Formula Sheet

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
1. (sin−1 𝑥) = 2. (sinh−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1+𝑥 2

𝑑 −1 𝑑 1
3. (cos−1 𝑥) = 4. (cosh−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 −1

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
5. (tan−1 𝑥) = 6. (tanh−1 𝑥) = , |𝑥| < 1
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2

𝑑 −1 𝑑 1
7. (cot −1 𝑥) = 8. (coth−1 𝑥) = , |𝑥| > 1
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2

𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
9. (sec −1 𝑥) = 10. (sech−1 𝑥) = ,0 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√1−𝑥 2

𝑑 −1 𝑑 −1
11. (csc −1 𝑥) = 12. (csch−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√1+𝑥 2

13. ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 14. cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 = 1

15. cos(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ∓ sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 16. cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥

16. sin(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥

Some useful formulae:

1. 𝑦 ′ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥), 𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝜇𝑦(𝑥) = ∫ 𝜇𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

2. Trial function table:
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒚𝒑
4 (any constant) A
3𝑥 − 11 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴0
4𝑥 2 − 1 𝐴2 𝑥 2 + 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴0
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 3

∑ 𝐴𝑘 𝑥 𝑘
𝑘=0
−3𝑥
5𝑒 A𝑒 −3𝑥
(7𝑥 − 10)𝑒 2𝑥 (𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴0 )𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 (𝐴2 𝑥 2 + 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴0 )𝑒 𝑥
2sin 3𝑥 𝐴 sin 3𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 3𝑥
−5cos7 𝑥 𝐴 sin 7𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 7𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 cos 4𝑥 2𝑥
𝑒 (𝐴 sin 4𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 4𝑥)
(3𝑥 2 − 1) cos 8𝑥 + (𝑥 − 1) sin 8𝑥 2 2

(∑ 𝐴𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 ) cos 8𝑥 + (∑ 𝐵𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 ) sin 8𝑥
𝑘=0 𝑘=0
𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 1 1

(∑ 𝐴𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 ) 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + (∑ 𝐵𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 ) 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

3. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 𝑞(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2 ⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢𝑦1 + 𝑣𝑦2 ,
𝑊1 𝑊2 𝑦1 𝑦2 0 𝑦2 𝑦1 0
𝑢′ = , 𝑣′ = , 𝑊 = |𝑦′ 𝑦′2 | , 𝑊1 = | | , 𝑊2 = | |
𝑊 𝑊 1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦′2 𝑦′1 𝑓(𝑥)