CROWDFUNDING 3.

0
Dissertation submitted to
Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering & Management, Nagpur
in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Computer Science & Engineering
(Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)
By
Mr. Amaan Khan

Mr. Arpit Agutale

Mr. Atharva Bhoyar

Mr. Bipul Biswas

Mr. Rehan Khan

Guide

Prof. Shubhangi Tirpude

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Computer Science & Engineering

Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering & Management, Nagpur 440 013
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University Nagpur)
DECEMBER 2022
 Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering & Management, Nagpur
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University Nagpur)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Thesis on “CROWDFUNDING 3.0” is a bonafide work of

Mr. Rehan Khan, Mr. Bipul Biswas,Mr. Arpit Agutale, Mr. Atharva Bhoyar and Mr.
Amaan Khan, submitted to the Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
in partial fulfillment of the award of a Bachelor of Engineering, in Computer Science
has been carried out at the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Shri
Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur during the academic
year 2022-2023.

Date:06/01/2023

Place:NAGPUR

Prof. Shubhangi Tirpude Dr. Avinash J Agrawal

Project Guide HOD

Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science &

Engineering Engineering

Dr R. S. Pande
Principal
 DECLARATION

We, hereby declare that the thesis titled “CROWDFUNDING 3.0”

submitted herein, has been carried out in the Department of Computer
Science & Engineering of Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering &
Management, Nagpur. The work is original and has not been submitted
earlier as a whole or part for the award of any degree/diploma at this or any
other institution / University

Date:06/01/2023

Place:Nagpur

Name Signatures

Amaan Khan

Atharva Bhoyar

Arpit Agutale

Bipul Biswas

Rehan Khan
 1. APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis/dissertation/report entitled Crowdfunding 3.0 using blockchain Learning

techniques by Mr.Rehan khan, Mr.Atharva Bhoyar, Mr.Bipul Biswas Mr.Arpit
Agutale , Mr.Amaan Khan , is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

Name & signature of Supervisor(s) Name & signature of External. Examiner(s)

------------------------------------ ----------------------------------

Name & signature RRC Members Name & signature of HOD

---------------------------------- -----------------------------------
--------------------------------- -----------------------------------

Date: 06/01/2023
Place:Nagpur
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We take this opportunity to acknowledge our profound indebtedness and

extend our deep sense of gratitude to our guide Prof. Shubhangi Tirpude
and Head of CSE Department Dr .Avinash J Agrawal, for their valuable
guidance and advice that has helped us immensely for the completion of
this project. We are extremely grateful to Head of the Department
Dr.Avinash J Agrawal , for providing us necessary facilities to carry out
the work. We would specially thank the librarians for making us available
necessary books.

Name of Project Group Members

Amaan Khan

Arpit Agutale

Atharva Bhoyar

Bipul Biswas

Rehan Khan
 “CROWDFUNDING 3.0”
ABSTRACT

The use of blockchain as the underlying era, many things inside the cutting-edge
economic systems may be advanced. but it’s not only associated with economic stuff
even though many other matters also can be progressed. one among them isn't any
censorship crowdfund. As building any censorship resistance app is “literally
impossible”, crypto networks might be used to get around it. Reimagining the
subsequent potentialities of crowdfunding the use of block chain generation will come
into the image in making and validating a transaction so as to make the app exceptional
and greater comfortable than the other apps available in the market. This paper presents
an opportunity of enforcing conventional crowdfunding with the aid of utilizing the
transparency and immutable capabilities of block chain technology which goes on
enhancing all of the bizarre factors of present crowdfunding apps that a centralized
software can have.

Keywords: - Application Binary Interface, Decentralized Application, Distributed

Ledger Technology, Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, Cryptocurrency, Merkle-Patricia
Tree, Cryptography.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
ABSTRACT VI
LIST OF FIGURES VIII

1. INTRODUCTION 10
1.1. OVERVIEW 10
1.2. MOTIVATION 10
1.3. OBJECTIVE 11
1.4. PROBLEM DEFINITION 11
1.5. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM 12
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY 13
2.2 PRODUCT FUNCTIONS 14
2.3 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 16
2.4 ASSUMPTIONS AND DEPENDENCIES 16
3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN 18
3.1. SYSTEM DESIGN 18
3.2.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM 20
3.2.2 USE CASE DIAGRAM 20
3.2.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 20
3.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 25
3.3.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 25
3.3.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 25
4. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 25
4.1. IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS 26
4.1.1 BASIC FLOW GRAPH 26
4.1.2 BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROJECT 26
5. RESULT & CONCLUSION 32
5.1 COMPUTATIONAL RESULT 32
5.3 MODEL 32
5.3 RESULT 35
5.4 CONCLUSION 35
 5.5 FUTURE SCOPE 35
6. REFERENCES… 37
APPENDIX-A: OUTPUT SCREENSHOTS… 37
 LIST OF FIGURES

SR. NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 Use Case Diagram 9

2 Data flow Diagram 20

3 Model Flowchart 26

4 Result 1: Website hosting 36

5 Result 2: Campaign Created 37

6 Result 3: Transaction UI 38

7 Result 4 : Campaign UI 39

8 Result 5: Dashboard UI 40
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview
Blockchain era is a decentralized ledger, a more green, safe, and tamper-evidence system
of nodes in connection which records every transaction made on it. It includes a network in which
each node is identical in authority and electricity. The concept of crowdfunding is to together
improve finances for a project or a commercial enterprise assignment to obtain economic assistance
at an early stage. Crowdfunding has disrupted the way of financing and allowed begin-u.s.and
people in need to elevate finances without a whole lot of hustle and paperwork. In the existing
model, a pool of people contributes small amounts of money toward a task or cause and anticipate a
few financial or nonfinancial returns.

A crowdfunding platform takes a commission and , The advent of blockchain was

marked by using the first crypto currency launched in 2009 by means of the name of Bitcoin.
Bitcoin was created by means of a nameless man or woman or a collection of people going by way
of the name Satoshi Nakamoto and launched inside the year 2009 as an open source software [2].
Ten years later, it has come to be the arena’s most widely followed idea of dispensed Ledger
generation. Bitcoin currently makes 46% of all cryptocurrencies in exchange [3]. Blockchain
generation is a structure that stores transactional information, additionally called the block, of the
public in numerous databases, known as the “chain”, in a network connected thru peer-to-peer
nodes It includes characteristics of peer-to-peer decentralization, traceability, statistics integrity and
safety. an ordinary block in a blockchain consists of 3 components:
1. Hash value of modern-day block
2. statistics cost
3. Hash fee of preceding block

1.2 Motivation

When you consider that this era is comfy, fast, and obvious, it may be used to beautify
organizations. And since it’s broadly utilized in crowdfunding app improvement, blockchain is
officially trending on this domain. Even Kickstarter recently announced that they’re transferring to
a decentralized generation.

If you want to take examples from the strongest ones, study alongside them! In this newsletter,
OpenGeeksLab amassed all of our know-how so that you may want to figure out how
blockchain-based crowdfunding is probably your fine commercial enterprise idea yet.

Crowdfunding is a platform geared toward startups fundraising. They can vary by means of kind,
however the most famous among them are peer-to-peer, rewards, donations, and fairness.
Peer-to-peer is regularly referred to as debt crowdfunding. It ensures that investors will benefit from
a startup they spend money on within a strict cut-off date.

The rewards crowdfunding usually earns investors immediately by means of giving them a few
types of praise for the money they positioned in the idea. Rewards would possibly vary from the
donation size, which motivates people to donate greater giant sums

1.3 Objective

The advent of blockchain in crowdfunding will make it extra dependable, obvious, trusted,
decentralized, price-efficient and handy. A crowdfunding platform that becomes acting as a
middleman earlier than offers the technology with the intention to act as a medium of transaction
and change. Additionally, inside the current crowdfunding systems, there are issues of
centralization and manipulation from a single entity. If a platform writer desires, they are able to
ban customers from elevating extra cash especially if it is immediately affecting the platform. Even
governments can close down a few projects if they don’t suppose it’s credible. The modern-day
machine of Crowdfunding has a single point of Failure, i.e., if it fails, it will stop the whole gadget
from operating. Unmarried points of disasters are undesirable in any system with an intention of
high availability or reliability, be it an enterprise exercise, software program application, or other
industrial systems. The main purpose of the work is to build a decentralized fundraising internet
software so that it may triumph over the shortcomings of the already present programs.
The goals that the undertaking proposes to attain are

1. Censorship resistance Fundraising protocol.

2. No direct taxes to be paid to govt authority on donation.
3. fairly Decentralized. (No control of unmarried authority)
4. No Account blocking.
5. No single factor of Failure.
 1.4 Problem definition

The objective of this project is to make decentralized applications for

crowdfunding, using polygon smart-contracts.

1.5 Brief description of the system

Blockchain generation: it's far a structure that stores transactional data, also called the block, of the
public in several databases, referred to as the “chain,” in a network connected via peer-to-peer
nodes. Generally, this storage is referred to as a ‘digital ledger.’ In the bitcoin white paper written
by Satoshi Nakamoto and launched in 2008, a digital coin is defined as a sequence of virtual
signatures [1]. Each transaction on this ledger is allowed by way of the virtual signature of the
proprietor, which authenticates the transaction and safeguards it from tampering. Consequently, the
data the digital ledger carries is highly comfy. In simpler phrases, the virtual ledger is like a Google
spreadsheet shared amongst several computer systems in a community, in which the transactional
data are stored based totally on real purchases. The fascinating attitude is that every person can see
the information, but they couldn't corrupt it.
In this paper, we advise a decentralized crowdfunding platform that's designed on the Ethereum
platform, written in solidity programming language. It ambitions to provide a peer-to-peer
environment that brings challenge creators and traders on the identical platform, and might
exchange funds through the use of the cryptocurrency, Ether. The proposed platform need to
provide:
1) trust
2) Low platform charge prices
3) Provenance tracking
4) safety.

SMART CONTRACTS
Clever settlement is a set of predefined protocols that control the settlement between or
more events concerned in a transaction, without the want of an authorizing 1/3 birthday celebration.
clever contracts are a crucial part of Ethereum, the 2nd. era blockchain. The usage of solidity
developers can write software platforms that implement self-enforcing enterprise common sense
contained in smart contracts, leaving an undeniable and everlasting file of transactions [5]. Written
in solidity language, smart contracts are easy pc programs that verifies the phrases and conditions of
a settlement and receives finished routinely. The layout of clever contracts reasserts the capability
of blockchain systems to transport from belief-based totally to agree with-free interplay.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Survey

Due to existing literature studies on crowdfunding platforms, we've concluded that
there's continually a trusting relationship between the product group and the supporters.
This type of device is referred to as a centralized crowdfunding machine. On this form
of machine, product team investment is paid based on the progress of the assignment.
That is, when the event is over, the sponsor pays. In return, supporters assume their
discoveries to continue the proper undertaking. Or, if the undertaking crashes upfront,
they regain the discovery from the product team. The crowdfunding platform acts as
the intermediary by means of taking substantial costs from both the supporters and
product group. Therefore, this continues the hazard elements like the project might not
get finished, supporters may also declare now not to aid the mission in addition.
Blockchain Revolutionizing Crowdfunding: Crowdfunding is step by step growing as
an alternative to challenge capital financing. A growing SME allocates the sort of
investment that an investor offers to a start-up or SME. in the meantime, blockchain is
gaining momentum round the world. when one of these ideas is blended with the
maximum modern financing concepts that are on the road to turning into possible in a
startup subculture. Crowdfunding is the acute of venture capital financing. It is growing
regularly as an excellent opportunity. Nontraditional initiatives are attracting a brand
new target audience to apply for raising finances. Although crowdfunding has many
advantages, as said, everything comes at a value and so does crowdfunding. Following
are some of the limitations and downsides of crowdfunding with the centralized device-

• excessive charge: current platforms are not fee efficient because they're dependent on
many systems. Therefore, they call for high fees from people in addition to from the
supporters and participants for joining their tasks. No free possibilities are furnished;
for this reason it's miles a first-rate disadvantage.

• policies and regulations: The crowdfunding platform acts because the choice-making
body for the challenge’s underneath. Consequently, the task needs to observe many
policies and policies. This can include regulations on funding preparations and
inventory services.

• advertising and advertising: the final results of a good concept is best feasible when it
reaches 100 people. Consequently, only a good challenge beneath the crowdfunding
platform will be of nos use and won’t even assure success. Consequently, the
crowdfunding platform wishes to be extra visible. In recent times social media
performs a large role for promoting brands and advertising and marketing also.
Consequently advertising strategies, advertising, paid promotions, branding are some of
the necessary steps that require more and extra time and principle apart from the actual
task to make it extra useful and popular.
 • Copyright vulnerability: some inventors and authors have seen the entire undertaking
crowdfunded before starting production. If a person sees the project on a crowdfunding
platform, they are able to steal the concept without applying for a patent. under the
crowdfunding platform. This generally occurs due to the fact marketers and
businesspeople are familiar with the idea and are dashing to release the product without
claiming copyright. therefore, such ideas are useless and can be lost in competition

systems along with Indiegogo and Kickstarter present initiatives in a detailed manner,
permitting users to touch authors and to discover hyperlinks in which past works are to
be had. The opportunity of contributing to a venture with small portions of cash gives
users the chance to collaborate with initiatives of their interest.

2.2 PRODUCT FUNCTIONS :

Crowdfunding structures are websites that allow interplay among fundraisers and the group.
monetary pledges may be made and amassed through the crowdfunding platform.
Fundraisers are generally charged a rate by means of crowdfunding platforms if the
fundraising campaign has been successful. In go back, crowdfunding structures are predicted to
offer a secure and clean to apply provider.
Many platforms operate an all-or-not anything funding version. This means that if you attain
your target you get the money and in case you don’t, every person receives their money returned –
no difficult feelings and no monetary loss.

Crowdfunding is a way of elevating cash to finance initiatives and corporations. It permits

fundraisers to accumulate money from a massive wide variety of human beings through online
platforms.

Fig 1: Large amounts from one, or Fig 2: Many small sums from a large
a few, sources large group of individuals
2.3 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

The crowdfunding dapp’s reason is to create an environment wherein it is going to be

convenient for everyone to begin or aid a campaign aiming to create new services or products.
Crowdfunding website affords a crowdsourcing platform to raise capital through giving long term
incentive sharing mechanism at the “internet of fee”.

The investor wishes to have sufficient money in his pockets to invest and pay for the
transaction (gasoline) to be mined. Once the undertaking is a hit, he can declare the campaign
unique tokens depending upon the criteria in particular by using the creator. If the marketing
campaign fails, he can declare his refund of ether that he had invested in that particular marketing
campaign. The campaign precise token are the incentives for an investor to spend money on a
marketing campaign that he feels is probably successful and the value of the token might boom in
destiny

1. Solidity Solidity is an item oriented excessive-stage language used for writing clever contracts
within the crowdfunding websites. A statically typed language has functions which include
inheritance, libraries and complex consumer defined types. C++, python and Javascript, majorly
influenced it. Solidity is compiled to bytecode this is executable with the aid of Ethereum digital
system (EVM). The use of solidity developers can write websites that put into effect self-enforcing
business common sense contained in smart contracts, leaving a plain and permanent record of
transactions [11].

2. Remix Remix is an incorporated improvement (IDE) used for growing clever contracts in
solidity. growing in remix assists developers to find insects and debug code with ease. Remix helps
3 one of a kind forms of environments to set up and run the smart contract: • Javascript VM: It
creates a ridicule of blockchain surroundings so you can test your smart contract capability. •
Injected Web3: This environment uses a browser plugin or a blockchain based browser inclusive of
Mist to hook up with any Ethereum community (test or foremost). • Web3 company: This
environment connects to Ethereum nodes going for walks at localhost and sends the transactions to
any community (check or most important) as specific by means of the person [12].

Metamask Metamask is a chrome browser plugin that acts as a bridge between your browser and
Ethereum blockchain with the aid of offering an at ease identification vault, a consumer interface to
manage a couple of Ethereum wallets and sign blockchain transactions. It's one of the best
approaches to ship transactions to Ethereum blockchain because it keeps a track of transaction
execution and returns if any mistakes occur for the duration of mining or execution. It helps any
ERC20 type token to be delivered to your wallet and cause transactions on those ERC20 tokens. it's
an Ethereum community open supply assignment having extra than million energetic users;
consequently, it's miles the maximum popular plugin to have interaction with blockchain. 4.5
Testnet test network (Testnet) is a replica of Ethereum blockchain identical in every manner to
predominant networks besides the fact that their Ether is nugatory [14]. There are three sorts of
testnets: public, non-public and GanacheCLI. As names suggest, public testnet are to all of us and
linked to the net, personal testnet are similar to one’s own blockchain and GanacheCLI is a
simulation of Ethereum network on an unmarried pc. For this project, we are using a public testnet
called Ropsten.

2.4 ASSUMPTIONS AND DEPENDENCIES

Ethereum is an open-source public dispensed computer integrated platform and work built
integrated device based on blockchain integrated technology first used by Bitco Built-in.
Ethereum extends the usefulness of Blockchaintegrated nicely beyond cryptocurrencies by
means of making the blockchain built-in programmable built-in built integrated developer’s
desires. It built-in proposed by a cryptocurrency researcher Vitalik Buterin Integrated
built-in his whitepaper published built integrated year 2013, built integrated he states the
goal of Ethereum is to provide, “a blockchain tegrated with a
7fd5144c552f19a3546408d3b9cfb251 completely fledged Turintegratedg-complete
programming integrated language that may be used to create "contracts'' which might be
used to encode arbitrary state transition functions” [7]. those capabilities make it the apt
choice for integrated built-sincerely decentralized programs just like this project and plenty
of different decentralized applications (websites)

The prebuilt integrated Ethereum is the complexity of each, the country saved by way of
the blockchain built-in and how the transactions can regulate the kingdom of the
blockchain built-in. Ethereum’s nation built-in consists of integrated objects referred to as
accounts located built-in integrated 20-byte deal with [7]. There are two varieties of debts,
externally owned debts and agreement debts. Externally owned accounts or EOAs can be
accessed with the aid of private keys much like Bitco Built-in and feature a built-in to shop
the current ether balance of that account. contract money owed or CAs similar to EOAs
have additional fields to save the agreement code and garage. As CAs are part of contracts,
their interaction with other accounts and the way they get right of entry to or alter their
garage are controlled by way of the built-in contract. The contract garage is a key fee store
of facts persistently integrated among transactions.

The real state changes are accomplished through the Ethereum virtual built-in device
(EVM) upon receiving integrated a transaction, by built-in the low-stage agreement
bytecode. A built-in idea referred to as fuel is used via EVM to function; it may be concept
of as built-in purchase to execute a transaction. Bitcobuilt-in also built-in scriptbuilt-ing for
complex transactions however it isn't always turbulent-incomplete like Ethereum.
Ethereum solved built-in trouble that Bitcointegrated had with the aid of integrated a
technique to transactions that built-inbuilt integrated loops.

excessive-stage clever contract languages used to write smart contracts, that collect to
bytecode achieved with the aid of the EVM, and make writ integrated a smart settlement
simple. Solidity, a clever contract language, selected for this project because of the aid to
have an integrated developer network, item oriented features and syntax much like
JavaScript [8]. Writbuilt-ing a contract built-in solidity is just like writbuilt-ing a category
built-in other item oriented program integrated languages with features, member variables
and built-in teract built-in with other contracts.

The most crucial function of a smart agreement is their permanence and the immutability of
the clever agreement code. The get entry to a characteristic built-in agreement may be
built-in through built-ing modifiers that make it not possible for a developer to call that
characteristic if his deal with does no longer have the privileges. Even supposedly built
integrated he provides code to permit his address to name the feature, built-in no longer
being able to change the agreement code once deployed.
 3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN

3.1 System Design

3.1.1 Proposed System

Crowdfunding refers to the behavior of public individuals to apply one of a kind net
technologies and digital platforms in contributing and making an investment in mission
leaders, and innovators. The Sahem Platform that we are featuring to increase this venture,
is a crowdfunding platform that creates a gateway for fund providers, to make a
contribution to the financing of a promising undertaking commenced by an revolutionary
author who lacks sufficient sources for reifying. Additionally, certainly one of its primary
roles is to create a link so as to bridge the gap between possible venture thoughts and
successful implementation. For the development of this mission, we are able to base our
manner on a development method called Iterations and Increments, as well as Kanban
board version to divide and prepare our initiatives into small obligations, for the design, we
will be the usage of the UML as a device to version the one of a kind functionalities and
elements, and use more than one frameworks and gear such asExpress Js, Angular nine,
Node Js, MongoDB, and the fee service Stripe API.
3.3.1 Software Requirements

1. Solidity
Solidity is, certainly, one of the most popular languages utilized by Blockchain builders. inspired
through C++, Python, and JavaScript, it turned into the Ethereum virtual machine(EVM). Solidity is
statically typed, helps inheritance, libraries, and complex person-described types.
Solidity helps the OOP paradigm and CIS maximum usually used for writing smart contracts. With
Solidity, Blockchain developers can write packages which can execute self-implementing
commercial enterprise common sense embodied in clever contracts, thereby leaving a
non-repudiable, and authoritative document of transactions. This is available in reachable for
developing contracts for balloting, crowdfunding, multi-signature wallets, and blind auctions.

2. Geth
Geth is an Ethereum node implementation built using the Go programming language. It is available
in the three interfaces, including JSON-RPC server, command-line, and an interactive console. Geth
can be leveraged for Blockchain development on all three major operating systems – Windows,
Mac, and Linux.

Geth is used for a host of different tasks on the Ethereum Blockchain, such as transferring tokens,
mining ether tokens, creating smart contracts, and exploring block history. After installing Geth,
you can either connect to an existing Blockchain or create your own. The good thing is that Geth
simplifies things by automatically connecting to the Ethereum main net.

3. Mist
Mist is the official Ethereum wallet developed by the creators of Ethereum. When it comes to
Ethereum, before you can start using the platform, you must have a designated place where you can
store your Ether tokens and execute your smart contracts. It is available for Windows (both 32- and
64-bit), Mac, and Linux (32- and 64-bit).

While Mist is particularly suitable for deploying smart contracts, you must remember that it is a full
node wallet – you have to download the entire Ethereum blockchain, which is larger than 1TB.
Another critical thing to keep in mind is to remember your Mist password since you can never
change it – it is a one-time setup thing.

4. Solc
Solc (Solidity Compiler) is a Solidity command-line compiler written in C++. Its primary purpose
is to convert Solidity scripts into a more readable format for the Ethereum Virtual Machine. While
Solidity is a slimmed-down, loosely-typed language with a syntax similar to JavaScript, the smart
contracts written in it need to be converted to a format that can be easily read and decoded by the
EVM. That’s where Solc comes into the scene.

There are two types of Solc – Solc (coded in C++) and Solc-js (it uses Emscripten to cross-compile
from the Solc source code from C++ to JavaScript). Solc comes natively with most of the Ethereum
nodes. It can be used for offline compiling, as well.

5. Remix
Remix IDE is a browser-based Blockchain tool used for the creation and deployment of smart
contracts. Written in Javascript (so it can be accessed via any modern browser!), Remix can be used
for writing, testing, debugging, and deploying smart contracts written in Solidity. It can be used
either locally or in the browser. If you visit Remix’s website, you can see a ready-to-use screen:

Apart from having excellent documentation, Remix can seamlessly connect to the Ethereum
blockchain through Metamask.

6. Metamask
Metamask is a wallet designed to function that acts as a bridge between Ethereum Blockchain and a
browser (Chrome or Firefox). Essentially, it acts as a browser extension. Metamask offers a
software platform that allows you to serve Ether and other ERC-20 assets while also letting you
interact with Ethereum Dapps. The best part – you can do so right from your browser.

Metamask can be linked with Shapeshift and Coinbase to sell and buy ETH and ERC20 tokens. It
can also save keys for ERC20 tokens and Ether. Since it can interact with different Ethereum test
networks, it makes an ideal wallet for Blockchain Developers. Once you installed the app in your
browser, you have a built-in Ethereum wallet ready to be used.

7. Truffle
Truffle is an Ethereum Blockchain framework designed to create a development environment for
developing Ethereum-based apps. It comes equipped with a vast library that provides custom
deployments for writing new smart contracts, developing complex Ethereum dApps, and helping
tackle other challenging requirements of Blockchain development.

Truffle can perform automated contract testing using Chai and Mocha. It can also enable smart
contract development, including linking, compilation, and deployment. Plus, it offers a configurable
build pipeline for performing custom build procedures.

8. Ganache
Ganache is a Blockchain tool from the Truffle Suite that allows you to create your own private
Ethereum blockchain to test dApps, execute commands, and inspect state while taking full control
of the operation of the chain.

The greatest feature of Ganache is that it allows you to perform all the actions you would otherwise
perform on the main chain, without incurring the cost for the same. Blockchain Developers use
Ganache to test their smart contracts during development since it comes with many convenient
options like advanced mining controls and a built-in block explorer.

9. Blockchain Testnet
When talking about Blockchain development, we cannot stress enough the importance of
Blockchain Testnet. A Blockchain Testnet allows you to test dApps before making them live. Each
blockchain solution has its unique Testnet, and it is highly recommended that you use the respective
Testnet for the optimal result. There are three kinds of Blockchain Testnets – Public Test, Private
Test, and GanacheCLI.

Testnets are extremely useful as it lets you test your dApps for bugs and errors without spending
tons of cash or resources. For instance, Ethereum uses gas as the fuel for performing different
operations. Spending on gas every time you need to do a test run can become a substantial financial
burden. Thanks to Testnets, testing becomes feasible.

10. Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS)

Since it is not practical (or financially viable) for a company to implement a full end-to-end
permissioned blockchain solution, it gave rise to the concept of BaaS. BaaS is modeled to function

similarly to a SaaS model.

It lets you leverage cloud-based solutions to build, host, and use your custom-made Blockchain
apps, smart contracts, and other interoperability functions on the Blockchain, with the cloud-based
service provider handling and managing all the essential tasks/functions required to keep the
Blockchain infrastructure operational and agile.

BaaS can be a convenient tool for individual entrepreneurs or companies who wish to adopt
Blockchain tech but haven’t been able to do so due to operational overhead and technical
complexities.
Today, there are many BaaS service providers such as Microsoft (Azure), Amazon (AWS Amplify),
SAP, IBM, and other stakeholders, to name a few. These services are usually more expensive due to
higher transaction costs.

3.3.2 Hardware Requirements

Hardware that runs Blockchain Technology is often referred to as high-performance computers or

HPCs. Financial Institutions (among many other businesses) depend on these powerful computers
to perform a task at high speeds without errors or interruptions.

A business, in most cases, will contact a computer manufacturer and provide a set of specifications
and requirements that need to be met for the computer to be selected to perform the desired
functions, including for blockchain applications These specs and reqs can be anything from
processing power, memory, storage, plug-ins to environmental restrictions such as shock, vibration,
temperature fluctuations, and humidity ranges.

All possible scenarios have to be accounted for. Think about it, what happens if the cooling system
in the server room fails? Suddenly, your powerful computers become overheated and could face
catastrophic failures. Something a financial institution like VISA (which runs an average of 150
million transactions per day) cannot afford.

1.The Core Component of a High-Performance Computer

In today’s business/tech world, the focus is primarily set on CPUs (Central Processing Unit) aka
Processors. Think of a CPU as the brains of the system. It performs high-level tasks that manage the
entire computer. A better CPU means greater performance which equals faster completion of
assigned tasks. Simple. For decades, this was the norm. Correction. It is still the norm today.

But blockchain technology is changing the way we think about processing power altogether,
especially, when it comes to latency and real-time transactions.

2. Blockchain and GPUs

Graphics Processing Units, commonly known as Graphics Cards. A GPU is specialized for
handling display functions of a computer, such as video rendering.

I’m sure you’re wondering how a display device benefits blockchain technology. To explain, let’s
take another trip down memory lane. In the old days of Cryptocurrency Mining (which is done on a
DLT like blockchain), the processing of blockchain code was assigned to the CPU. Things were
okay but turned sour rather quickly.
A CPU, although great at performing multiple high-level functions simultaneously, simply could
not keep up with the demand of processing many streams of repetitive data at high speeds, such as
executing blocks of code within a chain.

As the problem became more apparent, the big question was: “What can perform repetitive
calculations faster than a CPU?” Answer: GPU. A GPU is designed for high compute density,
meaning more computations per second with one major caveat: the calculations cannot be too
complex. Let’s just say that, a CPU hires a GPU and offloads these tasks so it can focus on other
important calculations a GPU simply cannot perform.

3. Nodes & Clients

Nodes are the core components of proof of stake infrastructure. A node is a computer that carries
out the key functions of the network, such as validating transactions, storing records of the
blockchain, storing blockchain data, or submitting votes on network governance. The software that
dictates how these key functions are performed is a client.

A decentralized network can support multiple software implementations, or clients, dependent on

the network’s design. Clients can be built to leverage a variety of programming languages and can
exist in a variety of implementations. For example, the Ethereum network consists of mostly Geth
and Parity nodes, while eth2 will support a larger variety of clients including Prysm, Lighthouse,
Teku, Nimbus, and Lodestar.

There are a few basic types of nodes that make up proof of stake networks; each node type is
optimized to perform specific tasks. These node types include:

● Participation nodes are the basic building block of proof of stake networks. They validate
transactions and create blocks, and, in return for executing this work, earn block rewards. A
set amount of value must be locked, or “staked,” to the node for it to become an active
participant, or validator, on the network. Only once it is active can a node produce useful
work on-chain in exchange for rewards.
● Read/write nodes can be used to verify transactions, obtain information about them (query),
and write data such as transfers or smart contract interactions (transactions) to the chain.
● Sentry nodes, sometimes called proxy nodes, are nodes that stand between a participation
node and the blockchain, allowing the participation node to complete its function while
staying private and hidden from the public internet. The participation node only
communicates with the blockchain through its sentry nodes—when they are being used. The
sentry nodes function to protect the participation node from attacks by creating an extra
barrier between the public internet and the participation node. For example, rather than
executing a denial-of-service attack on a participation node, an attacker would have to first
execute a denial-of-service attack on the adjoining sentry nodes, during which time the
validator could spin up a new, un-attacked sentry node and continue operating unharmed.
● Relay nodes serve as hubs for the network’s peer-to-peer (or node to node) communication
layer. They connect to a participation node and maintain connections to many other nodes to
reduce transmission time by maintaining open, efficient communication paths.
4. Clusters
The term cluster is used to describe a network-specific node (or a collection of nodes) and its
supporting infrastructure, such as load balancing tools, monitoring, and alerting services.

Clusters are often made up of:

● Load balancers distribute traffic across multiple servers to improve the responsiveness of a
node. They ensure no single server bears an inordinate amount of network demand.
● Failover protection ensures a node does not experience extended downtime if the system it
runs on goes out of commission. The form that failover protection takes may depend on
whether a node is cloud- or hardware-based.
● Monitoring and alerting services ensure that nodes are healthy and participating optimally in
the network. For example, monitoring the CPU use of a node shows us whether requests are
processed effectively; a spike in CPU usage could be a sign of an attack or error in the code
of a protocol update. Uptime is closely monitored to ensure all nodes are reliable, stable,
connected to the protocol, and able to access data.
● Container services enable mass actions within a cluster. They allow applications and their
packages to be pulled together into a form that can be version controlled. Two primary use
cases include maintaining multiple clusters and supporting Blockchain Client APIs.

4. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

This is the stage where the theoretical design with the proposed plan of work is turned into
the practical implementation. Thus, it is concerned with the construction, installation and
operation of the system. Dealing with the practical approach of the project is thereby very
important, it has to be efficient and effective.
Basic flow graph of the project:

Fig 1: For each fundraising, NFT, and ERC20 will be generated NFT is generated as a guarantee for their
investment in the project

BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE CROWDFUNDING WEBSITE:

Fig 2. System architecture

Steps involved in system implementation

1. Identify the use case

The first step is to identify, clarify, and organize your needs. Understand the exact problems you
want to solve and confirm whether implementing blockchain solutions will help to solve them. It is
recommended to start with a pilot project, analyze the results, and then implement them on a larger
scale.
PwC recommends these key questions that companies should consider before implementing
blockchain technology.
● How does blockchain disrupt the business?
● Is the purpose of the business application understood?
● Is the technology resilient, scalable, and secure?
● What are the impacts of blockchain technology on the market?
● How does blockchain reduce cost or improve customer service?
● How should blockchain be governed and administered?
● Are we considering a 3-5-year plan for blockchain?
PwC studies further caution that putting the effort now and applying them in the next IT budget
cycles will avoid “regret spending” later on.
2. Create a proof of concept
Once you identify the use case, it is essential to create a valid Proof of Concept (PoC). PoC is
nothing but a strategic procedure to evaluate how blockchain would be feasible for the business.
Understanding the planning phase and evaluating steps direct you to create your Proof of Concept.
Here are the steps to create a proof of concept.
● Develop a set of guidelines
to explain the business project
● Create a prototype
to involve design, code, sketches
● Test the prototype
to understand the business happenings
● Analyze the MVP
to incorporate the top features

3. Choose the blockchain platform

Some of the popular blockchain platforms include:
● Ethereum: determines the potential growth rate of the business
● Quorum: eliminates the data tampering in business transactions
● Hyperledger Fabric: creates private blockchain applications for businesses
● Stellar: develops applications for companies and organizations
● Corda: make direct transactions through smart contracts with full security
● Open chain: maximizes each aspect of business’s human resource management
● Multichain: optimizes human resource work at the professional level
When choosing a blockchain platform ascertain whether the technical team is organized and they
have an open-source station. The platform should suit your budget too. The transition from a
successful proof of concept to full-scale implementation is challenging for both governments and
enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these factors:
● Gaining a general level of understanding of the technology by business leaders
● Creating a strategy and vision for blockchain technology usage
● Engaging with regulators to establish clarity and stability as well
This assurance will help to realize the tangible benefits as promised.

4. Choose the right consensus protocol

In a distributed network, consensus protocol alone can create an indisputable system of agreement
between the devices. Take a look at the wide variety of consensus protocols available.
 ● Proof of Work
Counters cyber-attacks such as DDoS and validate transactions to produce new blocks
● Proof of Stake
The developer is selected for the subsequent block by combinations of random
qualifications such as age, wealth, and performance.
● Delegated Proof of Stake
Ensures transaction approvals as a fixed set of miners are involved in the activities
● Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)
Achieve consensus by depending on the same value even when the network components
are unresponsive.
● Proof of Weight
Achieve agreement by depending on the weight of the cryptocurrency the miners have.

5. Build an ecosystem
Blockchain technology is at its best when stakeholders take part. However, to create a new industry
ecosystem, a community within an organization is the need. Because they can understand the
technology’s potential and improve standards and rules.
PwC reports that the stakeholders decide the rules, ensure the costs and benefits, use the right
control framework, affirm governance mechanisms, audit and validate the blockchain
functionalities. Here are the steps to build an ecosystem.
● Start with smaller ecosystems
Build a blockchain with a few stakeholders who can expand it later on
● Find a community
Broaden your network through blockchain consortia and explore more industry
applications
● Conduct a competitive analysis
Analyze competitors or new entrants and look for partnership potential
● Standardize data with a robust governance
Develop standard naming conventions and system-wide data models

6. Determine rules of engagement and navigate uncertainty

The new blockchain ecosystem should solve the organization’s issue and comply with the
processes. privacy implications, compliance, and cybersecurity issues must be addressed. Or else,
the ground processes might be forced to get redesigned. PwC suggests that businesses must comply
with emerging blockchain policies and best practices while monitoring evolution in regulations.
Here are the key plans.
● Confront risks
Involve cybersecurity, compliance, and legal team to blockchain development team while
building a framework.
● Consider privacy implications
Invest in data and its processes. Data immutability is an important feature of blockchain
and it should fit into privacy strategies like GDPR.
● Use current regulations
Stay agile. Current regulations are applied in different ways. So, stay agile to adapt and
remain compliant.
● Monitor evolving regulation:
The laws pertaining to data usage and protection keep changing and depend on
blockchain operations. So, involve regulators.

Challenges faced in system implementation:

You may face the following challenges while implementing blockchain and establishing the system
for the long run.

1. Difficult user interface

All of the clients you handle may not be good at using technology. If your system is simple, you can
attract maximum customers.

2. Scarcity of skilled blockchain developers

The blockchain industry experiences a low supply of skilled blockchain developers. Smaller
businesses may have to offer competitive incentives to attract and retain blockchain experts.

3. Varying blockchain regulation

The regulations keep changing and are updated often. The challenge is how one should consider
and incorporate the regulation effect in their organization activities.

4. Scalability issues
The scalability issue is still there, though there are several approaches suggested in the literature to
improve scalability. Blockchain bridge forms a link for interaction and communication between
blockchain systems and might overcome scalability issues.

5. Security issues

The 51 percent attack theory has made blockchain vulnerable to several threats from hackers. It is
the most disturbing issue every organization faces to date.

6. Speed

Transaction processing speed (TPS) is again one of the major bottlenecks that hamper mass
commercial adoption of blockchain.
 5. RESULT AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

We have identified some of the changes that happened in global cultural industries since the
widespread use of the Internet. We also presented information and provided a discussion of how
shared emotions and motivations have utterance in cyberspace through crowdfunding projects.

Internet-based crowdfunding as a social media platform provides an environment where the ease of
communicating facilitates the apparition of new contexts for interaction and the creation of space to
present emotions are based on shared interest and shared motivations. In this chapter we identified
some of the elements which allow users of these platforms to share emotions by grouping them into
four mainstream contexts whereby the online crowdfunding platforms studied are articulated: user
profile, project, author, and update. In future works we can apply the type of analysis done here to
other types of platforms intended for generating other types of collaboration between users.

5.2 Result

Fig. 4 Hosting Website

Fig. 5 Website Home Page

Fig.6 Campaign Creation

Fig. 7 Transaction Interface

Fig. 7 Dashboard UI
 We can conclude that the implementation of blockchain can improve many
drawbacks that are unit gifts within the ancient crowdfunding platforms. This includes,
increased security, increased potency, and fraud protection. In gist, we are able to say we've
got achieved the subsequent things:

● Decentralization

● Fraud interference victimization e-Voting

● Secure systems with Smart Contract

● increased potency

● Tokenization

● Having the ability to serve high demand

● Having the ability to retain all the positives of the standard Crowdfunding
Platforms

5.4 Future Scope

The future work may focus on the utilization of outer factors such as vehicle states,
sleeping hours, weather conditions, mechanical data, etc, for fatigue measurement. Driver
drowsiness poses a major threat to highway safety, and the problem is particularly severe
for commercial motor vehicle operators. Twenty-four hour operations, high annual mileage,
exposure to challenging environmental conditions, and demanding work schedules all
contribute to this serious safety issue. Monitoring the driver’s state of drowsiness and
vigilance and providing feedback on their condition so that they can take appropriate action
is one crucial step in a series of preventive measures necessary to address this problem.
Currently there is no adjustment in zoom or direction of the camera during operation.
Future work may be to automatically zoom in on the eyes once they are localized.
1.1 REFERENCES

1. Bellare, Mihir; and Rogaway, Phillip. (September 21, 2005). “Introduction.” In Introduction to

ModernCryptography(p.10).

web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/classes/227/spring05/book/main.pdf.

2. hackernoon.com/stablecoins-designing-a-price-stable-crmyptocurrency-6bf24e2689e5

3. Medium.com/@argongroup/stablecoins-explained-206466da5e61

4. medium.com/coinmonks/asset-tokenization-on-blockchain-explained-in-plain-english-f4e4bd

5. www.nasdaq.com/article/how-tokenization-is-putting-real-world-assets-on-blockchains-cm72

6. www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fungibility.asp

7. www.w3.org/Protocols/Design/Interevol.html

8. Abbott, F. 2000. “Distributed Governance at the WTO-WIPO: An Evolving Model for

Open-Architecture Integrated Governance.” Journal of International Economic Law

3(1):63–81.

9. Atzori, M. 2015. “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still

Necessary?” Available at SSRN. Retrieved August 9, 2016

(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2709713).
1.2 APPENDIX-A: Project SCREENSHOTS

Fig. 4 Result1

Fig. 5 Result 2