oolitic- type of sedimentary rock, usually limestone, made up of ooids cemented together.
podiform- small magmatic chromite bodies formed in the ultramafic section of an ophiolite complex in
the oceanic crust.
acidic-Acidic rock or acid rock refers to the chemical composition of igneous rocks that has 63% wt%
SiO2 content. Rocks described as acidic usually contain more than 20% of free quartz. Typical acidic
rocks are granite or rhyolite.
75. Movement along faults that has no rotation of the block related to each other.
a. rotational movement
b. transgressional
c. bilateral movement
d. translational movement

rotational movement-Rotational slides (slumps) are landslides that oc- cur along a curved or spoon-
shaped surface. Back- tilting may occur near the scarp of the landslide and there is often a toe of
displaced material.
transgressional-type of sedimentary deposit or sequence that indicates the encroachment of marine or
water-related environments over land areas, resulting in the deposition of sediment layers that
successively cover older strata.
bilateral movement- horizontal displacement along a fault or fracture zone caused by tectonic forces
acting in opposite directions on either side of the fault plane.
translational movement- a downslope movement of material that occurs along a distinctive planar
surface of weakness such as a fault, joint or bedding plane.

76. The vertical component of dip separation.

a. throw
b. heave
c. slip
d. limb

throw-the vertical component of the separation and the heave of the fault is the horizontal component
heave-the phenomenon of the soil beneath a property expanding and pushing the ground upwards, which
can cause structural damage to a building
slip-the relative movement of geological features present on either side of a fault plane
limb-The line which marks where the axial plane intersects the surface of Earth is called the hinge
line. The areas on either side of the curved hinge zone stick out like arms or legs, and are appropriately
called limbs.
77. A lava that has a smooth, billowy surface.
a. Aa lava
b. pahoehoe lava
c. acidic lava
d. basic lava

Aa lava- a Hawaiian term for lava flows that have a rough rubbly surface composed of broken lava
blocks called clinkers.
pahoehoe lava- Lava flows with smooth, billowy, or ropy surfaces
acidic lava- has a high silica content and this makes it thicker
basic lava-lava with low silica content that is characterized by its fluidity and ability to flow over long
distances before solidifying, typically forming shield volcanoes or basalt plateaus.
78. Circular or arcuate faults that bound a circular area or a part of circular area.
a. isoclinal fault
b. translational faults
c. peripheral faults
d. Normal faults

isoclinal fault -If the compressional stresses that cause the folding are intense, the fold can close up
and have limbs that are parallel to each other.
translational faults-A fault in which there has been translational movement and no rotational component
of movement; dip in the two walls remains the same.
peripheral faults- Multiple faults whose fault planes strike outward from a common center
Normal faults-type of dip-slip fault where the hanging wall moves downwards from the footwall
79. A continental crust with a thickness of 30-80 km.
a. sialatic crust
b. magmatic crust
c. basaltic crust
d. acidic crust

sialatic crust- the continental crust, which is composed primarily of silica (Si) and aluminum (Al), giving
it a relatively low density and thickness compared to the denser and thinner oceanic crust, known as the
simatic crust.
magmatic crust-refers to the portion of the Earth's crust that is formed through the solidification of
magma, typically at mid-ocean ridges or volcanic regions, contributing to the creation of oceanic crust.
basaltic crust- The most common rock type in the Earth's crust
acidic crust- continental crust, which is composed of rocks rich in silica (SiO2) and aluminum (Al),
resulting in a higher overall acidity compared to the basaltic composition of oceanic crust.
80. Fumaroles play an important role in the formation of ____ minerals
a. oolitic
b. pneumatolytic
c. porphyritic
d. Sulfuric

ooliticic-The texture of a sedimentary rock consisting largely of ooliths showing tangential contacts with
one another.
pneumatolytic- Changes in rock mineralogy and chemistry that are initiated by the action of a hot,
chemically active, gaseous solution derived from a magma during its final stages of crystallization.
porphyritic- an igneous rock texture in which large crystals are set in a finer-grained or glassy
groundmass
Sulfuric- Containing sulfur
81. A surface of erosion or non deposition that separates younger strata from older rocks
a. nonconformity
b. paraconformity
c. unconformity
d. conformity

nonconformity- the only type where the rock below the hiatus is not sedimentary rock, but rather igneous
or metamorphic rock that has been planed-off before sediments were deposited over them
paraconformity-beds above and below the unconformity are parallel and no erosional surface is evident;
but can be recognized based on the gap in the rock record.
unconformity-a type of geologic contact—a boundary between rocks—caused by a period of erosion or a
pause in sediment accumulation, followed by the deposition of sediments anew
conformity-a contact between two rock layers between which no time is missing.
82. The host rock of diamond is a pipelike intrusion of
a. basalt
b. quartz
c. plagioclase
d. kimberlite

basalt- an extrusive igneous rock, which forms from volcanic lava that cools rapidly at Earth's
surface
quartz- hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a
continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two
tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2
plagioclase- the primary aluminium-bearing mineral in mafic rocks formed at low pressure
kimberlite-An explosively emplaced volcanic rock that is originally a fluid-rich ultramafic in overall
composition and typically contains many xenoliths.
83. Fire assaying is considered
a. volumetric
b. gasometric
c. gravimetric
d. Wet
volumetric- involves measurement of the volume of a solution whose concentration is known and
applied to determine the concentration of the analyte.
gasometric- i)measurement of the volume of a gas liberated under the conditions that are described in the
assay. ii)Decrease in volume of a gas when a suitable reagent is used to remove one of the gases present.
gravimetric-refer to analytical techniques used to determine the concentration or amount of a substance
in a sample based on the measurement of its mass, often involving precipitation and subsequent weighing
of the desired component.
Wet- refer to traditional chemical analysis methods conducted on a sample dissolved in a liquid solution,
typically involving titration or other wet chemistry techniques to determine the concentration of specific
elements or compounds.
84. It is a yearly program submitted at the start of each year which provides an operational link
between the environmental protection and enhancement commitments under the implementing
rules and regulations of P.D.
1586
а. АЕРЕР
b. EPEP
c. ECC
d. environmental work program
85. It is mine organization provided under P.D. 7942 that will marshal the corporate resources
needed to implement the environmental management programs of the company.
a. Mine Environmental Protection and Enhancement Office
b. Mine Rehabilitation and Monitoring Office
c. Mine Environmental Protection and Rehabilitation Office
d. Mine Rehabilitation Office
86. The cash fund needed by the contractor in mine rehabilitation.
a. P25,000,000
b. P10,000,000
c. P5,000,000
d. P15,000,000
87. The document required of proponent describing the environmental impacts of mitigation and
enhancement measures for projects or undertakings located in an environmentally critical area.
a initial environmental examination
b. ECC
c. monitoring reports
d. EIS
88. These are persons or entities who may be significantly affected by the projects or undertakings
such as, but not limited to members of the local community, industry, LGU, NGO and PO
a. mine community
b. stakeholders
c. stockholders
d. all of these
89. The government official authorized to suspend mining/quarrying operations in case of imminent
danger to the environment, public safety and health.
a. MGB Regional Director
b. DENR Secretary
c. President
d. Governor
90. It is a 25-year program which provides an operational link between the environmental
protection and enhancement commitments, under the implementing rules and regulations of the
Philippines Mining Act, as the issued environmental compliance certificate under P.D. 1586.
A. AEPEP
b. EPEP
c. ECC
d. EWP
91. According to DAO 35, the effluent standard for cyanide content must not exceed
a. 0.2 mg/L
b. 0.5 mg/L
c. 0.3 mg/L
d. 0.4 mg/L
92. According to DAO 35, what is the maximum rise in temperature?
a. 2 deg
b. 3 deg
c. 4 deg
d. 5 deg
93. According to the Clean Air Act, what is the maximum noise during daytime allowed at areas
primarily used
for residential purposes?
a. 50 dB
b. 55 dB
c. 60 dB
d. 65 dB
94. What is the maximum permissible limit of particulate emission from smelting furnaces
according to National Emission Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants (NESSAP)?
a. 150 mg/Ncm
b. 200 mg/Ncm
c. 250 mg/Nem
d. 300 mg/Ncm
95. According to the Clean Air Act, what is the maximum noise during daytime allowed at sections
reserved for heavy industrial area?
a. 60 dB
b. 65 dB
c. 70 dB
d. 75 dB
96. According to the Clean Air Act, what is the maximum noise during daytime allowed at sections
reserved for light industrial area?
a. 60 dB
b. 65 dB
c. 70 dB
d. 75 dB
97. What is the pH limit of the effluent according to DAO 35?
a. 6.5-9
b. 4-7.5
c. 5.5-8
d. 7-10
98. What is the maximum Total Suspended Solids of effluent according to DAO 35?
a. 60 mg/L
b. 65 mg/L
c. 70 mg/L
d. 75 mg/L
99. What is the method used in measuring SOX pollutant based on NESSAP?
a. gravimetric
b. Greiss Saltzinan
c. Colorimetric Pararosariline
d. AAS

gravimetric- method in analytical chemistry to determine the quantity of an analyte based on the mass of
a solid
Greiss Saltzinan-suitable for the analytical check of calibration gas mixtures which are used to calibrate
chemiluminescence analysers
Colorimetric Pararosariline - The reaction of colourless pararosaniline with hydroxymethanesulphonic
acid gives a purple compound which is the basis of this sensitive spectrophotometric method for
determining SO2, sulphite, or any other form of sulphur converted into SO2
AAS-detects elements in either liquid or solid samples through the application of characteristic
wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from a light source.
100. What is the maximum permissible limit of particulate emission from cement plants (kilns, etc)
according to National Emission Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants (NESSAP)?
A. 150 mg/Nem
b. 200 mg/Nem
c. 250 mg/Nem
d. 300 mg/Ncm