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NRCS Le POR SEBO ORR
11} GENERAL SCIENCE!}
According to the New Syllabus
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
A Hand Book of
(New Edition)
FOR CLASS
9
By
KHURAM IRSHAD
GHS (Rehana)
SAHIBZADA SHABIR AHMED
GMS (Brug)
NEW CLASSIC PUBLISHERS
NOWSHERA CANTT
Ph: 610034 CONTENTS
eee eee
_ ALL RIGHTS RESERVES To ,
i fg ers]
1 HISTORY AND NATURE OF SCIENCE 1
First Edition z 2018
;MISTRY AND LIFE 21
| Name of Book: General Science 9 zo
: LZ
' i pace
: Publishers + New Classic Publishers : 3 | HEALTH, DISEASES AND PREVENTION | 47
a Composing : Rashid Mugasir Khan a
| No of copies = 1000 : 4 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT 4
| :
| : |
|
{ s ENERGY SOURCES 86
.
PRICE: 951- : = at © db aceanaula
:
'
: 8
‘“Qanoon-al-Masoodi Fil Hayat wan-Najoom" was
. Classi
Chapter 1
HISTORY AND NATURE OF ‘SCIENCE
A. Select the best answers for the following questions,
‘L Science Is originated from a Latin word Scientia,
yhich means to:
Mt sib b. Act
«Teach d. Behave
‘The Muslim period of science ranges from:
a. 1st to 6th century A.D
bv
14th to 16th century AD d.17th to 20th century AD
Al-Hawi was the name of book written by:
2
3.
a. Jabir-bin-Hayyan b. Bu-Ali-Sina
¢ Al-Bairuni a. “AL-Razi
4. Astronomy is the branch of science, which deals
with:
a.¥ Heavenly bodies b, Rocks
c. Living bodies 4. Microorganisms
What was the most important approach of
Muslim scientists for solving scientific
problems?
a. Y practical and experimentation approach
b. theoretical approach
¢. philosophical approach d. none of these
6. The scientific method of inquiry is different from
other methods of inquiry because it:
a. Requires that hypothesis be tested empirically
. b. is limited to experimental research
c. does not require revision and retesting of
hypothesis that are not fully supported
d. “All of the above
7. _______ is a medical test involving the
removal of cells or tissues for examination.
a. Sonography b. X-rays
¢. ¥ Biopsy a MRI
5.
written by
a. Jabir-bin-Hayyan b.Bu- Ali-Sina
cc YALBairuni 4. Al-Razi
9, “Al- Qanoon Fil-Tib” was written by
a, Jabir-bin-Hayyan b.¥ Bu: Ali-Sina
c. Al-Bairuni @. Al-Razi
10.Who was the first physician to describe
meningitis?
a. Jabir-bin-Hayyan b.” Bu-Ali-Sina
¢.Al-Bairuni d. AlRazi
11.Who developed the atomic theory of matter?
a, John Dalton b. Michael Faraday
c. James Maxwell d. Charles Darwin
12.Which science deals with matter and energy and
describe the material: universe in terms of
weight, mass etc.
a. Life Science b. Earth Sciences
c. “Physical sciences _d. None of these
13.Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan was born in
a.¥1936 b.1937 1935 d. 1934
14.Which classification of science involves
gathering of — information —_ through
experimentation purely for the pursuit of
knowledge?
A.¥Pure Science B. Applied Science
C. Technology
15.Which branch of science is also known as
biology?
A. Earth Science
C. Physical Science
16.Which branch of science studies the structure of
matter?
A. Chemistry
B. W Life Science
B.¥Physics C. Paleontology Classic 3 G. Science -9
17.Which branch of science studies the relationship
of living and non-living things?
A. Biology B. Chemistry C. Technology
18, The study of weather is calle
a. Geology bv]
¢ Biochemistry 4d. Biology
19.The diameter of Earth was determined by.
a. Jabir-bin-Hayyan b. Bu: Ali-Sina
s. AL-Bairunj 4. AF-Razi
20, The extraction of iron is a ~ ~ process,
a. ¥Chemical b. Physical
© Numerical d. Natural
21. The word science is originated from Latin word
“scienta” which means, "to ’
_3 Now. b. Know c. See d, Watch
22.In ---- the World Health Organization (WHO) started
a worldwide campaign to eradicate smallpox.
a 1965 b. 1966 c. ¥1967 d. 1968
23.In 1967 the World Health Organization (WHO)
started a worldwide campaign to eradicate
smallpox.
a ¥Smallpox b TB
c Diabetes d. Pneumonia
24, Jaber bin Hayyan.is considered to be the father of
chemistry ~ wrote Kitab al-Manstir fil-tibb.
a. Jaber bin Hayyan
b. “Muhammad bin Zakriya Al- Razi
© Ibn-ullaitham = d.—AleBairuni
25. isa renowned physicist of all times.
a. Jaber bin Hayyan —b. Muhammad bin Zakriya Al- Razi
© VIbn-ul-Haitham d, Al- Bairuni
26. “Kitab-Al-Manazir” is famous book of ~
@. “Jaber bin Hayyan
4. Muhammad bin Zakriya Al- Razi
¢. Ibn-ul-Haitham Al- Bairuni
4 G. Science -9
travelled through subcontinent and
‘recorded his observations in his famous book
“Kitab-ul-Hind”.
a. Dr.Abdul Qadeer Khan
6, Muhamrnad bin Zakriya Al- Razi
Ibn-ul-Haitham “AL Bairuni
- is famous book of
¥“Qanoon-al-Masoodi Fil Hayat wan-Najoom"
b. Kitab al-Mansur fil-tibb
c.—_Kitab-Al-Manazir— d._Al- Qanoon Fil-Tib
29. Al- Shifa is the famous book of
a, Jaber bin Hayyan
4. Muhammad bin Zakriya Al- Razi
Classic
¢. Bu- Ali- Sina 4 Al Bairuni
30. was also the first physician to describe
meningitis.
@,_ Jaber bin Mayan b. VIbn Sina
© Bu-Ali-Sina @ Ab Bair
31. The growth of scientific processes can be divided
into ~ - periods.
a, One b. Two c Three d.¥four
32. Dr. Abdus -Salam was born in
a 1925 b. ¥1926 «1967 d. 1928
33. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan was born ii a
a 1936. b. 1937 1938 d. 1939.
34. Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad Khan was born in
a ¥1930 b. 1931 ‘c. 1932 d, 1933
35. Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand was born in 1942 in---
a VRawalpindi b. Lahore
© Islamabad 4. Faisalabad
36.The Islamic world was in the midst of its "~
" between 7" to 13th centuries pavit
way for the growth of modern sciences.
a Midage ob. ¥Golden A
© Historic d.—— Memorable G. Science -9
— . us Seunce 9 cssie
37. - Science explains a phenomenon, while Shore Question wipde BASE
applied science determines how a particular aie Scionte?
it te a yefine aa
Phecomienta maybe puto use, A Del'The word science is originated from Latin word
©. teal as, "Ciao “scionta” which means, "to know”. It is an organized form of
38, is the study of manipulating matter on knowledge obtained by observation and Experimentation.
an atomic and molecular scale.
a. Biology b. Chemistry
© Physics = * 4. YNanotechnology
39, established Global Change Impact
Studies Center (GCISC),
& Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
6 Muhammad bin Zakriya Al- Razi
¢ Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad Khan
d. Al Bairuni
established Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL).
@. ¥Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
6, Muhammad bin Zakriya Al- Razi
¢. Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad Khan
@. Al Bairuni
Established PINSTECH and Centre for
Nuclear Studies.
2 Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan
ff Muhammad bin Zakriya Al- Razi
Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad Khan
4, “Dr Munir Ahmad Khan
travelled through subcontinent and
corded his observations in his fainous book
itab-ul-Hind!”,
@ Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
4, Muhammad bin Zakriya Al- Razi
©. Dr, Ashfaq Ahmad Khan
@ AL Bairuni
40.
41,
Itis the knowledge, which is systematic, tested and brought
under general principles |
2. Define Chemistry?
Ans. Chemistry: Chemistry deals with the properties,
composition, structure and reactions of the matter.
3, What is the meaning of genetics?
Genctics: The study of heredity is called genetics,
4, Enlist some of epidemic diseases?
Ans. Some of epidemic diseases are:
i Plague ii, Cholera if
iv. Polio v. Pneumonia
5, What is genetic engineering?
‘Ans, Genetic engineering is a process by which the genes of
a living thing are modified, or changed.
6. Who was Al Bairuni and what were his
contributions in science?
Ans. Al- Bairuni: :
i Al-Bairuni was a great scholar of physics,
mathematics, geography and astronomy.
le travelled through subcontinent and recorded his
observations in his famous book “Kitab-ul-Hind”,
Hi In another famous book, “Qanoon-al-Masoodi Fil
Hayat wan-Najoom” he has discussed astronomy,
solar and lunar motions.
Ne has written more than 150 books on various
topics,
“Ills major contribution was to determine the
diameter of Earth,
Typhoid rasa 7 G. Science .9
vi. His observatory was located in district Jhelum of
Pakistan,
12, What do you know about Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand?
Ans. Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand;
Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand was born in 1942 in
Rawalpindi
fi, He joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in
1962.
During his professional carrier, he earned
Specialization in Application of Lasers, Fiber
Optics Technology, Nuclear Instrumentation, “Nuclear
Diagnostics and Missile Technology,
13. Explain the work of Dr. Munir Ahmad Khan?
Ans,
Dr. Munir Ahmad Khan:
i, Dr. Munir Ahmad Khan was born in 1926,
ii, He participated in various courses of International
Institute of Nuclear Technology.
ii, He also served the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) in Vienna,
iv. He contributed in the development of Science and
Technology by the way of associating himself in the
establishment of various research and teaching
organizations including PINSTECH and Centre for
Nuclear Studies.
14, Define Physical science?
Ans. Physical sciences deal with matter and energy and
allow us to describe the material universe in terms of
weight, mass, volume and other standard objective
measures,
COMPREHENSION BASE
1. Which scientist is known as father of chemistry?
Ans. Jaber bin Hayyan is known as the father of chemistry.
Beaks 8 G. Science -9
‘ed opium for anesthesia?
ce He a caeaiot ‘Al- Razi was the first man who used
SP what is Meningitis?
Meningitis is a serious disease in which there is
iutammation of the meninges, caused by viral or basteriat
infection, and marked by intense headache and. fever,
sensitivity to light, and muscular rigidity.
4, Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter
on an atomic and molecular scale.? Briefly elaborate
the statement.
Ans. Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter
on an atomic and molecular scale. It deals with developing
materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least
one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.
5, Can laser be used to kill the cancer cells?
Ans. Yes Laser technology can be used to kill cancer
cells . Lasers can be used in 2 main ways to treat cancer: To
shrink or destroy a tumor with heat. To activate a chemical
= known as a photosensitizing agent — that kills only
the cancer cells.
6 Can human organs be transplanted in other humans?
Ans. Yes, human organs like eye, heart, kidneys and lungs
can be transplanted. .
Q Difference b/w pure and applied sciences?
us: Pure science, also called basic or fundamental science,
tis the goal of expanding knowledge in a particular held,
Without consideration for the practical or commercial uses
atthe knowledge. By contrast, applied science aims to use
cunitific knowledge for practical applications, such as
“iting diseases and developing sources of clean energy. sass » G. Science .g
APPLICATION BASE
1. Which technology is used to kill the cancer cells?
Ans. The Laser technology is used to kill the cancer cells
and also has its applications in the field of microsurgery,
2, Who started a worldwide campaign to eradicate
smallpox?
Ans. In 1967 the World Health Organization (WHO) started
a worldwide campaign to eradicate smallpox. This goal was
accomplished in 10 years due to massive vaccination
efforts. The last case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in
1977. On May 8, 1980, the World Health Assembly declared
the world free of smallpox.
3. How vaccination is useful?
Ans. The primary benefit of vaccination is that it prevents
disease. Immunization is considered one of the greatest
public health achievements of the 20% century, and exp
agree that immunization is key to staying healthy.
4, What instruments help in diagnosis of diseases?
Ans. There are several basic types: Diagnostic equipment
includes medical imaging machines, used to aid in
diagnosis, Examples are ultrasound and MRI machines,
PET and CT scanners, and x-ray machines.
5.Is Jabir Ibn Hayyan father of modern chemistry?
Ans. Father of Chemistry is Jabir ibn Hayyan, a Persian
alchemist living around 800AD who applied scientific
principles to his studies, Other people sometimes known as
the Father of Modern Chemistry are Robert Boyle, Jons
Berzelius and John Dalton.
Long Questions:
1. Define science? Describe how the nature of science
makes it different from other modes of knowing?
Ans. Science:
The word science is originated from Latin word “
which means, “to know", It is an organized form of
knowledge obtained by observation aiid experimentation.
10 iene -
asl G. Sciense-9
ledge, which is systematic, tested and brought
nee a aples Ithelps to understand and”
Jescribe various processes and phenomena, which are
taking place around us. ae
How the nature of science makes it different from other
modes of knowin; ;
1. For every branch of knowledge there is a specific
way to stud
2, Inorder to study Science we use scientific method of
study. This systematic approach to the study of
science has made it different to other branches of
knowledge like history, literature etc.
3. Over the last few hundred years we have seen that
the use of the.scientific method as a way of learning
about the natural world has yielded useful
technologies and discoveries,
4 Scientific method involves collecting data,
developing hypotheses about that data, and then
testing those hypotheses with experimentation.
This practical approach in science to issues related
to our day to day problems has made it unique
from other branches of knowledge.
2: Write the contribution made by three famous
scientists of Pakistan.
Ans. Contribution made by famous Pakistani scientists:
1. Dr. Abdus -Salam:
i Dr. Abdus ~Salam was born in 1926.
i, He was a world fame physicist and was
awarded Nobel Prize.
fi His contribution was the presentation of
theory of unification of two of four basic
forces governing the universe. It was the
Breat achievement in the discipline of
physical sciences
> Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan:
iy) Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan was born.in 1936, iv,
an G. Science.
He is the world fame Pakist:
scientist, who excelled
enrichment of uranium.
Along with other scientists he successfully
tested the nuclear devices at Chaghi ig
Baluchistan on May 28, 1998,
He established Kahuta Research Laboratories
(KRL).
Auclear
in the field of
Dr, Ashfaq Ahmad Khan:
Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad Khan was born in 1930,
He is an eminent nuclear scientist of Pakistan
and remained chairman of Pakistan Atomic
Energy Commission for 10 years,
Ne established Global Change Impact Studies
Center (GCISC)
In recognition of his services, he was
awarded the highest civil award of Nishan-i-
Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan.
3. Muslims scientists made significant contributions in
the field of Science. Write some of the prominent
contributions of Jabir Ibn Hayyan, Bu-Ali-Sina and Ibn—
ul-Haitham in the field of Science.
Ans. Contributions of Muslim Scientists:
1) Jaber bin Hayyan (722 - 817 A.D)
i,
iff,
iv.
avd
Jaber bin Hayyan is considered to be the
father of chemistry.
He had established his own laboratory.
He invented sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
hydrochloric sail) and several other
important compounds.
Jaber bin Tiayyain defined chemical reactions
as union of the elements together in small
particles too small for the naked eyes to see
without loss of their character, as ohn Dalton
(1766-1844), the English chemist an
12 3. Science «
Classic ___—_**___G. Science -9 _
physicist discovered this reality ten centuries
later.
His contribution to chemistry also includes
some important scientific techniques such as
crystallization, distillation, sublimation and
evaporation.
2) Bu- Ali- Sina (980 ~ 1037 A.D)
Bu-Ali-Sina was the greatest scientist of his
time
He wrote more than 100 books about
medicine, science, philosophy and literature.
His famous book about medicine, “Al-
Qanoon Fil-Tib” was prescribed as a text book *”
in medical institutes of Europe till 17th
century.
In another famous book “Al- Shifa" he made
useful contributions to physics, chemistry,
arithmetic, biology and even music.
Ibn Sina was also the first physician to
describe meningitis, parts of the eye, and the
heart valves, and he found that nerves were
responsible for perceived muscle pain
3) Tbn-ul-Haitham (965 - 1039 A.D)
4 Ibn-ul-Haitham is a renowned physicist of all
times.
ii, He gave the basic principles of reflection and
refraction of light.
i, He worked on lenses and explained the
working of eye,
"His famous book "Kitab-Al-Manazir” was
translated into Latin,
¥- Hes considered the father of optics
‘) Do you think the Moly Quran give due
™portance to 1
Sompels its read
he
le
quisiti
to ponde
n of knowledge and it
over various processes G. Science .9
and phenomena occurring in the universe,
your answer by quoting some verses of Quran,
The Islamic world was in the midst of its "Golden Age.
between 7th to 13th centuries paving the way for the
growth of modern sciences,
Following are a few verses from Holy Quran that stress the
acquisition of knowledge and search.
The Qur'an calls upon Muslims to look around them and
study the physical world, so that they might appreciate the
majesty of Allah's creation:
"Behold! in the creation of the heavens and the earth; in the
alternation of the night and the day; in the sailing of the
ships through the ocean for the benefit of mankind; in the
rain which Allah Sends down from the skies, and the life
which He gives therewith to an earth that is dead; in the
beasts of all kinds that He scatters through the earth; in the
change of the winds, and the clouds which they trail like
their slaves between the sky and the earth -- (Here) indeed
are Signs for a people that are wise. Surah Al-Baqarah
Support
“They ponder over the creation of earth and heavens
(skies)”
Sura Al-Imran, Ayat 191
“and He is the Allah, who created every living thing from
water, out of them, some crawl, some are tetra-pods (four
legged) and some are bipedal (two legged). Allah creates
what he pleases. He the almighty and creator’
Sura Ai- Noor, Ayat 45
“Indeed, the Creation of earth and heavens (skies), the
difference of day and night, are the indications for the wise
and intelligent” (Sura Al -Imran, Ayah: 190). -
5. Give detail account of different branches of science
and their interrelationship with each other.
a Physics: Physics includes the study of time, light
and gravity.
14 G. Science -9
Classic
it
Chemistry: Chemistry deals with the properties,
composition, structure and reactions of the matter.
‘astronomy: Astronomy involves the study of the
universe beyond the earth.
Geology: The science of the origin, history, and
structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical,
‘and biological changes that it has experienced or is
experiencing.
y. Oceanography:
ocean.
vi. Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that
existed in prehistoric or geologic periods.
vii, Meteorology: The science that deals with .the
atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather
and climate.
vill, Botany: The study of plants.
ix, Zoology: The science that covers animals and
animal life.
X Genetics: The study of heredity,
he exploration and study of the
Branches of science and their interrelationship with
each other,
All branches of science are interrelated with each other.
The tools used in scientific research are almost same. In
Scientific process observations, reasoning and experiments
are the basic tools,
Now a days the name of few modern branches itself
indicate the interrelation between them. Following are a
few such branches,
i. Biochemistry
i. Physical chemistry
iil. Environmental biology
\W. Biophysics
5 Had own some of the important developments in the
edical field which have provided relief to humai ity. iene
Important Developments in the Medical
which have provided relief to Humanity:
1 Many epidemic diseases such as, Plague, Cholera
Typhoid, Polio and Pneumonia, which were known
as killer diseases, have now been controlled with the
help of vaccines and drugs. In the near past these
diseases played havoc with the human society.
li, The diagnosis of diseases is very important for its
Proper treatment. The modern scientific studies
have analyzed and discovered each and every part of
human body and its working,
iii, Many instruments have been devised for the proper
diagnosis of the diseases. X-rays, sonography, biopsy
etc. which help in the diagnosis of diseases,
iv. The Laser technology is used to kill the cancer cells
and also has its applications in the field of
microsurgery.
v. Treatment of retina with the help of laser is an
example of microsurgery.
vi. The repair of the heart valves, the bypass grafting
and the use of pace maker is very helpful to heart
patients,
vii. The field of transplant of organs has also. gained
great importance.
Although at present we have not been able to find cure
for a number of diseases, yet it was the scientific
attitude of the scientists which made possible the
control and cure of several fatal diseases. Vaccination
against various diseases is considered as a major step
towards the development of healthy future.
7. Describe the contributions. made in the field of
medicine and agriculture for the welfare.of humanity.
ns. Medicine:
Modern technology has played. an important role in the
fleld of medicine.
flela
16. G. Science -9
Many epidemic diseases such as, Plague, Cholera,
‘Typhoid, Polio and Pneumonia, which were known,
as killer diseases, have now been controlled with the
help of vaccines and drugs. In the near past these
diseases played havoc with the human society.
ii, The diagnosis of diseases is very important for its
proper treatment. The modern scientific studies
have analyzed and discovered each and every part of
human body and it’s working.
iii, Many instruments have been devised for the proper
diagnosis of the diseases. X-rays, sonography, biopsy
etc. which help in the diagnosis of diseases.
iv. The Laser technology is used to kill the cancer cells
and also has its applications in the field of
microsurgery.
v. Treatment of retina with the help of laser is an
example of microsurgery.
vi. The repair of the heart valves, the bypass grafting
and the use of pace maker is very helpful to heart
patients.
vil, The field of transplant of organs has also gained
great importance.
Agriculture:
i. The modern technology has made the agriculture a
profitable business
it, ‘The use of modern machines like tractors, scrapers,
harvesters and tube wells has greatly helped the
‘man to get maximum production.
With the help of modern technology to a certain
extent we have been able to overcome the deadly
menace of water logging and salinity. By doing so, a
vast land has been reclaimed and used for
agriculture.
Tissue culture and genetic engineering techniques
#re playing prominent roles in increasing the yield
iy, Z-dcIence «9
by producing disease and ai a
rou
Varieties, a *esistance
8, Write some important co i
i tributions of
field of science. Greek tn the
Ans
Greek philosophers and sci
- to the knowledge of science.
ii, Aristotle, Archimedes, Galen and
riot Ace Pythagoras are a
4, EX mportant names ofthis period
iii, Greeks were the firs
Greeks were the first to try and develop the theory
basis of their observations.
'v, Pythagoras concentrated on a mathematical view of
the world.
¥. Aristotle and Plato developed logical methods for
examining the world around them. Similarly, it was
the Greeks who first suggested. that matter was
made up of atoms fundamental particles that could
not be broken down further.
lentists contributed a lot
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. Give a brief overview of the various categories of
Pure Science.
Ans. In general, pure science is divided into the following
categories:
1). Physical sciences:
Physical sciences, which deal with matter and
energy and allow us to describe the material
universe in terms of weight, mass, volume and other
standard objective measures.
ii, The physical science is associated with the nature
and behavior of energy and matter.
iii, The physical science is associated with the nature
and behavior of energy and matter. ;
iv. Physics includes the study of time, light and gravity
v. Chemistry deals with the properties, composition,
structure and reactions of the matter.
Aas as G. Science -9
‘yi Astronomy involves the study of. the universe
beyond the earth.
2) Earth sciences:
Barth sciences, which explain the phenomena of
Earth, its atmosphere, and the solar system to which.
it belongs.
ji, The earth science that involves the study of
structure and composition of the earth includes
different branches such as geology, oceanography,
meteorology, paleontology, ete.
3, Life sciences:
i. Life sciences, which describe living organisms, their
internal processes and their relationship to each
other and the environment.
ii. Life science is also known as biology, which deals
with the study of evolution, development,
Aistribution, origin, structure and function of the
living things.
iii. It is categorized into different branches such as
botany, genetics, zoology, medicine, etc.
09, What do you know about Muhammad bin Zakriya
Al- Razi?
Ans, Muhammad bin Zakriya Al- Razi:
i, Muhammad bin Zakriya Al -Razi was a great
physician of his time.
ii, Before learning medicine, he studied philosophy,
alchemy and music.
|. At an early age he gained eminence as an expert in
medicine and alchemy.
iv. Patients and students flocked to him from distant
parts OFAsia,
V. One of his landmark contributions is A/-Hawi. It was
the largest medical encyclopedia ever composed till
that time, containing all important information that
Was available from Greek and Arab sources. 19
- - G. Sei E
vi. Another major contribution is Kitab ena ee
Xbb, In this book he has written about tent A
_ their symptoms and treatment. seats,
vii. He was the first to discuss the
and measles.
viii. His books were tran:
slated into Latin, Fi
b , Fren
English, Al- Razi was the first man who ucedepent
for anesthesia. Shes
10. What art e imitati
ak e the three areas of limitation of science?
details of small poy
1. einai
Seat ra ‘t answer questions about value, There is
fic answer to the questions, "Which of
these flowers is prettier?" or “which smells worse
"Which is more valuable, one ounce of gold or one
ounce of steel?" Our culture places value on the
element gold, but if what you need build a
skyscraper with then off course gold, a very soft
metal, is pretty useless. So there's no way to
scientifically determine value
2. Science can't answer questions of morality. The
problem of deciding good and bad, right and wrong,
is outside the determination of science,
3. Science can’t help us with questions about’ the
supernatural. The prefix “super” means "above." So
Supernatural means “above (or beyond) the natural
surld phenomenon.” The=toolbox of a scientist
Vontains only the natural/laws of the universe
supernatural questions are erase reach.
11. Explain science in the light of Islam? .
dns. Ielamie teachings are of universal and everiasing
values, In the Holy book “Quran” re al ee craves
rai on the acquisition of knowledge. We tne nr nd to
in Quran that stimulate the man t0 seek know ee
ponder over the various processes mt oceans, s)Acé
pecurring in the universe and also éxPI0"" f 7
the man to travel and search the hidden
se. The basic laws that govern the vital
realities of Ar were explained in the Holy Quran.
cess ad, te creation of earth and heavens (skies),
he difference of day and . eae
ht, the dhe indications for the wise and intelligent
Imran, Ayah: 190).
on Sender over the creation of earth and heavens
(skies)” (Sura Al-Imran, Ayah:191).
3, “And He is the Allah, who created every living thing
from water, out of then
some crawl, some are tetra-pods (four legged) and some
are bipedal (two
legged). Allah creates what he pleases. He the almighty and
creator” (Sura Nur, Ayah: 45).
“there is no better example of close link
between Islam and acquisition of knowledge. than
the saying of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), “to
acquire the knowledge is the duty of every
Muslim man and woman’.
12. Write some important contributions of Muslims in
the field of science?
Ans.
1. The Muslim thinkers and scientists made valuable
contributions to the field of chemistry, physics,
medicine, mathematics and astronomy.
2. They took full benefits of the Greck contributions
and added their own research and observations to
make it more logical.
Jaber bin Hayyan, Muhammad bin Zakriya Al-Razi,
Ibn-ul-Haitham, Al-Bairuni and Bu-Ali-Sina are a few
4, Rest names ofthe Muslim period.
7 The most important contribution of Muslim
cientists was’ their practical and experimental
approach to solve scientific problems. Chapter 02
CHEMISTRY AND LIFE
Select the correct ans
Select the correct answers fo
Plastic chemically refers to as
av synthetic high
molecule
b. natural high molecular weight chain molecu
¢. synthetic low molecular weight chain molecu
4. natural low molecular weight chain molecule
Polyethylene is chemically synthesized from
a. “long chains of ethylene
b. short chains of ethylene
c. some are long and some are short chains of
ethylene
d. long chains of ethane
Why it is not desirable to wear clothes made up
of polyester?
a, Vit does not clean easily
bit is out of fashion
ly flammable
dit fibres thread apart easily
The polymers from which the nylon is made up
ofare:
a.polyethylene —_b. polyether
c polyesters 4. ¥ polyamides
One of the following is a
polymerization of ethane gas.
a.polyethylene _b.¥ polythene
c polyesters d. polyamides
Latex is a natural source of:
a.¥ rubber b. plastics
Polyisoprene is a purified form of:
a.¥ rubber b. plastics c.nylon
¥ the following
molecular weight chain
product of
c.nylon
d. polythene
Classic.
10.
at.
2:
13,
14,
15,
=. G. Science -¥
‘a prefect storage container material of
chemicals
a. plastic b. polythene
rubber a. ¥ glass
Sand acts as a natural source for the production
of which of the following product?
a. plastic b. polythene
c.rubber d. “glass
Which of the following chemicals make the
washing powder dry? ;
1 Ysodium triphosphate or sodium carbonate
b, sodium triphosphate or sodium bicarbonate
¢ sodium biphosphate or sodium tricarbonate
sodium sulphate and sodium silicate
Identify the correct statement in the following:
a. hydrogen is inert and helium is explosive
b, “hydrogen is explosive and helium is inert
c. hydrogen is light and helium is explosive
d. hydrogen is gas and helium is solid at room
temperature
If copper, aluminum, iron and lead are left in
open air which one will rust?
a. copper b. aluminum
clead 4.¥ iron
Which one of the following will have lower life
cycle cost if used as electrical cables?
a. copper b. aluminum
c.lead diron
One of the limitations for copper plumbing is
a.itleaks easily
b. Vitis capable of carrying water with a specific pH
¢ itis not easy to bend and cut
d. it works only in cold environment
Pure water has a pH of
a8 b.v7 6 as Classis
rose is the organic compound commonly known
16, Thermometers filled with material which >
should have: 26.suc!
a. high freezing point astable sugctcrose b. Natural rubber
b. moderate freezing point ester d. ‘Ductile
©. low freezing point ope most abundant element in the universe.
d.no fixed freezing point ale Mcattin YHydrogen
17. Which one of the following ideal to be used in % Nitrogen d,s Helium ;
thermometers: Fe oe sa gas under normal conditions.
a. water balcohol 28 Po Carbon Monoxide b. Nitrogen
c. benzene d.Ymercury Helium a. /Hydrogen
18. There are about -~ naturally occurring 29, Iielium isa member of the noble gas family.
elements. seen Caron Monoxide b. Nitrogen
a 91 b. v92 ©. 93 a 94 © vHelium d. Hydrogen =
19. Compounds are pure substances made up of ~ 430. is ductile, that is, itcan be drawn out into thin wire.
‘more elements, a vCopper b. Aluminum
ee Se ee ee ee c bead d, Carbon
20. The word plastic is derived from Greek “plastikos” 431, Lead is one of only a few elements known to ancient
meaning to ~ - or form. peoples.
a. “Mold b. Yield ¢. Cold d. Hot a. Copper b, Aluminum
21. The first man-made plastic was created by c “Lead d. Carbon
@ Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan 32.'The --------- is then made into large blocks called ingots
4. Alexander Parkes a. Copper b. YAluminum
¢. Dr.Ashfaq Ahmad Khan d,_Al- Bairuni pe agack a Carbon
is mainly used in textile manufacturing. 3 - iron is an important source for recycling of iron.
a. Nylon b. Natural rubber | ¥Scrap b. Lead
c. _ ¥Polyester d,. Ductile c Hard d- Liquid
23, Nylon belongs to a family of synthetic polymers known Bu Pocticldes evatesigrind tall pests:
as polyamides. a. Antibiotic b. Biotic
a Nylon be Natural rubber c. Allopathic d.— ¥Pesticides
c. Polyester a Ductile 35. Burning or combustion reactions are example of —~
is an elastomer. change.
a. Nylon b.— YNatural rubber a. “Chemical b. Physical
c Polyester | Ductile © Natural ad Neutral
is an amorphous solid material. of iron is an example of chemical change.
Nylon b. Natural rubber a tponte Ee Sesline
Pohace a Ductile © YRustine a. Rating ~ can be divided
a Digestion b
gq.o_ “Respiration Protas
‘ thes
and curds, Pp taaiig
a. Digestion b. Nervous
© Respiration
is the breakdo
simpler components,
a. Digestion b,
Respiration @. Fermentation
40. An isa pure substance that cannot be
decomposed into simpler substances,
4.” Fermentation
39. fs
‘wn of complex bodies into their
Decomposition
a Compound b: Mixture
© vElement 4.
41. Glass is oye
a percent recyclable.
a. b 80 290 a vi00
Short Question:
KNOWLEDGE BASE
1. Define element and compound?
Ans. Element: Element is a pure substance that cannot be
decomposed (broken down).into simpler substances.
Compound: Compounds are pure substances made up of 2
or more elements, Compound can be decomposed into
simpler pure substances,
2. Whats plastic?
Ans. Plastic is versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture
resistant, durable, strong and. relatively inexpensive
material. It can be clear or opaque. Due to these wonderful
and useful qualities, plastic/plays many important roles in
life on Earth
3. What is nylon?
Ans. Nylon belongs to a family of synthetic polymers
known as polyamides. They can occur both naturally and
t
“26 G.Science-9
examples being proteins, such as wool and silk.
artificially, semi lustrous or dull.
Nylon can be lustrous,
4, What Is Synthetic rubber?
synthetic rubber is an artificial elastomer which can
Ans. go much more elastic deformation under stress than
under crits and stil return to its previous size without
mmanent deformation. Synthetic rubber serves as a
Pipstitute for natural rubber in many cases, especially
‘chen improved material properties are required.
5. What do you know about glass?
Ans. Glass is a strange substance. It is nota solid, not a gas,
and not quite a liquid either. Generally, it is classified as a
rigid liquid, maintaining liquid properties while acting like
a solid. Heat can return the glass to a liquid and workable
form, making it easy to reuse and recycle.
6. What is respiration?
‘Ans. Respiration can be divided into two steps:
a. One of the steps in respiration is breathing process
during which the body draws fresh air into the
lungs. However, this leads to chemical changes -
oxygen diffuses out of the air in the lungs into the
blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood
into the air in the lungs.
b. The second step is cellular respiration, in which
every cell in the body "burns" sugar (in which
energy is stored) in'the presence of oxygen to make
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the form of energy
Storing molecules in the cell. Carbon dioxide and
water are the by-products,
7. What is lead?
Ans, EL is aoe :
ical,
the metal continy a
chemical characteristics of i
inue
Keep lead asan important componaee
% ‘Lead is a heavy, soft, gray cone ear
Conductor, resistant to corrosion, Send
3. Itis both ductile and malleable
4 It has a'shiny surface when first
tarnishes (rusts) and becomes dull
5. Lead can be casily bend, ext, shaped, pull
Otherwise change shape of the metal Pe Pull and
8. Define Ductile? :
Ang, Ductility isa physical property ofa material associated
With ability to be hammered thin or stetekg into wir
erreout breaking. A ductile substance can be dense into a
Cut, but it slowly
Examples: Most metals are good examples of diictile
‘materials, including gold, silver, copper ete
9. Whats alcohol?
Ans,
1 Most of the common alcohols are colourless liquids
at room temperature.
fi, Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol
are free flowing liquids,
iii. Alcohols have an odour that is often described as
“biting” and as "hanging" in the nasal passages.
iv. Alcohols have applications in industry and science
as reagents or solvents.
v. Due to its low toxicity and ability to dissolve non-
polar substances, ethanol can be used asa solvent in
medical drugs, perfumes, and vegetable essences
such as vanilla.
vi. Ethanol can be used as an antiseptic to disinfect the
skin before injections are given, often along with
iodine,
Alcohol is also used as a preservative for specimens
Polyethylene?
nee is a type of polymer which is chemically
Ans esized from molecules that contain long chains of
pai monomer that provides the ability to double
ethylene, a
bond with other carbon-based monomers to form
polymers.
Comprehension Base
1. What is difference between element and
"compound?
n chart
‘Ans. Compai :
{Compound versus Element comparison chart
Compound Element
Meaning | A compound [An element is a purel
contains atoms of chemical — substance|
different elements made of same type 0
chemically ftom.
combined
together ina fixed
ratio.
Distinguishing | Compounds Elements are
[Feature contain different distinguished by their]
elements in a atomic number
fixed ratio (number of protons in|
arranged in a heirnucleus).
defined manner
through chemical
bonds.
to} A compound can [Elements cannot be
Preakdown | be separated into broken down into]
simpler impler substances b
substances by [themical reactions, methods/reaction |
Types The — list of
compounds —_g lel s
a lements that hay
een observed, Can b
[There are aha 4 Wy
(Classified as 3
on-metal of
mmetallotd. |
‘epresentation |
‘presentati A compound is lan element
represented using Fepresented us
a formula, symbols, 4
Fxamples | Water (1120), liron, copper, silver
Sodium chloride old, nickel etc,
(Nach, — Sodium
bicarbonate
(NaH1C03) ete. *
2. What do you know about Polythene environmental
hazards?
Ans,
i Polythene may help to make numerous useful and
durable products possible, however, its poses
harmful impacts on environment.
ii, It does not readily biodegrade and can reside in a
landfill for hundreds of years.
Scientists are exploring the possibility of employing
Sphingomonas, a bacterium shown to shorten
biodegrading of some forms of polythene to just a
few months.
WH Rename ee 30
G. Science 9
Gin what process bacteria convert complex
* Compounds into simple one?
ans in an ecosystem bacteria are acting as decomposers of
dies of plants and animals.
gecomposition is the breakdown of complex bodies into
thir simpler components. As the bodies of animals and
ants are made up of complex chemical compounds and
Fase by the action of bacteria are broken down into simple
fompounds which are used in the recycling of various
olements in nature.
dead b
4, Sucrose is the organic compound commonly known
as table sugar? Elaborate the statement
‘Ans’ suefose is the organie compound commonly known
as table sugai
A white, odourless, crystalline powder with a sweet
taste, itis best known for its role in human nutrition.
The molecule is a disaccharide derived from glucose
and fructose with the molecular formula C1z Haz Ou.
iv. Sugar forms a major element in confectionery and
desserts.
v. Itean also act as a food preservative when used in
sufficient concentrations.
5. How pesticides are harmful?
Harmful Impact of Pesticides:
i. Many pesticides can also pose risks to people.
i, Health effects of pesticides depend on the type of
pesticide.
i. Some, such as the organophosphates and
carbonates, affect the nervous system
iii. Others may irritate the skin or eyes. Some pesticides
may be carcinogens.
'v. Others may affect the hormone or endocrine system
in the body
ii,
it. respiration?
Breathing is the p
exhale air in and
chemical reaction
Glucose in order to
the cell to function.
hysical process where
out of your lungs. ..Re.
Where Oxygen is use
generate energy whicl
YOu inhale ay,
spiration is 5
d to breakdown
his then used by
Application Base
A: What do you know about first man-made plastic?
. The first man-made plastic was crea fn
Parkes who publicly demonstrated it “exnder
at the 1862 Great International exhibition in London. The
material called Parkesine was an organic material derived
from cellulose that once hi
eated coull 0 n
Cpenicallly could be molded, and
When cooled.
2. Why water is called as “universal solvent”?
Ans, Water is called the “universal solvent" because it
dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Pure
water has a pH of 7 which is regarded as neutral neither
acidic nor basic.
3. Explain rusting of iron?
Ans. Rusting of iron is an example of chemical change.
During rusting the iron (Fe) combines with oxygen (02) in
the atmosphere and produce iron oxide. In iron, the iron
atoms are arranged in a metallic crystalline matrix. When
rust occurs, oxygen bonds to the iron atoms to create an
oxide of iron.
4, Why is mercury best liquid for thermometer?
Mercury is easily the best liquid to use, for 5 important
reasons.
i. It is very reflective, so it's
accurately.
easy to see and to read
- 32
G. Science -9
classic 6.55
iL It doesn’t wet the glass, so you don't get inaccurate
readings if the temperature is falling. :
iris ine etal, $0 it’s a good conductor of heat. This
reans that it reacts quickly to changes of
temperature.
Itexpands eve
can be used wit
fii,
wnly with temperature, soa linear scale
th quitea high degree of accuracy,
rro's a large range of temperature for which it
v. Theres ever, freezes at - 39 Celsius, $0
Marcury cannot be used below this temperature. It
oils at 365 Celsius, which is high enough for mos:
irposes. ,
5, wines is best for ballons? Hydrogen oF Helium
Hydrogen versus Helium in balloons
Hydrogen is highly flammable, so the slightest spark, ean
oise a huge explosion. Hydrogen is explosive and helium
isinort, Helium is less dense. Because helium is lighter than
air, a helium balloon rises.
6. Why copper is better than aluminum in wiring?
Copper versus Aluminum in wiring:
Copper is the most efficient and reliable electrica}
conductor for commercial and industrial wire and cable.
When compared to aluminum, copper has a significant
ampcity advantage, Itis easier to install, and is resistant to
corrosion, The true cost of a cable, often referred as its “life
cycle cost’. While aluminum cable wire is sometimes less
expensive to buy than copper, aluminum cable is more
difficult to install and is more prone to failure. Therefore,
the full life cycle cost of copper cable is lower than
aluminum cable.
7. Why is glass strange substance?
Ans. Glass is a strange substance. It is ndt a solid, not a gas,
and not quite a liquid either. Generally, it is classified as a
igid liquid, maintaining liquid properties while acting like frozen,
Underneath the frozen up
liquid form and does not
beneath the layer of ice. As a result, fish and other aq
animals find it possible to live comfortably in the frozen
However, only the top |
per layer, the water remains in its
freeze. Also, oxygen is trapped
atic
lakes and ponds.
9. why doesn’t the entire body of water freeze, like a
giant, lake-sized ice-cube?
Ans. Generally, all liquids expand on heating, but water is
an exception to this rule. If water is heated, its volume
gradually decreases. (This decrease in velume continues of
the temperature rises to 4 °C.) At temperatures over 4
water starts expanding. It then keeps expanding NA Tt
further rise in temperature, til finally at 10
steam.
In other wi
water has the least volume
and maximum density
ords, at 4 °C,
pace) ai
{occupies the least amount ofSP260) am TT a
st), This irregular expe a
s heaviest). Th oe chien
Cos sion. This anomalo a
alous exp per aye
called anon freezing the
an imp’
ortant role by only
=
34
Classic G. Science -9
40, Why water tapes burst in cold weather?
‘ans. Water pipes burst because the water inside them
expands is it gets close tofreezing and this causes an
increase in pressure inside the pipe. When the pressure
iets too high for the pipe to contain, it ruptures.
Long Question:
1. Write in detai
of the prominent chemi
of the following material.
a.Plastic b.Polythene c. Glass
Ans. Plastics 7 2
i. The word plastic is derived from Greek “plastikos’
meaning to mold or form.
ii, Plastic has become a part of our life, and itis present
all around us. It forms much of the packaging for our
daily use items like foods, drinks etc. Plastic is
versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture resistant,
durable, strong and relatively inexpensive material.
Widespread use of plastic is also causing
unprecedented environmental problems, and is
causing serious health risks- especially for children.
iv. Chemically plastic refers to a synthetic high
molecular weight chain molecule, or polymer, that
may have been combined with other ingredients to
modify its physical properties.
+ Most plastics are based on carbon or organic,
materials.
Vi. As plastics are heated to moderate temperatures,
the polymer chains are able to flow past each other.
Polythene:
i. Polythene is formed when polymers of ethene
combined together
ft is a tough, white, translucent, and waxy
thermoplastic.
1 the chemical composition and some
|| and physical properties
te a Solid. Heat can
return the S86
F bat c le glas:
form, making i cacy tresses 2A HIG ag
8. Howdo fish i
Survive in a fro;
oe A; zen pond?
As Al liquids have a boiling point an
jen water boils at a certain temperce M8 p
steam. When it is cooled to ape 8
10 a certain temy Te
al a
ind becomes ice. Water boils at 100 degree tea
and freezes at 0 °C. When the outsiay SSC
below the freezing point of wat
frozen,
Sutside temporaty
ter, lakes and 4
However, only the top layer of the lake
or river
Underneath the frozen upper layer, the wate acne
u ; a
liquid form and does not freeze, Al af ekee
one Also, oxygen is trapped
neath the layer of ice. As a result, fish and othe
animals find i tile
it possible to live comfortably in the frozen
lakes and ponds.
9. why ’t the enti
vhy doesn’t the entire body of water freeze, ikea
anditttslake-sized ice-cube?
Ans. Generally all liquids expand on heating, But water's
‘exception to this rule. If water is heated its volume
Sradually decreases. (This decrease in volume continustil
fe temperature rises to 4 °C.) At temperatures over 4°C
Water starts expanding. Tt then keeps expanding with the
further rise in temperature, till finally at 100 °C it turns into
steam,
Im other words; at 4 °C, water has the least volume
(occupies the least amount of space) and maximum densitY
(is at its heaviest). This irregular expansion of water is
called anomalous expansion. ‘This anomalous expansio®
plays an important role by only freezing the upper layer!"
lakes and rivers, 7
Classic.
‘Ans. Water pipes
expan
increase in pressure inside the
iets too hi
Long Question:
1. Write
a.Plastic b.Polythene ¢. Glass
Ans. Plast
34 G. Science -9
Why water tapes burst in cold weather?
Durst because the water inside them
nds is it gets close to freezing and this causes an
pipe. When the pressure
igh for the pipe to contain, it ruptures.
n detail the chemical composition and some
of the prominent chemical and physical properties
of the following material.
i. The word plastic is derived from Greek *plastikos”
meaning to mold or form.
.. Plastic has become a part of our life, and it is present
all around us. It forms much of the packaging for our
daily use items like foods, drinks etc. Plastic is
versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture resistant,
durable, strong and relatively inexpensive material.
Widespread use of plastic is also causing
unprecedented environmental problems, and is
causing serious health risks- especially for children.
iv. Chemically plastic refers to a synthetic high
molecular weight chain molecule, or polymer, that
may have been combined with other ingredients to
modify its physical properties.
v. Most plastics are based on carbon or organic,
materials.
vi, As plastics are heated to moderate temperatures,
the polymer chains are able to flow past each other.
Polythene:
Polythene is formed when polymers. of ethene
__ combined together.
ii, It is a tough, white, translucent, and waxy
thermoplastic. rurythene jg ¢..<28 be
Polytheng ° Produce Softeneg ee
ena rine a by Classic 36 G. Science -9
ethene pee 2° bY high-presgae
_ Made at | 5. and highdena ssw’ Ps iy, Helium fs'lighter than air, but hydrogen Is slightly
iv. Polythene net Pressure by sity polye heavier than air.
Dott IS Used in the mon ine taly y. Hydrogen is reactive compared to helium so
pire’ €YS, mille conea a turin a Yarogen form many chemical compounds but
stic bag, ‘ontainers and helium doesn't
= the co, vi Hydrogen is extremely flammable, helium is non
Gh i cat
ass is an 2 flammable,
Glasses amorphous solid nates vit Hydrogen has a higher boiling point compared to
transparet® WPically brite that of helium.
if. Glasses le and optical viii There are seven isotopes of helium, but for
mete oa haturally when rock: is hydrogen, there are only three naturally occurring
at high tei rocks high in si isotopes.
, forma crystalline senor and coul before ther
iv. When manufactured bya yee Hydrogen versus Helium in balloons
silica (Si02), soda. li xy humans, glass is a mixture of tiydrogen is highly flammable, so the slightest spark can
Kt |, soda, lime and minor a fe cause a huge explosion. Hydrogen is explosive and helium
colour \dditives to add “4 8 io
Soe Ee al fs inert. Helium is less dense. Because helium is lighter than
aie" elements of glass are. heated to 1800° ainya helium balloon rises.
__ Fahrenheit (982° Celsius). 3. Write the chemical and physical properties of
vi. ‘The resulting fused liquid can be poured into molds copper and compare it with aluminum. Justify which
or blown into various shapes, and when cooled, is Se ee Oe an
glass is a strong, minimally conducting substance seg nonneee properties of copper:
that will not interact with materials stored inside. As eterna tee bene ene
a result, glass is frequently used in scientific iL Ce yo atalino
laboratories. cine wira luctile, that is, it can be drawn out into
5 li, Copper is second only to silver in its abilit
s 1
p element is conduct electricity. x Tas eabilly
ydrogen with helium. Which
2. Compare hi
iv. Itis also excellent conductor of heat.
better to be used in balloons?
Ans. Hydrogen and Heit 4 helium is @ v. Copper is resistant to corrosion, that is, it will not
L Hydrogen @ A Mromic Be helium is dre
vi. Co} era m
monatomic gas, sbita , but in bydroge” Mis Copper isa moderately active metal
ii, Helium has a fully filled s Ort able i 1s sesame
: electron, so itis unsta AWTRDGCENE
