PBI 2019

1. Describe banker as a Bailee.

A bailee is a person who holds goods or property belonging to someone else and has a
responsibility to take care of it. Bankers are considered as bailees when they accept deposits
from their customers. The customers deposit their money with the bank, which holds it on
their behalf and is responsible for its safety. The relationship between a banker and customer
is that of bailor and bailee, with the banker being the bailee.

As a bailee, a banker has certain duties to fulfill. They are responsible for the safekeeping of
the deposits and are liable to the customer for any loss or damage to the deposits. They must
exercise reasonable care in protecting the deposits and must not use them for their own
benefit. They must also return the deposits to the customer on demand.

2. 'Is banker's lien considered as implied pledge', Examine.

Yes, banker's lien is considered as an implied pledge. Banker's lien is a right of the banker to
retain the goods or securities of the customer until the customer pays off the debt or liability.
It is an implied pledge because the banker is holding the goods or securities as security for
the debt owed by the customer.

In a pledge, the borrower gives the possession of the goods or securities to the lender as
security for the loan. In the case of banker's lien, the customer has already deposited the
goods or securities with the banker, but the banker retains them until the debt is paid.
Therefore, banker's lien is considered as an implied pledge.

3. What is the minimum age to open a savings bank account?

The minimum age to open a savings bank account varies from bank to bank. However, most
banks allow individuals who are 18 years or above to open a savings account. Some banks
also allow minors to open a savings account, but with certain conditions. For example, the
account may be opened jointly with a parent or guardian, and the parent or guardian may
have to provide the necessary documents and complete the account opening formalities.

4. Distinguish between endorsement and assignment.

Endorsement and assignment are two methods of transferring the ownership of negotiable
instruments like cheques, bills of exchange, and promissory notes.

An endorsement is a signature of the holder of the instrument on the back of the instrument,
transferring the ownership to another person. An endorsement can be either blank, where the
holder simply signs on the back of the instrument, or special, where the holder specifies the
person to whom the instrument is being transferred.

Assignment, on the other hand, is a complete transfer of ownership of the instrument from
one person to another. It involves the transfer of the right, title, and interest in the instrument.
An assignment can be either absolute, where the transfer is without any conditions or
limitations, or conditional, where the transfer is subject to certain conditions.

5. Give the meaning for 'Sans Recourse' endorsement.

'Sans Recourse' endorsement is a type of endorsement where the endorser of a negotiable

instrument, such as a cheque or bill of exchange, disclaims liability for the payment of the
instrument. In other words, the endorser is not responsible for any loss or damage arising
from the non-payment of the instrument. This type of endorsement is often used in
international trade transactions, where the endorser may not have complete knowledge of the
financial standing of the parties involved in the transaction.

6. What is the minimum capital prescribed by the RBI for starting a new commercial
bank?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has prescribed a minimum capital requirement for starting a
new commercial bank in India. As per the current guidelines, the minimum paid-up capital
for a new bank is Rs. 500 crore.

7. Distinction between Overdraft and Cash Credits:

Overdraft and cash credits are both types of credit facilities offered by banks, but they
differ in their nature and usage. Here is a detailed explanation of the distinction
between the two:

Overdraft: An overdraft is a credit facility provided by a bank to its customers, allowing them
to withdraw more money from their account than they actually have in it. It is a form of
short-term borrowing, where the bank extends credit up to a certain limit, and the customer
can withdraw funds even if their account balance is zero or negative.

Key features of an overdraft:

 Flexibility: Overdrafts offer flexibility in terms of usage and repayment. Customers

can use the overdraft facility whenever they need it and repay the borrowed amount as
per their convenience.
  Interest calculation: Interest is charged only on the actual amount overdrawn and for
the period it remains outstanding. The interest rate charged is usually higher than
normal lending rates.
 Revolving credit: Overdrafts are typically revolving credit facilities, meaning that
once the borrowed amount is repaid, the customer can use the overdraft facility again.
 Purpose: Overdrafts are commonly used for short-term cash flow management,
emergencies, or unexpected expenses.

Cash Credit: Cash credit is another type of credit facility provided by banks to businesses. It
is a loan granted to the borrower, allowing them to withdraw funds up to a specified limit.
Cash credit is usually given to businesses against their current assets such as inventory, raw
materials, or receivables.

Key features of cash credit:

 Utilization: Cash credit is meant for working capital financing and can be used by
businesses to meet their day-to-day operational expenses, purchase inventory, or
manage cash flow.
 Interest calculation: Interest is charged on the entire sanctioned limit, regardless of the
amount actually utilized. The interest rate charged is typically lower than overdraft
rates.
 Repayment: Cash credit is usually repayable on demand or as per the agreed terms
between the bank and the borrower.
 Security: Banks often require collateral or security against cash credit facilities, such
as hypothecation of inventory or receivables.

In summary, while both overdraft and cash credit are credit facilities provided by banks,
overdrafts offer flexibility and are suitable for short-term cash flow needs, while cash credits
are typically used by businesses for working capital financing against their current assets.

8. Expand MICR and ECS:

MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICR is a technology used in banking to

process and verify the legitimacy of checks. It involves printing the unique character
set on the bottom of checks or other negotiable documents using magnetic ink. The
MICR line contains the bank code, branch code, account number, and check number
in a machine-readable format. When the checks are processed, specialized MICR
readers or scanners can quickly read the magnetic ink characters, allowing for
automated sorting, routing, and verification of checks.

ECS: Electronic Clearing Service ECS is an electronic mode of funds transfer used in
banking systems. It enables electronic credit and debit transactions between banks,
businesses, and individuals. ECS facilitates bulk payment transactions, such as salaries,
dividends, pensions, or recurring bill payments. It eliminates the need for physical checks and
paper-based transactions, reducing the processing time and costs involved. ECS can be
implemented through various channels, including the National Automated Clearing House
(NACH) or other electronic payment platforms, ensuring secure and efficient transfer of
funds
 9. Question: Give the meaning of the concept of MCHQ.

Answer: MCHQ stands for Material Change in Health Questionnaire. It is a term commonly
used in the insurance industry, specifically in the context of health insurance. When an
individual applies for a health insurance policy, they are typically required to complete a
health questionnaire that asks about their medical history, pre-existing conditions, and other
relevant health information.

The MCHQ refers to a subsequent questionnaire that may be required if there are material
changes in the applicant's health between the time they initially applied for the policy and the
time the policy is issued. Material changes refer to significant alterations in the individual's
health status, such as the development of a new medical condition, a worsening of an existing
condition, or the occurrence of a significant medical event.

The purpose of the MCHQ is to ensure that the insurance company has the most up-to-date
and accurate information about the applicant's health before finalizing the policy. Based on
the information provided in the MCHQ, the insurance company may adjust the terms of the
policy, including the premium or coverage, or even decline to issue the policy if the new
information poses too high of a risk for the insurer.

10. Question: What is covered under a fiduciary liability insurance policy?

Answer: A fiduciary liability insurance policy provides coverage for individuals or entities
that serve as fiduciaries and have a legal duty to manage and safeguard the assets of others,
such as employees' retirement plans or pension funds. This type of insurance policy helps
protect fiduciaries against claims or lawsuits arising from alleged breaches of their fiduciary
duties.

The coverage provided by a fiduciary liability insurance policy typically includes:

1. Fiduciary breaches: This coverage protects against claims alleging breach of fiduciary
duty, such as mismanagement of funds, improper investment decisions, failure to
monitor investments, or failure to comply with legal requirements related to fiduciary
responsibilities.
2. Legal defense costs: The policy generally covers the costs associated with defending
against claims, including attorney fees, court costs, and settlements or judgments, up
to the policy limits.
3. Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) violations: Fiduciary liability
policies often cover claims arising from violations of ERISA, a federal law that sets
standards for private sector employee benefit plans. This includes claims related to
inadequate disclosure of plan information, improper handling of plan assets, or other
violations of ERISA regulations.

It's important to note that fiduciary liability insurance policies may have specific exclusions
and limitations, so it's essential to review the policy terms and conditions to understand the
scope of coverage provided
 11. Question: Give the meaning of the word 'RIDER' from an insurance perspective.

Answer: In insurance, a "rider" refers to an additional provision or clause that is attached to

an insurance policy to modify its terms or extend coverage beyond the basic policy. It is also
known as an insurance endorsement or insurance addendum. A rider allows policyholders to
customize their insurance policies to suit their specific needs and add extra benefits or
coverage options.

Riders are commonly used in life insurance policies, health insurance policies, and even
property and casualty insurance policies. They provide policyholders with the flexibility to
enhance their coverage by including additional features or addressing specific risks that may
not be covered by the standard policy.

For example, in life insurance, a common rider is the "accelerated death benefit rider" which
allows the policyholder to receive a portion of the death benefit in advance if they are
diagnosed with a terminal illness. Another example is the "waiver of premium rider" that
waives future premium payments if the policyholder becomes disabled and is unable to work.

Riders can be added to an insurance policy at the time of purchase or later during the policy
term, depending on the specific terms and conditions set by the insurance company. The cost
of adding a rider to a policy may result in an additional premium, but it provides
policyholders with tailored coverage that meets their individual requirements.

12. Question: Differentiate between Reinsurance and Double insurance.

Answer: Reinsurance and double insurance are two distinct concepts in the insurance
industry. Here's how they differ:

Reinsurance: Reinsurance is a mechanism by which insurance companies transfer a portion of

their risks to other insurance companies known as reinsurers. In reinsurance, the primary
insurer (ceding company) cedes a part of the risk it has assumed from policyholders to a
reinsurer. The reinsurer then agrees to indemnify the primary insurer for a share of the losses
incurred under the original insurance policies. In essence, reinsurance provides insurance for
insurance companies.

The purpose of reinsurance is to help insurance companies manage their risks by spreading
them across multiple insurers. Reinsurance can protect insurance companies from
catastrophic losses, provide stability in their financial positions, and allow them to underwrite
larger risks that they might not be able to handle on their own.

Double Insurance: Double insurance, on the other hand, occurs when a policyholder insures
the same risk with two or more insurance companies, without disclosing the existence of
other policies. This situation arises when the policyholder acquires multiple insurance
policies for the same property, event, or liability from different insurers.

In double insurance, each insurance policy is independent of the other, and the policyholder
can make separate claims under each policy for the same loss or event. If a loss occurs, the
policyholder has the potential to receive a double recovery from the multiple insurers
involved.
The key distinction between reinsurance and double insurance lies in the parties involved.
Reinsurance involves the primary insurer and the reinsurer, where the reinsurer provides
coverage to the primary insurer. Double insurance, on the other hand, involves the
policyholder and multiple insurance companies, with each insurer providing separate
coverage to the policyholder.

13. Distinguish between Commission and Brokerage:

Commission and brokerage are two terms commonly used in the financial and business
sectors. While they are related to the payment of fees for services rendered, there are distinct
differences between the two. Let's explore these differences in detail:

Commission:

 Definition: Commission refers to a fee or compensation paid to an individual or entity

for facilitating a transaction or sale of a product or service.
 Purpose: The purpose of commission is to incentivize individuals or entities to
generate sales or secure business transactions.
 Types of Professionals: Commission is typically associated with sales-related roles
such as salespersons, agents, or brokers who actively promote and sell products or
services.
 Calculation: Commission is calculated as a percentage of the total value of the
transaction, sale, or revenue generated. The percentage may vary depending on the
industry, nature of the product or service, and specific agreements.
 Timing: Commission is usually paid after the completion of the transaction or sale,
and it is directly linked to the performance and success of the salesperson or agent.
 Examples: Real estate agents, insurance agents, and stockbrokers often earn
commissions based on the value of the properties sold, policies issued, or trades
executed.

Brokerage:

 Definition: Brokerage refers to a fee or charge paid to a broker for facilitating a

transaction between a buyer and a seller.
 Purpose: The purpose of brokerage is to compensate brokers for their services in
connecting buyers and sellers and facilitating the negotiation and execution of a
transaction.
 Types of Professionals: Brokers are individuals or firms that act as intermediaries
between buyers and sellers in various markets, such as real estate, stock market,
foreign exchange, and commodity trading.
 Calculation: Brokerage fees are calculated as a percentage of the transaction value or
a fixed amount agreed upon between the broker and the client. The fee structure may
vary based on the industry and specific arrangements.
 Timing: Brokerage fees are typically paid upon the completion of the transaction or at
predetermined intervals as agreed upon by the broker and the client.
 Examples: Stockbrokers charge brokerage fees for facilitating the buying and selling
of securities, while real estate brokers earn brokerage fees for connecting buyers and
sellers in property transactions.
In summary, while both commission and brokerage involve the payment of fees for services
rendered, commission is generally associated with incentivizing sales and revenue generation,
while brokerage is focused on facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers through the
services of a broker.

14. Who is the current chairman of IRDA

Mr Debasish Panda
 15. Write a note on: a) LIC Act, 1956: The LIC Act, 1956 refers to the legislation that
established the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). Here are some key points
about the LIC Act:

 The LIC Act was enacted on 1st September 1956, with the objective of nationalizing
the life insurance industry in India and consolidating it under a single statutory
corporation, which is the LIC.
 The Act vested the control and management of the existing life insurance companies
in the LIC, which was set up as a government-owned corporation.
 The LIC Act provides the legal framework for the functioning of LIC and outlines its
powers, functions, and responsibilities.
 According to the Act, the LIC is responsible for conducting life insurance business,
managing policyholder funds, and promoting the growth and development of the life
insurance industry in India.
 The Act also sets guidelines for the supervision and regulation of life insurance
activities carried out by the LIC.
 The LIC Act has been amended multiple times since its enactment to accommodate
changes in the insurance sector and enhance the governance and regulatory
framework.

b) GIC Act, 1972: The GIC Act, 1972 refers to the legislation that established the General
Insurance Corporation of India (GIC). Here are the key features of the GIC Act:

 The GIC Act was enacted on 22nd November 1972 with the aim of nationalizing the
general insurance industry in India and establishing a centralized corporation to
oversee and regulate it.
 The Act created the General Insurance Corporation of India, which is a government-
owned company responsible for controlling and managing the general insurance
business in the country.
 Under the GIC Act, the GIC acts as a reinsurance company, providing reinsurance
support to the general insurance companies operating in India.
 The Act grants the GIC powers to supervise, regulate, and promote the development
of the general insurance industry.
 The GIC Act has provisions for the establishment of subsidiary companies, known as
the four operating General Insurance Companies (National Insurance Company
Limited, New India Assurance Company Limited, Oriental Insurance Company
Limited, and United India Insurance Company Limited), which operate under the
control and supervision of the GIC.
 Amendments have been made to the GIC Act over the years to align it with changing
industry requirements and regulatory standards.

c) IRDA Act, 1999: The IRDA Act, 1999 refers to the legislation that established the
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI). Here are the main points
related to the IRDA Act:

 The IRDA Act was enacted on 19th April 1999 to create an autonomous and statutory
regulatory body for the insurance sector in India.
  The Act established the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India
(IRDAI) as the primary regulator responsible for overseeing and regulating the
insurance industry.
 The IRDAI has the authority to grant licenses to insurance companies, monitor their
solvency and financial performance, protect the interests of policyholders, and
promote the development and growth of the insurance market.
 The Act outlines the powers, functions, and responsibilities of the IRDAI, including
the formulation of regulations and guidelines for the conduct of insurance business.
 The IRDA Act also sets guidelines for the registration and regulation of insurance
intermediaries, such as insurance brokers, agents, and surveyors.
 Over the years, the IRDA Act has been amended to strengthen the regulatory
framework, enhance policyholder protection, and align the insurance industry with
global best practices.

16. Distinguish between 'general lien' and 'particular lien'. Can a banker claim a lien on
the following:

(a) A gold bar deposited for safe custody: A general lien gives the bank the right to retain any
property of the customer in its possession until the customer's general balance is settled. In
this case, if the gold bar is deposited for safe custody and the customer has outstanding debts
or liabilities to the bank, the bank can exercise its right of general lien and retain the gold bar
until the debts are settled.

(b) A hundi deposited for safe custody till maturity and then for collection: A particular lien
gives the bank the right to retain specific property or documents until a particular debt or
obligation related to that property is fulfilled. In this case, if the hundi (a negotiable
instrument) is deposited with the bank for safe custody until maturity and then for collection,
the bank can claim a particular lien on the hundi to secure any debt or liability owed by the
customer related to that specific hundi.

(c) A cheque given for collection: If a customer gives a cheque to the bank for collection, the
bank acts as an agent for the customer to collect the funds on their behalf. The bank does not
have a lien on the cheque since it does not own the funds represented by the cheque.
However, the bank can hold the cheque until it is cleared and the funds are collected, but this
is not considered a lien.

(d) A stolen bond given for sale: If a customer gives a stolen bond to the bank for sale, the
bank cannot claim a lien on the stolen bond. The bank is not entitled to retain or deal with
stolen property. In fact, the bank has an obligation to report the stolen bond to the appropriate
authorities.

17. Characteristics of an Insurance Contract and distinction from a Wagering Agreement:

Characteristics of an Insurance Contract:

1. Utmost Good Faith: Both the insurer and insured must disclose all material facts
relating to the risk. There should be no misrepresentation or concealment of
information.
 2. Insurable Interest: The insured must have a financial interest in the subject matter of
the insurance policy. This ensures that the insured would suffer a financial loss if the
insured event occurs.
3. Indemnity: Insurance contracts are based on the principle of indemnity, which means
that the insured will be compensated for the actual amount of loss or damage suffered,
up to the policy limit.
4. Premium: The insured pays a consideration called the premium to the insurer in
exchange for the risk transfer and coverage provided by the insurance policy.

Distinction between an Insurance Contract and a Wagering Agreement:

1. Insurable Interest: Insurance contracts require an insurable interest, meaning the

insured must have a financial stake in the subject matter. In a wagering agreement,
there is no insurable interest; it is purely a bet on the outcome of an uncertain event.
2. Indemnity: Insurance contracts aim to indemnify the insured by compensating for the
actual loss suffered. Wagering agreements are speculative in nature and focus on the
possibility of winning or losing a bet.
3. Legality: Insurance contracts are legal and enforceable agreements, whereas wagering
agreements are considered illegal in many jurisdictions due to their speculative nature.
4. Public Interest: Insurance contracts serve a social purpose by providing risk
mitigation and financial protection. Wagering agreements are purely for personal gain
or entertainment purposes and do not serve any public interest

18. Explain the functions of NEFT and RTGS in banks.

Question: Explain the functions of NEFT and RTGS in banks.

Answer: NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer) and RTGS (Real-Time Gross
Settlement) are two popular electronic funds transfer systems used in India. Both systems
facilitate seamless and secure transfer of funds between different banks within the country.
Here's a detailed explanation of their functions:

NEFT:

1. Funds Transfer: NEFT enables individuals, firms, and corporations to transfer funds
electronically from one bank account to another. It is particularly useful for non-
urgent, low-value transactions.
2. Settlement Batches: NEFT operates in batches and settles transactions in hourly time
slots. The funds transferred through NEFT are settled in net amounts at predefined
intervals during the working hours of the banking system.
3. Availability: NEFT is available to customers on all working days of the banks, which
are usually Monday to Friday and some Saturdays.
4. No Minimum Limit: NEFT does not have any minimum transaction limit, allowing
users to transfer even small amounts of money.
5. Cost: The cost associated with NEFT transactions is generally low, making it a cost-
effective solution for transferring funds.

RTGS:
 1. Real-Time Settlement: RTGS provides real-time and gross settlement of funds,
meaning the transactions are processed individually and settled immediately, without
any netting or batching process. This ensures faster and instantaneous transfer of
funds.
2. High-Value Transactions: RTGS is primarily used for high-value transactions. It is
ideal for transferring large amounts of money, typically above a specified threshold,
set by the respective banks.
3. Immediate Availability: RTGS transactions are processed and settled on a real-time
basis, ensuring immediate availability of funds to the recipient.
4. Extended Timing: Unlike NEFT, RTGS operates with extended timing, allowing
customers to initiate transactions beyond regular banking hours.
5. Secure and Reliable: RTGS transactions are highly secure and reliable, as they are
processed through secure channels and undergo strict verification procedures.

In summary, NEFT and RTGS are two electronic funds transfer systems in India, each
serving different transaction needs. NEFT is suitable for non-urgent, low-value transactions,
while RTGS is designed for real-time, high-value transactions, ensuring instant availability of
funds. Both systems contribute to the efficiency and convenience of banking transactions in
India

19. Elucidate different types of banks in India.

Answer: In India, there are several types of banks that cater to different needs and serve
various sectors of the economy. These banks can be broadly categorized into the following
types:

1. Public Sector Banks (PSBs): These banks are owned and operated by the government.
They play a significant role in providing banking services to the masses, especially in
rural and semi-urban areas. Some prominent public sector banks in India include State
Bank of India (SBI), Punjab National Bank (PNB), Bank of Baroda (BoB), etc.
2. Private Sector Banks: These banks are owned and operated by private individuals or
corporations. They operate on a profit-oriented basis and are known for their
efficiency and customer service. Examples of private sector banks in India include
ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Axis Bank, etc.
3. Foreign Banks: These banks are headquartered outside India but have branches and
operations within the country. They bring global expertise and banking services to the
Indian market. Some prominent foreign banks operating in India are Citibank,
Standard Chartered Bank, HSBC, etc.
4. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): RRBs are specialized banks that focus on providing
banking services in rural areas. They are jointly owned by the Government of India,
the concerned State Government, and the sponsoring bank (usually a public sector
bank). RRBs aim to promote rural development and financial inclusion.
5. Cooperative Banks: Cooperative banks are owned and operated by cooperative
societies or groups. They cater to the financial needs of their members and promote
cooperation among them. Cooperative banks can be further classified into urban
cooperative banks and rural cooperative banks.
6. Payment Banks: Payment banks are a relatively new category of banks introduced by
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). These banks are allowed to provide basic banking
services such as accepting deposits and facilitating payments, but they cannot
 undertake lending activities. Payment banks focus on serving the unbanked and
underbanked population through innovative digital channels.
7. Small Finance Banks: Small Finance Banks (SFBs) are specialized banks that
primarily serve the needs of small businesses and the economically weaker sections of
society. They offer basic banking services along with credit facilities targeted at
microfinance and small-scale industries.

Each type of bank in India has its own specific objectives, target customer base, and
regulatory framework to operate within. The diversity in the banking sector contributes to
financial inclusion and ensures that a wide range of banking services is available to cater to
the needs of different segments of society.

20. Describe the concept of 'payment in due course' and 'holder in due course'.

Payment in due course refers to a legal principle that protects a person who receives payment
for a negotiable instrument, such as a check or promissory note, in good faith and without any
notice of defects or irregularities. It provides certainty and reliability to commercial
transactions by ensuring that a person who receives payment in good faith can be confident in
their right to retain the payment and be discharged from any further liability.

The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, which governs negotiable instruments in India,
defines payment in due course in Section 10. According to the Act, a payment is deemed to
be made in due course when it is made at or after the maturity of the instrument to the person
in possession of the instrument, without any knowledge that the title of the person making the
payment is defective.

The concept of payment in due course protects the payer as well as the payee. It shields the
payer from multiple claims on the same instrument by ensuring that once a payment is made
in good faith to the holder, the payer is relieved of any further liability. At the same time, it
safeguards the payee by allowing them to receive payment without being concerned about the
legitimacy of the instrument.

Holder in due course, on the other hand, refers to a person who becomes the lawful holder of
a negotiable instrument for value, before it becomes due, without having any notice of any
defects in the title of the instrument. Section 9 of the Negotiable Instruments Act defines the
holder in due course.

To be a holder in due course, the person must fulfill certain conditions:

1. The instrument must be complete and regular on its face.

2. The person must have taken the instrument in good faith.
3. The person must have taken the instrument for value.
4. The person must have taken the instrument before it became overdue, and without
notice that it has been previously dishonored, if such is the case.

A holder in due course holds a superior position compared to other parties involved in the
transaction. They acquire the instrument free from any defects in the title, which means they
can enforce the payment against the parties liable on the instrument, even if there are
underlying issues with the instrument's validity or irregularities in the transaction that led to
its creation.
In summary, payment in due course protects a person who receives payment in good faith
without notice of any defects, while a holder in due course is a person who acquires a
negotiable instrument for value and without notice of any defects in the instrument's title.
Both concepts contribute to the smooth functioning of commercial transactions and provide
legal safeguards to parties involved in negotiable instrument transactions

Question21 : Explain the current banking trends and reforms in India.

Answer: The banking sector in India has undergone significant trends and reforms in recent
years to address various challenges and promote financial inclusion, digitization, and
stability. Let's explore some of the key trends and reforms in the Indian banking system.

1. Digital Transformation: One of the prominent trends in Indian banking is the rapid
digitization of services. Banks have embraced technology to offer convenient and
user-friendly digital platforms, including internet banking, mobile banking, and digital
wallets. This shift towards digital channels has enhanced customer experience,
improved operational efficiency, and expanded the reach of banking services to
remote areas.
2. Unified Payments Interface (UPI): The introduction of UPI by the National Payments
Corporation of India (NPCI) has revolutionized the way payments are made in India.
UPI enables instant and seamless fund transfers between bank accounts using
smartphones. It has gained widespread popularity, enabling individuals and
businesses to make transactions easily, reducing the dependence on cash transactions.
3. Financial Inclusion: The government's focus on financial inclusion has driven
significant reforms in the banking sector. Initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan
Yojana (PMJDY) have played a crucial role in ensuring access to banking services for
the unbanked population. These efforts have resulted in a substantial increase in the
number of bank accounts and boosted financial literacy and inclusion in rural and
underprivileged areas.
4. Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) and Asset Quality Review (AQR): India faced a
significant challenge of rising NPAs, leading to concerns about the stability of the
banking sector. To address this issue, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced the
Asset Quality Review, which mandated banks to classify and recognize their stressed
assets accurately. This reform helped in identifying the extent of the problem and
initiated measures to resolve it.
5. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC): The introduction of the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code in 2016 aimed to streamline and expedite the resolution process for
stressed companies. This code provided a robust legal framework for insolvency
proceedings, enabling efficient debt recovery and minimizing delays. The IBC has
enhanced creditor rights, improved the ease of doing business, and instilled
confidence in the banking sector.
6. Merger of Public Sector Banks (PSBs): The Indian government has undertaken a
series of mergers among PSBs to create larger and stronger banks. This consolidation
aimed to improve operational efficiency, strengthen governance, and enhance the
ability of banks to support the economy. The merger process has resulted in a reduced
number of PSBs, which is expected to facilitate better risk management and capital
allocation.
7. Fintech Collaboration: Collaboration between traditional banks and fintech companies
has gained momentum in India. Banks are partnering with fintech startups to leverage
their technological expertise and innovation to enhance service delivery, develop new
 products, and improve customer engagement. Such collaborations have led to the
development of innovative solutions like digital lending platforms, robo-advisory
services, and blockchain-based systems.

In conclusion, the banking sector in India is undergoing significant transformations driven by

digitization, financial inclusion, and regulatory reforms. These trends and reforms are
reshaping the banking landscape, making services more accessible, efficient, and secure. The
ongoing efforts aim to build a robust and inclusive banking system that can effectively meet
the evolving needs of India's growing economy.

22. Question: What are the methods of credit control? Discuss their significance and
limitations.

Answer: Methods of Credit Control: Credit control refers to the measures taken by central
banks and monetary authorities to regulate the availability, cost, and use of credit in an
economy. The methods of credit control vary depending on the monetary policy objectives
and the prevailing economic conditions. Some commonly used methods of credit control
include:

1. Monetary Policy:
o Open Market Operations (OMO): The central bank buys or sells government
securities in the open market to increase or decrease the money supply
respectively.
o Reserve Requirements: The central bank sets the minimum reserve ratio that
commercial banks must maintain against their deposits. Increasing the reserve
requirements reduces the lendable funds, thus controlling credit expansion.
o Discount Rate: The central bank sets the interest rate at which it lends to
commercial banks. By increasing or decreasing this rate, the central bank
influences the cost of borrowing and credit availability.
2. Quantitative Measures:
o Credit Rationing: The central bank may restrict the amount of credit that can
be extended by commercial banks.
o Margin Requirements: Setting higher margin requirements for lending against
certain assets (such as stocks or real estate) reduces the availability of credit.
3. Qualitative Measures:
o Direct Credit Controls: The central bank may impose sector-specific credit
ceilings or restrictions on lending to particular industries.
 o Moral Suasion: The central bank uses persuasion and informal communication
with commercial banks to influence their lending practices.

Significance and Limitations: The significance of credit control methods lies in their ability
to stabilize the economy, manage inflation, and ensure financial stability. By regulating the
availability of credit, central banks can influence economic activity and maintain price
stability. Credit control methods also help in managing liquidity in the financial system and
preventing excessive risk-taking.

However, these methods have certain limitations. First, they may take time to have an impact
on the economy, making them less effective for addressing immediate financial crises.
Second, the effectiveness of credit control measures depends on the responsiveness of banks
and other financial institutions to policy changes. If banks find alternative sources of funding
or engage in regulatory arbitrage, the impact of credit control measures can be mitigated.
Additionally, credit control measures can have unintended consequences, such as creating
market distortions or encouraging the growth of shadow banking.

Overall, credit control methods are valuable tools for central banks to influence credit
availability and promote financial stability, but their implementation and effectiveness
depend on various factors and must be carefully managed

23. Define endorsement. Explain with illustrations the different kinds of endorsements
and bring out their significance.

Question: What is endorsement? Provide illustrations of different kinds of endorsements and

discuss their significance.

Answer: Endorsement refers to the act of signing or endorsing a negotiable instrument, such
as a check or a promissory note, to transfer the rights to the instrument from one party to
another. It serves as a legal means of transferring ownership and ensuring the negotiability of
the instrument. Endorsements are important in financial transactions as they provide proof of
ownership and facilitate the transfer of funds or obligations.

Illustrations of different kinds of endorsements:

1. Blank Endorsement: A blank endorsement involves signing the back of a negotiable

instrument without specifying a particular payee. This type of endorsement converts
the instrument into a bearer instrument, allowing it to be negotiated by anyone
possessing it. For example, if John Doe receives a check payable to him and signs the
back without specifying any payee, it becomes a bearer instrument, and anyone who
possesses it can negotiate it.
2. Special (or Full) Endorsement: A special endorsement involves signing the back of
the instrument and specifying the name of the new payee. This type of endorsement
transfers the instrument to a specific person or entity. For instance, if John Doe
receives a check payable to him and endorses it to Jane Smith by signing the back and
writing "Pay to Jane Smith," the check becomes payable to Jane Smith.
3. Restrictive Endorsement: A restrictive endorsement limits the further negotiation of
the instrument. It may include conditions or instructions for payment. One common
form of restrictive endorsement is the "For Deposit Only" endorsement, which
instructs that the instrument can only be deposited into the account of the payee. For
 example, a company may endorse a check received from a customer by writing "For
Deposit Only, XYZ Company's Account."

Significance of endorsements:

a) Transfer of Ownership: Endorsements provide a legal mechanism for transferring

ownership of negotiable instruments. By endorsing an instrument, the current holder transfers
the rights and liabilities associated with it to another party.

b) Negotiability: Endorsements play a crucial role in maintaining the negotiability of

instruments. They allow the instrument to be freely negotiated and transferred to subsequent
parties, ensuring its acceptance and validity as a means of payment.

c) Proof of Ownership: Endorsements serve as evidence of ownership and can be used to

resolve disputes regarding the rightful owner of a negotiable instrument. The signature and
endorsement on the instrument validate the transfer and provide a trail of ownership.

d) Banking Operations: Endorsements are essential in banking operations. Banks require

proper endorsements to process checks, ensuring that the funds are transferred securely and
accurately.

e) Security and Risk Mitigation: Endorsements help mitigate the risk of fraud or unauthorized
transfers. Proper endorsements with clear instructions and conditions provide a layer of
security, reducing the chances of misuse or mishandling of negotiable instruments.

In summary, endorsements facilitate the transfer of ownership, maintain the negotiability of

instruments, provide proof of ownership, support banking operations, and enhance security
and risk management in financial transactions involving negotiable instrument

24. Question: Discuss the principles of sound lending in detail.

Answer: The principles of sound lending play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and
profitability of financial institutions. Lending is a core function of banks and other financial
institutions, and adhering to these principles helps ensure responsible lending practices. Here,
we will discuss the principles of sound lending in detail.

1. Creditworthiness Assessment: Before granting a loan, financial institutions need to

assess the creditworthiness of the borrower. This involves evaluating the borrower's
income, assets, liabilities, credit history, and overall financial stability. The borrower's
ability to repay the loan is a key consideration in determining the creditworthiness.
2. Loan Purpose Evaluation: Sound lending requires evaluating the purpose of the loan.
Financial institutions need to assess whether the loan is being used for productive
purposes, such as investment in a business, education, or housing, which have the
potential to generate income and facilitate loan repayment. Lending for speculative or
non-productive purposes may carry higher risks.
 3. Adequate Collateral: Collateral refers to assets provided by the borrower as security
against the loan. Sound lending practices emphasize the importance of obtaining
adequate collateral to mitigate the risk of default. The value of the collateral should be
sufficient to cover the loan amount in case of borrower default.
4. Loan Diversification: Sound lending involves diversifying the loan portfolio to
minimize risks. Concentrating loans in a single sector or industry can expose financial
institutions to significant risks if that sector experiences a downturn. By spreading
loans across different sectors, geographic regions, and types of borrowers, institutions
can reduce the impact of localized economic shocks.
5. Risk-Based Pricing: Sound lending practices incorporate risk-based pricing, which
means setting the interest rate on a loan based on the perceived risk associated with
that loan. Higher-risk loans would attract higher interest rates to compensate for the
increased probability of default. This helps maintain fairness and efficiency in lending
operations.
6. Prudent Loan Monitoring: Financial institutions must continuously monitor loans to
ensure timely repayment and identify potential signs of default. Monitoring may
involve regular financial statements from borrowers, site visits, and tracking key
performance indicators. Proactive monitoring allows institutions to take corrective
actions promptly.
7. Adequate Loan Loss Provisioning: Sound lending requires institutions to set aside
adequate provisions for potential loan losses. This ensures that unexpected defaults do
not significantly impact the institution's financial stability. Provisioning norms are
typically determined by regulatory guidelines and the institution's assessment of
potential risks.
8. Compliance with Regulatory Requirements: Financial institutions must comply with
applicable regulations and guidelines set by regulatory authorities. These regulations
may include capital adequacy ratios, limits on exposure to certain sectors, and
reporting requirements. Adhering to these regulations is crucial for maintaining the
stability and integrity of the financial system

Question 25: Discuss the impact of IT in enhancing the CRM of banking industry post
demonetization.

Answer: The demonetization move in the banking industry brought about significant changes
and challenges that required effective customer relationship management (CRM) strategies.
Information Technology (IT) played a crucial role in enhancing CRM post demonetization.
Let's discuss the impact of IT on CRM in the banking industry.

1. Digital Banking Channels: IT enabled banks to develop and offer digital banking
channels such as mobile banking apps, internet banking portals, and ATM networks.
These channels allowed customers to access their accounts, make transactions, and
seek assistance conveniently. The availability of 24/7 digital services improved
customer experience and satisfaction.
2. Customer Data Analytics: With the help of IT, banks can collect and analyze vast
amounts of customer data. By leveraging big data analytics and machine learning
algorithms, banks can gain valuable insights into customer behavior, preferences, and
 needs. This enables personalized customer interactions, targeted marketing
campaigns, and tailored product offerings, leading to better customer engagement and
retention.
3. CRM Systems: IT infrastructure facilitates the implementation of CRM systems in
banks. These systems centralize customer data, track customer interactions, and
automate various CRM processes. CRM systems enable banks to manage customer
inquiries, complaints, and requests more efficiently, resulting in improved customer
service and faster issue resolution.
4. Chatbots and AI Assistants: IT advancements have introduced chatbot and AI
assistant technologies in the banking industry. These AI-powered virtual assistants
can interact with customers in real-time, addressing their queries, providing account
information, and guiding them through various banking processes. Chatbots improve
customer support by offering quick and accurate responses, enhancing the overall
customer experience.
5. Enhanced Security Measures: IT plays a vital role in strengthening security measures
in the banking industry. Post demonetization, there was a surge in online transactions,
making it crucial for banks to safeguard customer data and prevent fraud. IT solutions
such as multi-factor authentication, encryption, and biometric authentication ensure
secure transactions, instilling trust in customers.
6. Omnichannel Experience: IT integration allows banks to offer an omnichannel
experience to customers. Customers can seamlessly switch between different channels
(e.g., mobile, online, branch) while accessing banking services. IT enables consistent
customer interactions across channels, ensuring a unified and personalized
experience.
7. Real-time Notifications and Alerts: Through IT-enabled systems, banks can provide
real-time notifications and alerts to customers regarding their account activities,
transactions, offers, and important updates. These notifications keep customers
informed, improve transparency, and foster trust.

In conclusion, the impact of IT in enhancing CRM in the banking industry post

demonetization has been significant. IT has facilitated the development of digital banking
channels, enabled customer data analytics, implemented CRM systems, introduced chatbots
and AI assistants, enhanced security measures, provided an omnichannel experience, and
enabled real-time notifications. These advancements have improved customer engagement,
satisfaction, and overall banking experience

Q26: Examine the different functions of insurance.

A: Insurance serves several functions in the financial sector, providing individuals and
businesses with protection against various risks. Here are the different functions of insurance:

1. Risk Transfer: One of the primary functions of insurance is risk transfer. By

purchasing an insurance policy, an individual or organization transfers the financial
burden of a potential loss to the insurance company. In exchange for paying
premiums, the insured party receives compensation from the insurer in case of
covered losses, reducing their financial exposure.
2. Risk Pooling: Insurance operates on the principle of risk pooling, where many
policyholders contribute premiums to a pool or fund. The collected premiums are
used to compensate the few who experience losses. This spreads the risk across a
 large number of individuals or businesses, making it more affordable for everyone
involved.
3. Loss Prevention and Minimization: Insurance companies play an active role in loss
prevention and risk management. They provide guidance and resources to
policyholders to prevent or minimize potential losses. For example, home insurers
may offer discounts for installing security systems or fire alarms, reducing the
likelihood of loss and associated claims.
4. Certainty and Peace of Mind: Insurance provides a sense of certainty and peace of
mind to individuals and businesses. Knowing that they are financially protected
against unforeseen events, policyholders can focus on their activities without constant
worry about potential losses. This psychological benefit is an important function of
insurance.
5. Capital Accumulation: Insurance companies collect premiums from policyholders,
which are invested to generate income. This helps insurance companies accumulate
capital over time, which can be utilized for paying claims and expanding their
operations. The investment of these funds also contributes to the overall economy.
6. Economic Stability: Insurance plays a vital role in promoting economic stability. In
the event of a major loss, insurance coverage helps individuals and businesses recover
and rebuild. This prevents a significant economic setback and allows for the
continuation of activities, reducing the overall impact on the economy.
7. Social Welfare: Insurance has a social welfare function by providing financial support
to individuals and families during difficult times. Life insurance, for instance, ensures
that dependents are financially secure in case of the policyholder's death. Health
insurance helps cover medical expenses, promoting access to healthcare services.
8. Legal and Contractual Requirements: In many cases, insurance is mandatory by law
or contractually required. For example, auto insurance is typically a legal requirement
to operate a vehicle. Similarly, lenders may require borrowers to have insurance
coverage to protect their investment.

Overall, insurance serves multiple functions, including risk transfer, risk pooling, loss
prevention, peace of mind, capital accumulation, economic stability, social welfare, and
meeting legal or contractual obligations. These functions make insurance an essential
component of modern financial systems