Struggling with writing your thesis on Naegleria Fowleri? You're not alone.

Crafting a thesis can be

an arduous task, especially when delving into complex topics like this one. From conducting
extensive research to organizing your findings and presenting them cohesively, the process demands
time, effort, and expertise.

Naegleria Fowleri, commonly known as the "brain-eating amoeba," presents a unique challenge for
researchers due to its intricate nature and the gravity of its implications. This parasitic organism,
found in warm freshwater environments, poses a serious threat to human health, causing a rare but
often fatal infection known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).

Navigating through the vast pool of existing literature, understanding the intricate mechanisms of
Naegleria Fowleri, and formulating a coherent argument or analysis can be overwhelming. Moreover,
ensuring that your thesis meets the academic standards and effectively contributes to the existing
body of knowledge adds another layer of complexity.

Amidst these challenges, seeking professional assistance can be a game-changer. At ⇒

BuyPapers.club ⇔, we understand the struggles that come with writing a thesis on such a
demanding topic. Our team of experienced writers specializes in various fields, including
microbiology, parasitology, and public health, ensuring that your thesis is in capable hands.

By entrusting your thesis to ⇒ BuyPapers.club ⇔, you can:

1. Save Time: Let our experts handle the research and writing process while you focus on other
aspects of your academic or professional life.
2. Ensure Quality: Benefit from the expertise of seasoned writers who are well-versed in the
nuances of Naegleria Fowleri and can deliver a well-researched, impeccably written thesis.
3. Meet Deadlines: We understand the importance of timely submission. Rest assured, your
thesis will be delivered within the specified timeframe.
4. Gain Insights: Collaborate with our writers to gain valuable insights into your topic and
refine your thesis for maximum impact.

Don't let the complexities of writing a thesis on Naegleria Fowleri hold you back. Trust ⇒
BuyPapers.club ⇔ to provide you with the support and expertise you need to excel in your
academic pursuits. Order now and take the first step towards academic success!
Additionally this study offers a comparison of the two frequently used amoeb. Our study revealed
amphotericin B resistant ITS gene of N. In contrast, trophozoites treated with amphotericin B was
found at least 30 min whereas trophozoites treated with azithromycin or gentamicin was shown at
least 45 min ( Figure 1 ). This vulnerability comes from the amoeba’s weakness to neutrophils. The
results demonstrated that either nfa1 re- sistant to fluconazole or Mp 2 Cl 5 resistant to amphote-
ricin B, azithromycin and artesunate of N. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and
more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. They have been described for
various bacterial species, but also for differing niches inside their eukaryotic hosts. Nonetheless,
infected monocytes are immune from this action because they could still produce nitric oxides and
kill the parasite intracellularly (Stanford University, 2015). For positive control, nf actin gene
(housekeeping gene) of N.fowleri was confirmed by primer 5 ??? - ACT CTG GTG ATG GTG TCT
CTC ACA C-3. Although these immune attacks are real, there is little medical evidence to explain
whether Naegleria Fowleri could replicate faster than the host’s immune system destroys it (Chauhan
et al., 2014). However, studies on animals have shown that Naegleria Fowleri could replicate faster
than the host’s immunity could kill it (Stanford University, 2015; Chauhan et al., 2014). Human-
based evidence is scanty. Moreover, drug resistant; azithromycin, gentamicin sulphate to ITS and
artesunate to pB 2.3 of N. fowleri were also demonstrated. The only area of commonality among the
three pathogens is their target (brain tissue). You can download the paper by clicking the button
above. As a positive control, we used nf actin to amplify under the same RT-PCR condition and
regula- tion of expression of nf actin gene was detected at 170 bp at 15 - 120 min. Cookie
information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you
return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find
most interesting and useful. To explain how it does so, Stanford University (2015) says, “The
amoeba attacks cells by tragocytosis and the release of a plethora of cytolitic enzymes, including
aminopeptidases, hydrolases, esterases, acid, and alkaline phosphatases and dehydrogenases” (p. 7).
The ability of Naegleria Fowleri to penetrate the blood-brain barrier also stems from its highly
cytopathic effect. Therefore, the blood-brain barrier only allows the selected permeability of
molecules that are important to the human neurological function to pass the blood-brain barrier. It
infects humans by entering the nose during water-related activities; once in the nasal canal, the
amoeba travels to the brain via the olfactory nerve and transmits the fatal Primary Amoebic
Meningoencephalitis (PAM) infection to its victim. However, before this process occurs, the
protozoon usually invades its host through absorption via the small intestine (Coombes et al., 2013).
Thereafter, it affects macrophages to make sure that the host’s immune system is incapacitated.
Keywords: Naegleria Fowleri; ITS; pB2.3; Drug Resistance 1. Mechanism of Toxoplasma Gondii
Toxoplasma Gondii is a protozoan that commonly occurs in many types of environments (Harker et
al., 2013). Toxoplasma Gondii could be both extra-cellular and intracellular (see figure one). The
effectiveness of chlorine disinfection reduces with increasing pH. To fill this research gap, this
review explores the mechanisms used by Naegleria Fowleri, Taenia Solium, and Toxoplasma Gondii
to cross the blood-brain barrier. C until required. 2.2. RNA Extraction Total RNA was extracted from
untreated or treated. MW of each amplicon was detected by 1.5% Agarose Gel Electro- phoresis at
100 V for 30 min. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In our studies we demonstrated the
responsibility of N. All kinds of organisms and microorganisms, like bacteria, viruses, protozoa
(Naegleria Fowleri), fungi, algae and invertebrates attach themselves to biofilms. The third factor is
the frequent leaks in water supply and sewer lines, causing inflow of wastewater into the water
supply lines. Indeed, by attaching to the upper wall of the host’s nasal cavity, the pathogens gain
access to the frontal lobes. Masocha and Kristensson (2012) further explain this structural barrier by
saying, “The cerebral endothelial cells have low levels of pinocytotic activity or transcytosis and
form a functional barrier by selectively transporting only specific molecules into the brain
parenchyma” (p. 202). This way, a key function of this permeable membrane is preventing parasites
and pathogens from infiltrating brain tissues. Comparatively, Naegleria Fowleri penetrates its host’s
blood-brain barrier through the olfactory epithelium and the cribriform plate. Its latest prey was 25-
year-old Humaira Bano from Karachi’s Malir locality.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds
to upgrade your browser. This paper has also shown that these pathogens use different mechanisms
to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of primary amoebic
meningo-encephalitis (PAM), a rapidly fatal disease of the central nervous system. Journal of
Biological Chemistry, 280, 34233-34244. Nonetheless, some of these blood-borne pathogens have
derived unique mechanisms for invading the blood-brain barrier, thereby undermining the host’s
immune response (Davson, 1993). If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to
have your work published on IvyPanda. Toxoplasma Gondii and Taenia Solium enter the host’s
blood supply system through the small intestine. In this study, ten samples collected from
recreational water fountains were checked for the presence of Naegleria spp. Powered by CiteTotal,
free essay bibliography maker. Comparatively, Naegleria Fowleri enters the host’s blood supply
system through the host’s nasal cavity. Our study revealed amphotericin B resistant ITS gene of N.
The identification of the isolates was performed by morphology and isoelectric focusing of
isoenzymes and total proteins. Parasites engage a plethora of surface and secreted molecules to
attach to and enter mammalian cells. It usually affects the central nervous system through the spread
of intermediate larvae from the porcine tapeworm, Taenia Solium (Motarjemi, 2013). Therefore, the
evolution of mechanisms for connective-tissue degradation may be of great importance for parasite
survival. The most important source of infection is via recreational water contact. But none of the 12
victims who died this year in Pakistan had a history of being swimmers. We thank the head of
Department Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj hospital, Mahidol University for provided the
research facility. However, when they occur, they could cause serious damage to the brain. The
purpose of this study was to examine the ef- fects of drugs (amphotericin B, artesunate, azi-
thromycin, voriconazole, chlorpromazine, fluco- nazole and gentamicin sulphate) on ITS and pB 2.3
genes of Naegleria fowleri trophozoites. Nine more pathogenic strains of the genus Acanthamoeba
spp. For example, the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB) water treatment plant is located
at COD hills. In contrast, trophozoites treated with amphotericin B was found at least 30 min
whereas trophozoites treated with azithromycin or gentamicin was shown at least 45 min ( Figure 1
). Indeed, as Masocha and Kristensson (2012) observe, parasitic infections in the brain usually have
serious medical consequences. There is also scanty information to explain how the immune system
controls these parasites. J Neuroimmunol, 232 (1), 119-30. Manno. R. (2012). Emergency
Management in Neurocritical Care. If more chlorine is added than needed, people living near
treatment plants will get excessive levels of chlorine in their potable water. Therefore, there is little
information known regarding how blood-borne pathogens cross the blood-brain barrier and cause
such infections. Distinctive features of the Naegleria genome and nuclear biology provide unique
perspectives for comparative cell biology, including cell division, RNA processing and nucleolar
assembly. Thirty-three strains of free-living amoebae belonging to the genera Naegleria,
Acanthamoeba, and Willaertia were isolated.
Chlorination will not be effective if turbidity is greater than five NTUs, because the microorganisms
hide themselves within the suspended particles to escape disinfection. Therefore, the aim of this
study was to evaluate the presence of this genus in recreational water sources in the island of
Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The full genome sequence of Naegleria gruberi has recently been
used to estimate gene families ancestral to all eukaryotes and to identify novel aspects of Naegleria
biology, including likely facultative anaerobic metabolism, extensive signaling cascades, and
evidence for sexuality. Two concentration techniques, filtration and centrifugation, were used to
study the recovery of N. Synopsis of Research Studies of Individuals Afflicted by Mild Alzheimer’s
Disease. This assessment alone shows that the three pathogens do not use the same mechanisms to
penetrate the blood-brain barrier (see table one). The untreated trophozoites showed bright band
fragment at 310 bp as shown in Figure 2. They produce a slimy (sticky) material that enables them to
attach to the surfaces. These different mechanisms show that the three pathogens use different
mechanisms for penetrating the blood-brain barrier and staying there (see table 2). Our study
demonstrated gene expression of treated N. It contains thousands of paper examples on a wide
variety of topics, all donated by helpful students. Nonetheless, infected monocytes are immune from
this action because they could still produce nitric oxides and kill the parasite intracellularly (Stanford
University, 2015). Remember! This is just a sample You can get your custom paper by one of our
expert writers Get custom essay Mechanism of Taenia Solium Taenia Soliumn is the main causative
agent for epilepsy. Nonetheless, the mechanisms used by the three species studied are not common.
The disease is generally acquired while swimming and diving in freshwater. The purpose of this study
was to examine the ef- fects of drugs (amphotericin B, artesunate, azi- thromycin, voriconazole,
chlorpromazine, fluco- nazole and gentamicin sulphate) on ITS and pB 2.3 genes of Naegleria
fowleri trophozoites. Our study revealed amphotericin B resistant ITS gene of N. In this study, ten
samples collected from recreational water fountains were checked for the presence of Naegleria spp.
But free chlorine in water distribution systems is consumed by various water-borne substances,
biofilms, and by the walls of the pipeline. However, its invasive mechanism stems from how amoeba
enters its host. Therefore, there is little information known regarding how blood-borne pathogens
cross the blood-brain barrier and cause such infections. The up regulate of nf actin was com- pared
with treated or untreated amoebae at every point of time. Consequently, they could inform valuable
medical interventions about the same. For example, this paper has shown that these species use
different invasive mechanisms to attack their hosts. Lipopolysaccharide production usually
characterizes this response (Coombes et al., 2013). Toxoplasma Gondii prevents its elimination by
possessing a gene that suppresses lipopolysaccharide production (Zhou et al, 2005). Furthermore,
some of these pathogens have preventive mechanisms for stopping antibodies from attacking them.
The authors propose the name tarasca for the subspecies and purepecha for the morphological
variant. Report this Document Download now Save Save Naegleria Fowleri For Later 0 ratings 0%
found this document useful (0 votes) 36 views 3 pages Naegleria Fowleri Uploaded by gysergher
Naegleria Fowleri Full description Save Save Naegleria Fowleri For Later 0% 0% found this
document useful, Mark this document as useful 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this
document as not useful Embed Share Print Download now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 3
Search inside document. The research aims to find out if Naegleria Fowleri, Taenia Solium, and
Toxoplasma Gondii use the same mechanism to cross the blood-brain barrier. A patient’s immune
system is always critical in making sure there is a low risk of pathogenic infections from Toxoplasma
Gondii because, unlike other pathogenic subspecies, such as T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense,
Toxoplasma Gondii could be dormant within a patient’s system for a long time (Feustel et al., 2012).
However, an immunity compromise is likely to activate it.
A comprehensive assessment of existing research studies shows that Naegleria Fowleri, Taenia
Solium, and Taxoplasma Gondii do not use the same mechanism to cross the blood-brain barrier.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 57 (2), 944-949. Naegleria fowleri is a pathogenic FLA
species which causes Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM). However, its invasive
mechanism stems from how amoeba enters its host. Based on this limitation, penetrating the blood-
brain barrier is often a common challenge for these microscopic brain eaters. At the same time, it
usually secretes immunomodulatory enzymes to counter the effects of the host’s immune system. In
this study, ten samples collected from recreational water fountains were checked for the presence of
Naegleria spp. This outcome could easily trigger a full-blown immune response from the host’s body
(Coombes et al., 2013). To minimize the possibility of elimination, Toxoplasma Gondii has to
develop better biological responses that would not trigger the immune system, or prevent its
elimination by protecting itself from a full-blown immunological response. The most important
source of infection is via recreational water contact. Discussion Although few parasites, or
pathogens, could penetrate the blood-brain barrier, evidence from this paper shows that Toxoplasma
Gondii, Naegleria Fowleri, and Taenia Solium employ some immunosuppressing techniques to
minimize the effect of the host’s immune system. Pardridge, W. (2006). Introduction to the Blood-
Brain Barrier: Methodology, Biology and Pathology. For positive control, nf actin gene
(housekeeping gene) of N.fowleri was confirmed by primer 5 ??? - ACT CTG GTG ATG GTG TCT
CTC ACA C-3. Indeed, as Masocha and Kristensson (2012) observe, parasitic infections in the brain
usually have serious medical consequences. Indeed, by attaching to the upper wall of the host’s nasal
cavity, the pathogens gain access to the frontal lobes. While they mostly invade their hosts
cytoplasm and thrive within modified host-derived vacuoles, they are rarely seen colonizing other
intracel- lular niches. Frequent cleaning of overhead and underground tanks at home might give you
clean water in taps, but in-house chlorination is tricky because too much chlorine turns water into a
liquid with odour, it can cause skin and eye irritation, as well as health issues for children. However,
research has affirmed the presence of Naegleria Fowleri antibodies among people who suffer from
amoeba exposure (Stanford University, 2015). Taenia Soliumn could penetrate the blood-brain
barrier because it covers its cysts with host-derived molecules. It contributes to the amoeba’s
virulence by damaging impeding cells (Stanford University, 2015). Two concentration techniques,
filtration and centrifugation, were used to study the recovery of N. Therefore, the risk of pathogenic
infection across the blood-brain barrier remains low (for healthy people) (Paredes et al., 2013).
Comprehensively, although the findings presented in this paper are factual, it is important to note
that they are not comprehensive because they stem from existing literature, which has not fully
explained the mechanisms used by the above-mentioned pathogens to penetrate the blood-brain
barrier. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 34233-34244. Cytokine production is usually the
product of such a process. Owing to the dominant ITS, located in the 5.8S rRNA gene and species-
specific chromosomal DNA pB 2.3 genes were used for identify pathogenic N. The identification of
the isolates was based on their morphology, total protein and isoenzyme patterns by agarose
isoelectric focusing, serology, fine structure, agglutination with Concanavalin A, sensitivity to
trimethoprim, capacity to kill mice, and their cytopathic effect in Vero cells. You can find out more
about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings. In ageing pipelines, as exist in
Karachi, the colonies of microorganisms attach themselves to the interior of the pipelines, forming
what is known as biofilms. They are a common phenomenon; they can easily be seen on any old pipe
taken out freshly from the water distribution system.) The concentration of chlorine, therefore,
decreases as it travels through the distribution system, an aspect known as chlorine decay. There is
also scanty information to explain how the immune system controls these parasites. All kinds of
organisms and microorganisms, like bacteria, viruses, protozoa (Naegleria Fowleri), fungi, algae and
invertebrates attach themselves to biofilms. The third factor is the frequent leaks in water supply and
sewer lines, causing inflow of wastewater into the water supply lines. This assertion supports the
main research hypothesis, which claims that Naegleria Fowleri, Taenia Solium, Taxoplasma Gondii
use different mechanisms to cross the blood-brain barrier.