SHAH SERIES

MS

th
CLASS 8 SCIENCE
ONE LINER NOTES

 According to the new paper composition of NTS&FTS

 Covered full chapters and full book
Key  Notes are compiled from book’s text & exercises
 Prepared form 8th class Science book of KP Textbook Board
Features
 Included MCQs from Past Papers of NTS and FTS
 Conceptual Notes

MUBASIR SHAH
Compiled
&
by
ESHAAL SHEHXADI

Join Us On FB: All Cadrs Teaching Tests Preparation & Past Papers
SHAH SERIES
 Mubasir shah
Chapter 1
1. Brain of adult weight is 1300-1400 grams.
2. A system which carries messages from
one part of body to another and makes us
feel and react to things and situations is
called nervous system.
3. Human nervous system consists of
neurons and tissues that regulate stimuli and
responses.
4. Nervous system consists of brain, spinal
cord and nerves.
5. Nervous system divided into:
� Central nervous system
� Peripheral nervous system
6. Cat brain is about 30 grams.
7. Dog brain is about 70 grams.
8. Elephant brain is about 6000 grams.
9. Central nervous system act as a control
center of the whole nervous system consist
of brain and spinal cord.
10. Human brain is enclosed in a bony case
called cranium.
11. Adult human brain is weight about
pounds and consists of billions of neurons.
12. Three layers of connective tissues called
meninges and fluid present in these layers
protect the brain.
13. Human brain is divided into three parts.
14. Forebrain is the largest part of brain
consist of three parts namely, cerebrum,
1|Page Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
thalamus and hypothalamus.
15. Cerebrum is topmost and largest of brain
divided into right and left cerebral
hemispheres.
16. The right cerebral hemisphere control
movement and activities of the left side of
body, while the left cerebral hemisphere
control movement and activities of right
sides of body.
17. Cerebrum control the sensory areas like
sight, speech, smell, taste, hearing also
concerned with learning, thinking,
intelligence, memory, and voluntary
movements.
18. Small structure inside the cerebrum is
called thalamus act as a processing center
between body and cerebrum receiving
sensory information and carry them to
cerebrum.
19. At the base of thalamus, hypothalamus is
present, which regulate body temp. Hunger,
thirst.
20. Mid brain function is to transfer
information and impulses between forebrain
and hind brain.
21. Mid brain is associated with hearing,
vision, sleep, wake, temp. Regulation.
22. Mid brain also control some reflexes
such as changing size of pupil to control the
amount of light entering in eyes.
23. Hind brain consists of cerebellum, pons,
 Mubasir shah
and medulla oblongata.
24. Cerebellum is second largest part of
brain mainly concerned with posture,
balance and locomotion of body.
25. Small oval structure present above
medulla oblongata is called pons and serves
as a bridge for conduction of impulses
between cerebrum, medulla oblongata and
cerebellum.
26. Pons control rate of breathing, sleeping
and also movement of eyes and control facial
expression.
27. Medulla oblongata connects brain to
spinal cord control heartbeat, swallowing,
breathing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and
digestion.
28. Medulla oblongata keeps on working
when rest of brain not works.
29. Spinal cord is an extension of medulla
oblongata.
30. Spinal cord is located in vertebral
column made up of bundle of neuron.
31. All the signals that go or come to brain
pass through spinal cord.
32. If spinal cord damage, messages cannot
move between brain and rest of body, results
paralysis.
33. Peripheral nervous system consists of
sensory and motor neurons, which are
distributed throughout body.
2|Page Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
34. Sensory neuron carries impulses from
receptors to central nervous system while
motor neuron carries messages from central
nervous system to effectors (muscles or
glands).
35. Peripheral nervous system consist of 12
pairs of cranial nerves emerge from brain
and mainly serve the head and neck.
36. Peripheral nervous system also consist of
31 pairs of spinal nerves, arise from spinal
cord and reach to rest of body.
37. Brain has more than 100 billion nerve
cells called neurons.
38. Neuron is the basic structural and
functional unit of nervous system.
39. Brain of an adult man consists of about
100,000,000,000 neurons.
40. Neuron consists of two parts cell body
and axon.
41. Cell body is thicker region contain
nucleus and cytoplasm.
42. Thread like projections on cell body is
called dendrites.
43. Dendrites are the part of neuron which
receives messages.
44. Axon is long projection that carries
impulses away from cell body.
45. Fatty substance covering axon forming
myelin sheath.
 Mubasir shah
46. Neuron transmits impulses in the form of
electrochemical waves called nerve
impulses.
47. A single nerve is combination of many
neurons.
48. Impulses may travel as fast as 150 meter
per second or as slow as 0.2 m/s.
49. Associative neuron presents in the
central nervous system, link the sensory and
motor neuron and analyze the message for
proper response.
50. Sensory neurons carry messages towards
brain and spinal cord.
51. Any change in environment that can be
detected by a receptor to initiate a nerve
impulse is called stimulus (heat, cold, sound,
pressure, wave etc.) are examples of stimuli.
52. Special organ, tissue, or cell that detects
stimuli is called receptors.
53. Immediate and quick response to a
stimulus is called reflex action.
54. Reflex actions are immediate responses.
55. Pathway of nerve impulses which
complete reflex action is called reflex arc,
consist of receptor, a sensory neuron, an
inter neuron, a motor neuron and effectors.
56. People blink about 15 times per second.
During the 16 hours when you awake you
blink 14,400 times each day.
3|Page Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
57. Action performed according to our will is
called voluntary actions e.g. clap hands, pick
up glass.
58. Actions performed without our will is
called involuntary actions e.g. breathing,
sneezing etc.
59. Process of removing waste from body is
called excretion.
60. Human body has two dark brown bean
shape kidneys in abdominal region one on
either side of vertebral column.
61. Filtering of blood takes place in the
kidneys.
62. Outer side of kidney is convex while
inner side of kidney is concave.
63. Tube arise from each kidney, enters into
urinary bladder is called ureter.
64. Internally each kidney is divided into
three regions. Renal cortex is outer most
regions, renal medulla is middle region, and
renal pelvis is inner region where urine is
drained.
65. Nephron is basic structural and
functional unit of excretory system.
66. Each kidney has over one million
nephrons.
67. Nephron has two parts: renal corpuscle,
renal tubule.
68. Renal corpuscle consists of bowman
capsule and glomerulus.
 Mubasir shah
69. Bowman capsule is cup shape structure
enclosing glomerulus, while glomerulus is a
cluster of blood capillaries.
70. Tube like structure connected to bowman
capsule at its tip is called renal tubule. Urine
is formed in renal tubules.
71. First coiled part of renal tubule is called
proximal convoluted tubule, second U-shape
part is called loop of henle; third coiled part
is called distal convoluted tubule.
72. Distal tubules of many nephrons open
into collecting duct which drain and out
urine to pelvis region.
73. Blood carrying nitrogenous wastes from
the body is brought to the kidneys by
incoming blood vessels called arterioles.
74. Main causes of renal failure are long
term infections, diabetes mellitus, and
hypertension.
75. Medium size stones removed by
lithotripsy, which involves bombardments of
shock wave on the stones from outside.
76. Cleaning of blood by artificial method is
called dialysis, which is done by dialyzer.
77. Blood of patient is passed through
dialyzer, contain dialysis fluid.
78. In kidney transplant, donor of kidney
may be a blood relative or any other close
relative having same blood group.
79. Accumulation of salt in kidney results
kidney stones.
4|Page Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
Chapter 2
1. Cell division is a process in which a parent
cell divides into two daughter cells.
2. Mitosis is a process of cell division in
which a parent cell divides into two cells in
such a way that the number of chromosomes
in daughter cells remains same to that of
parent cell and gametes produced are
genetically identical.
3. Meiosis is the process of cell division in
which parent cell divides into four daughter
cells in such a way that the number of
chromosomes in the daughter cell is half to
that of parent cell and gametes produced are
genetically different.
4. Mitosis occurs in somatic/body cells.
5. Meiosis occurs in germ cells.
6. Mitosis involves a single division.
7. Meiosis involves double division.
8. Chromosomes are thread like structures
present in the nucleus of each cell.
9. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and a
protein called histones.
10. DNA is coiled many times around
protein, which provides structural support to
chromosomes.
11. DNA is made up of units called
nucleotides, which are guanine, cytosine,
thymine, and adenine.
12. DNA carries all information from parents
to offspring’s.
 Mubasir shah
13. DNA has short segments called genes.
14. Living organisms have a set of
characteristics that are transferred from
parents.
15. Genes are transferred from parents to
children and carry the traits from parents to
offsprings.
16. Gene is basic physical and functional
unit of heredity.
17. Gene occurs in pairs.
18. A pair of gene controls each heredity
characteristics e.g. eye color, hair color etc.
19. Human have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
20. Hermit crabs have 127 pairs of
chromosomes.
21. Elephant have 28 pairs of chromosomes.
22. Cats have 19 pairs of chromosomes.
23. Carrot plant has 9 pairs of chromosomes.
24. One specie of round worm has only one
pair of chromosome.
25. Transfer of characters from parents to
offspring is called heredity.
26. Chromosomes, DNA and genes form
basis of heredity.
27. Characters transfer from one generation
to next is called heritable characters e.g. eye
color, skin color etc.
5|Page Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
28. Characters which are not transferred
from one generation to next is called non
inheritable characters e.g. loss of body part
of a person, disease etc.
29. Eye color in human beings is controlled
by genes.
30. Gene control production of brown
pigments in the iris of eye, if the gene
produces more than the eye color will be
black. If produced less eye color will be light
brown.
Chapter 3
1. Use of living organisms or their products
for the welfare of mankind is called
biotechnology.
2. Major break through in biotechnology:
� Pre-20th century: identification of living
cell and bacteria, discovery of small pox and
rabies vaccine, artificial sweeteners, DNA
and chromosomes.
� 20 century: penicillin, 3D structure of
DNA, fabrication of artificial limbs, cloning
of first mammal (dolly)
� 21 century: vertebrate, invertebrate and
bacterial genome sequence, completion of
human genome sequence, sequencing of rice
genome, invention of bionic legs.
3. DNA replication takes place in the nucleus
during cell division.
4. During replication process, DNA makes
similar copies of itself.
 Mubasir shah
5. First step involved in DNA replication is
the unwinding of double helical structure of
DNA.
6. In second step, each strand produce a new
strand, one DNA molecule produces two
daughter DNA molecules.
7. Chromosomes are coloured bodies present
in nucleus.
8. Bacteria are unicellular organism, having
no membrane bounded nucleus.
9. Bacterium has a single chromosome
present in cytoplasm along with an extra
chromosomal DNA molecule called plasmid
which is also known as vector.
10. Plasmid can carry a foreign gene into
bacterium.
11. Plasmid acts as a carrier of foreign gene.
12. Organism that contains a foreign gene in
its cell is called transgenic organism.
13. An enzyme called restriction enzyme is
used to cut the gene from DNA of the donor
organism.
14. Isolated gene and plasmid DNA called
recombinant DNA.
15. Organisms whose genes are modified are
called GM organisms' recombination
organisms or transgenic organisms.
16. Herbicides are weed killing chemicals.
17. Pesticides are insects killing chemicals.
18. Neeli Ravi buffalo is produced for better
production of milk and Nancy sheep for
meat.
6|Page Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
Chapter 4
1. Our atmosphere consists of 78% of
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon and other
gases.
2. Any unwanted and undesirable change in
environment that affects the atmosphere and
disturb ecosystem is called pollution.
3. Pollutants are man-made: burning of coal
and oil, factories smoke, vehicles exhaust
etc. or natural: rotting vegetation, volcanic
eruption etc.
4. SO² produced by industries and key source
of SO² include coal and petroleum, also
smoke released from thermal power plant
contain SO².
5. Nitrogen dioxide can be observed as
brown haze.
6. SO² destroys chloroplast.
7. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless,
odorless, non-irritating and poisonous gas
and produced by incomplete combustion of
coal and other fossil fuels.
8. Chloflourocarbon are major cause of
breakdown of ozone layer and used in
aerosol spray, as coolant agent in
refrigerators, air conditioners and foam
packing.
9. Ultra violet Radiations from sun that reach
the earth cause skin cancer.
10. Rain carries oxides of nitrogen to rivers
and soil. This can cause abnormal growth of
algae in water bodies making conditions for
 Mubasir shah
other aquatic organism very difficult to live
is called eutrophication.
11. Sulpher dioxide cause irritation of eyes,
nose and throat, breathing difficulties,
pneumonia, asthma, chronic bronchitis,
respiratory failure, lung cancer,
cardiovascular diseases.
12. Effects of nitrogen oxides are severe
effects on lung tissue, difficulty in breathing,
failure of heart.
13. Carbon monoxide can cause damage to
central nervous system and heart, severe
headache, nausea, dizziness.
14. CFC's is not vehicle exhaust.
15. Chloflourocarbons are cause skin cancer.
16. Ozone layer filters ultra violet radiation
from sunlight.
17. When ultra violet radiation enters the
earth, a part of it is absorbed by earth and
rest is reflected back to atmosphere. Some
gases present in atmosphere trap a part of
heat reflected by earth causing in increase in
temperature called green house effect.
18. Gases involved in green house effect are
called green house gases.
19. Nitrogen is not a greenhouse gas.
20. An increase in green house effect can
lead to global warming.
21. Global warming refers to the rise in
average temperature on earth.
7|Page Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
22. The phenomenon which does not lead to
global warming is photosynthesis.
23. Word ozone is Greek word mean strong
odor.
24. One chlorine molecule from
chlorofluorocarbon can destroy up to
100,000 ozone molecule.
25. The main reason for increase in the
amount of carbon dioxide in air is
deforestation.
26. In Pakistan only 5% of the land covered
by forest.
27. Deforestation mean removal and cutting
of forest.
28. Protection and preservation of natural
resources is called conservation.
29. A renewable resource is one, which can
be used repeatedly because it recycled
naturally. E.g. freshwater, oxygen, solar
energy, timber and biomass.
30. Resources like minerals and fossils fuels
are not generated quickly are known as non
renewable resources.
 Mubasir shah
Chapter 5
1. Element is simplest and pure form of
matter.
2. Compound is formed by chemical
combination of two or more elements.
3. Process of formation or breaking of a
chemical compound is called chemical
reaction.
4. Mass can neither be created nor destroyed
during chemical reaction said by Lavoisier
1785.
5. During a chemical reaction, mass of
reactant is equal to mass of product.
For example, 4Fe+3O²➡2Fe²+O³
6. Chemical formula of sucrose is C¹²H²²O¹¹
7. Chemical formula of potassium chlorate is
KClO³
8. Chemical formula of ammonium sulphate
is (NH4)²SO4
9. Chemical formula of calcium nitrate is Ca
(NO³)²
10. Substances on the left hand side of a
chemical equation are called reactants.
11. Simplest method for balancing chemical
equation is inspection or trial and error
method.
12. Number of atoms of reactants is always
equal to number of products in a balanced
chemical equation.
8|Page Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
13. Types of chemical reactions
A. Addition or synthesis reaction: these
chemical reactions occur where two or more
substances react together to form one
product. For example sulpher and oxygen
form sulpher dioxide.
B. Decomposition reactions: these reactions
have one reactant which breaks up to form
two or more products. They are usually
endothermic reactions as they require heat.
For example calcium carbonate on heating
forms the calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
C. Single displacement reactions: they occur
when a more reactive element displaces a
less reactive one from its compound.
Zn+2HCl➡H²+znCl²
D. Double displacement reactions: these
reactions involve the exchange of ions
between two compounds.
HCl+NaOH➡NaCl+H2O
14. The reaction between sodium and
chlorine to form sodiam chloride is addition
reaction.
15. The heat evolved or obsorbed during a
chemical reaction is called heat of reaction.
16. A reaction in which heat is absorbed
from surrounding is called endothermic
reactions.
17. Reactions in which heat is released into
surrounding are called exothermic reactions.
For example burning of natural gas,
formation of ammonia.
 Mubasir shah
Chapter 6
1. Word acid is derived from acidus means
sour define as a substance which provide
hydrogen ions in aqueous solution.
2. Physical properties of acids: sour taste,
turn methyl orange to red, and turn blue
litmus paper to red.
3. Chemical properties of acids: ionization,
reaction with metal, reaction with alkalis.
4. Water soluble bases are called alkalis.
5. All alkalis are bases but all bases are not
alkalis.
6. Alkali is defined as a substance which
provides OH ions e.g. sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide
etc.
7. Physical properties of alkalis: bitter taste,
slippery to touch, turn red litmus to blue,
turns colorless phenolphthalein to pink.
8. Alkali reacts with fats to produce soap and
glycerin.
9. Alkali react with acids form salt and
water.
10. The alkali used as an antiacid is
Aluminum hydroxide AL(OH)3.
11. Acid and base react to form salt. Also
called neutralization. Examples are table salt,
calcium sulphste, potassium chloride, baking
soda etc.
12. Acid give salt and hydrogen when treated
with metal.
9|Page Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
13. NaOH reacts with HCL producing NaCL
and H2O.
14. Salt may be acidic, basic or neutral.
15. Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) salt is
used in the treatment of constipation.
16. Vinegar contains acetic acid.
17. Citric acid is used in preparation of fruit
salt and as a food preservative.
18. Nitric acid and sulphuric acid are used in
industries such as dyes, fertilizers, paints,
explosives and drugs.
19. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is used in car
batteries.
20. Acids are used to make aqua regia in
which noble metals such as gold platinum
are dissolved.
21. Uses of alkalis: ammonia used in
production of fertilizers, aluminum
hydroxide is used as antacid to reduce
acidity of stomach, calcium hydroxide is
called slaked lime or lime water used for
white wash, neutralize the acidity of soil and
sewage treatment, sodium hydroxide
commonly called caustic soda used in
manufacture of soaps, detergents, cleaners
and magnesium hydroxide used as antacid
and in toothpaste.
22. Uses of salts: sodium chloride used as
table salt and preservative. Potash alum (KAl
(SO4)².24H²O) is used in water purification.
Copper sulphate used as pesticide. Sodium
 Mubasir shah
carbonate used in making of glass, soap,
washing soda etc. and as water softener.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate or baking soda
used as anti-acid, fire extinguishers and in
bakeries. Magnesium sulphate is also called
Epsom salt used in laxatives medicines to
treat constipation.
23. Those substances which indicate the
nature of a solution whether acidic or basic
changing the color is called indicator. A
classic example of indicator is litmus paper.
24. An alkaline solution will change color of
beet juice from red to purple.
25. Blackberries juice change from red in an
acidic solution to dark blue or violet in an
alkaline solution.
26. Rose petals turn blue in alkaline solution.
27. The color of red and blue litmus stays
same in aqueous solutions of NaCL.
Chapter 7
1. When a force is applied on object it brings
about change either in its position or in its
shape.
2. Pressure is defined as the amount of force
acting perpendicularly on unit area of body.
Pressure= force/surface area
Or P=F/A
3. Unit of pressure is called Pascal, denoted
by pa.
10 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
4. Unit of force is newton (N) and that of
area is square meter (m²)
5. P=N/m²=Nm-²
6. When one newton force acts
perpendicularly on an area of one square
meter, the pressure exerted will be one
Pascal.
7. Hydraulic system is often used to produce
large force by applying large force.
8. The branch of science (physics) which
deals with the transmission of fluid pressure
through vessel as a source of mechanical
force is called hydraulics.
9. Hydraulic pressure is stated as the force
exerted by fluid on unit area, anywhere on
the surface within container.
10. Pressure of fluid can be better understood
by Pascal’s principle.
11. Pascal principle of fluid pressure states
that pressure applied on liquid in a closed
container is transferred equally in all
directions throughout the liquid.
12. A mechanism which works on the
Pascal’s principle of fluid pressure and
transmits force from one place to another is
called hydraulic system. Examples hydraulic
press, hydraulic brakes, hydraulic jack,
hydraulic lifts etc.
13. The pressure at any point in liquid
depends upon dept.
14. Pressure of water increases with depth.
 Mubasir shah
15. Study of behavior of gases under
pressure is called pneumatics.
16. Robert Boyle stated that for a given mass
of a gas, volume of gas changes inversely
with the change in pressure at constant
temperature.
Or In other words, if temperature is constant,
volume of a gas in a container decreases with
increase in pressure and volume increases
with decrease in pressure.
17. Experiments show that pressure of a gas
depends upon quantity and temperature.
18. An aerosol is a suspension of tiny liquids
particles in gas enclosed under pressure and
released as a fine spray by means of a
propellant gas.
19. Atmospheric pressure around us at
ground level is about 100,000 pa or 100KPa.
20. The area all around earth that extends to
a height of few hundreds kilometers is called
atmosphere.
21. Atmospheric pressure decreases with
increase in height from the earth’s surface.
22. The SI unit of area is m2.
23. At sea level the mean density of the air is
maximum and atmospheric pressure is
maximum.
24. As we go up from sea level, the density
of air decreases.
25. Barometer is used to measure the
11 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
atmospheric pressure.
26. Air motion is caused due to difference in
air pressure.
27. A syringe gets filled due to air pressure.
28. Atmospheric pressure at Peshawar is
greater than murree.
29. Ozone is not a rare gas.
Chapter 8
1. All measurable things are called physical
quantities.
2. Comparison of something with some
standard is called measurement.
3. Physical quantities are always divided into
two, base and derived quantities.
4. Base quantities are those in terms of
which other physical quantities can be
defined. Examples are mass, length, time
5. Physical quantities that are expressed in
terms of base quantities are called derived
quantities. For example, volume, speed,
density, area etc.
6. The standard with which things are
compared is called unit.
7. A physical quantity is expressed as the
product of number and unit.
8. A number with proper unit is known as
magnitude. For example '13cm' represents
magnitude.
 Mubasir shah
9. The unit of a base quantity is called a base
unit.
10. Base quantities and their units: length
unit is meter, mass unit is kilogram, time unit
is second, temperature unit is kelvin, electric
current unit is ampere, intensity of light unit
is candela, and amount of substance unit is
mole.
11. Derived quantities and their uses:
� Area= length✖width=m²
� Volume of solid Solid=length✖width✖
height=m³
� Volume of liquid=liter=L
� Density= mass/volume=kgm-³
12. The standard meter is the length of
platinum-iridium alloy metal rod, kept at 0°C
in international bureau of weight and
measurement at serves near Paris (France).
13. The standard kilogram is mass of
platinum-iridium cylinder placed in
international bureau of weight and
measurement.
14. Meter ruler is used to measure the length
of an object.
15. Cubic meter is unit for measurement of
volume.
16. 1cubic meter=1000 liters or
�1liter=1/1000 cubic meter
�1 liter =1000millilitre
�1ml=1cm³
17. Unit of time is second which is 1/86400
part of a mean solar day.
18. 1sec=1/60 minutes
12 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
1minute=1/60 hour
1hour=1/24 solar day
19. Kilo means 1000, centi means 1/100 part,
milli means 1/1000, 1km=1000 meters,
1kg=1000gram, 1centimeter=1/100 meter,
1milli meter=1/1000meters,
1milligram=1/1000grams
20. 1kg of water occupies volume of 1m3.
21. 25 milligrams is equal to 25/1000 g.
22. Meter ruler has 1000 small division
called millimeter.
23. The SI unit of intensity of light is
candila.
24. In case of measuring water in cylinder'
the eye should be kept on a level with the
bottom of the meniscus.
25. Meniscus of all liquids is kept
downwards but the mercury have meniscus
in upward direction.
Chapter 9
1. Heat is a form of energy.
2. Sun is the main source of heat.
3. S.I unit for heat is joule.
4. 1 calorie=4.81joules
5. Wind, rain, waves are formed due to
increase in temperature.
 Mubasir shah
6. Solids' liquids and gases expend on
heating.
7. The expansion in length due to heating is
called linear expansion while that in volume
is called volumetric expansion.
8. Expansion in liquid is more than that of
solids.
9. When water is heated from 0°C to 4°C it
contracts instead of expanding.
10. When water is heated further from 4°C
up to its boiling point (100°C), it expands
just like other liquids.
11. When water is cooled down from 100°C
to 4°C it contracts.
12. When water is further cooled from 4°C
to 0°C it expands and its volume increases.
13. Increase in the volume of water as its
temperature is lowered from 4°C to 0°C is
known as anomalous expansion or peculiar
behavior of water. It means that density of
water is maximum at 4°C.
14. At 4°C' the volume of water is
maximum.
15. Under frozen water during winter, the
aquatic life is able to survive in the water
below the ice because ice act as insulator.
16. In centigrade scale, the lower standard
point or freezing point of ice is marked as
0°C and upper standard point or boiling
point of water is marked as 100°C and the
distance between these two fixed points is
13 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
divided into 100 equal parts and each part or
division is called degree centigrade.
17. In Fahrenheit scale, the lower standard
point or freezing point of ice is marked as
32°F and the upper standard point or boiling
point of water is 212°F. The distance
between these two fixed points is divided
into 180 equal parts and each part or division
is called degree Fahrenheit.
18. Heat is transferred through conduction'
convection and radiation.
19. When two surfaces are rubbed against
each other' heat is produced.
20. Actually objects expends on heating and
contracts on cooling.
21. In an electric iron' temperature is
controlled by using bimetallic strips.
22. The bimetallic strip is straight when it is
cooled but it bends when heated.
Chapter 10
1. A lens is made of transparent material like
glass or plastic having one or both sides
curved.
2. A lens which is thick in middle and
thinner at edges is called convex lens.
3. When parallel light rays pass from convex
lens, they converge at a point called focal
point denoted by 'F'.
4. A convex lens is also known as
 Mubasir shah
converging lens.
5. A lens which is thin at middle and thicker
at edges is called concave lens.
6. When parallel light rays pass through
concave lens, they diverged. If these
refracted rays are traced back, these seem to
meet at a point called focal point.
7. Concave lens also called diverging lens.
8. Center of sphere of which the curved
surface of the lens is a part, called center of
curvature.
9. The point where light rays meet after
refraction through lens is called focal point
or principal focus.
10. The mid or central point of lens is called
its optical center.
11. A line passing through center of
curvature, optical center and focal point is
called principal axis or optical axis.
12. The distance between optical center and
principal focus is called focal length.
13. In a ray diagram, rays of light are
represented by straight line.
14. Image formation by convex lens:
A. When object is beyond 2F the image is
formed on the other side of lens between F
and 2F, the image is real, inverted, and
smaller in size.
14 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
B. When the object is at 2F, the image is also
formed at 2F on the other side of lens, the
image is inverted, real and of the same size.
C. When the object is placed between 2F and
F, the image is formed beyond 2F on the
other side of lens; it is real, inverted and
large in size.
D. When the object is placed at 'F', the image
is formed at infinity on the other side and the
image is real, inverted and very large in size.
E. When the object lies between 'F' and ‘O’,
rays after refraction diverge out and do not
actually meet on the other side of lens.
Therefore, no real image is formed on other
side however a virtual image will be formed
and also magnified and erect.
15. The focal length of a thin convex lens is
greater than thick convex lens.
16. Image formation by concave lens:
Rays after refraction, diverge out and do not
meet on the other side of lens, therefore real
image is not formed, however, a virtual
image is formed which is erect, smaller and
formed between principal focus and optical
center.
17. The image formed by a concave lens is
always virtual.
18. A camera is an optical instrument having
convex lens at one end and light sensitive
film at other end.
19. Camera lens formed real, small, inverted
image of an object on the film.
 Mubasir shah
20. Most animals focus by using cilliary
muscles to change the shape of lens. Fish,
however focus the image by moving each
lens backward and forward just like camera.
21. Pupil of an eye is made smaller or larger
by iris.
22. A defect in which person can not see far
off objects clearly but can see the nearby
objects clearly is called short sightedness.
The lens of such eye become thick and focal
length is reducing and parallel rays are
focused in front of retina. It can be corrected
by using concave lenses.
23. A person suffering from long sightedness
can not see the near objects clearly but can
see the far objects clearly. The eye ball
become thinner due to this the parallel rays
are focused behind retina. It can treat by
using convex lens.
24. Cone cells can perceive color in bright
light and rod cells perceive black and white
images and work in dim light.
25. When both the surfaces of convex lens
are curved outwards then it is called double
convex lens or biconvex lens.
26. If one of surface of lens is convex and
other is plane, it is called Plano convex lens.
27. If one of the surface of lens is concave
and other is plane, it is called Plano concave
lens.
28. If one of surface of lens is convex and
other is concave such that the central region
of the lens is thicker than edges is called
15 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
concavo-convex lens.
29. If one of the surface of lens is concave
and other is convex, such that central region
of lens is thinner than its edges is called
convexo concave lens.
30. When both surfaces of lens are concave
or curved inward it is called double concave
lens or biconcave lens.
31. Both lens are used in spectacles,
bioculars, light microscope, camera,
astronomical telescope and terrestrial
telescopes.
32. Plano concave lenses are used in optical
projectors.
33. Convexo concave and concavo convex
lens are used in optical defects.
Chapter 11
1. The device that produces electricity is
called generator.
2. Generator is a device which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
3. Two very common examples of generators
are the mechanical generator and bicycle
dynamo.
4. Hans Christian oersted a Danish scientist
in 1820 discovered a relation between
electricity and magnetism.
5. When there is relative motion between a
magnet and coil of wire, electric current start
 Mubasir shah
flowing in them. This is called
electromagnetic induction.
6. The simple alternating current generator is
based on the principle of electromagnetic
induction.
7. Battery is a chemical source for generating
electric energy.
8. One of the most common type of battery is
ordinary flash light battery, often referred as
a dry cell.
9. In dry cell, zinc case serves as the negative
terminal (cathode) while the carbon reds at
center serve as positive terminal (anode).
The space between two terminals contains
paste like mixture of manganese dioxide,
ammonium chloride and carbon.
10. The electricity generated by conversion
of kinetic energy of water is called
hydroelectric power.
11. Working of hydroelectric power:
Water is stored in reservoir then when this
water is released from reservoir, it flows
down with speed through a turbine and turns
its blade to produce electricity.
In hydroelectric power stations, potential
energy of stored water is converted into
kinetic energy, kinetic energy of water
converted into mechanical energy of turbine
and then finally into electrical energy by the
generator.
12. In Pakistan, main hydroelectric power
stations are situated at terbela, mangla,
16 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
warsak and ghazi barotha.
13. The use of wind energy as a source for
generating electrical energy is called wind
power.
14. Kinetic of wind is converted into
electrical energy by means of windmills.
15. A windmill is a machine which converts
kinetic energy of wind into mechanical
energy of wind turbine and the turbine intern
rotates the shaft of the generator to generate
electricity.
16. A steady wind with a speed of about
20km/hr. is needed for generation of
electricity.
17. Generating electricity by means of heat
produced by nuclear reactions in a nuclear
power plant is called nuclear power.
18. In a nuclear power plant, heat generated
by fission reaction is used to convert water
into steam. This steam is then used to rotate
the steam turbine which in turn rotates the
shaft of connected generator to produce
electricity.
19. Generating electricity by means of heat
produced by burning of fossil fuels like coal,
gas, oil in a thermal power station is called
thermal power.
20. In a thermal power station, the heat
generated by burning of fossil fuel is used to
convert water into steam. This steam is then
used to rotate the steam turbine which intern
rotates the shaft of the connected generator
 Mubasir shah
to produce electricity.
21. Generating electricity by means of solar
energy is called solar power. Usually solar
cells or photovoltaic are used for this
purpose.
22. When sunlight strikes a solar cell, it
develops a voltage. For generating electricity
on large scale, solar panels are used which
comprise of many solar cells.
23. Tidal and geothermal energies are also
used to produce electricity.
24. 1kg of nuclear fuel contains nearly three
millions times the energy that is obtained
from 1kg of coal.
25. Chemically the electricity is produced by
using batteries.
26. Alternating current changes its direction
every moment.
27. Direct current does not change its
direction.
28. A bicycle dynamo is a type of generator
attached to bicycle to produce electricity.
29. Nuclear power is generated by breaking
nuclei of some heavy elements like uranium,
plutonium etc.
30. The part of an electric generator that
produces electric current due to its rotation is
called armature.
31. Resistor is a component which resists
17 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
flow of current, used in electronic circuits.
32. Resistance is measure in unit called
ohms.
33. Capacitor is a device that can store
temporary electric charge.
34. Capacitance of a capacitor is measured in
farad and is denoted by 'F'.
35. A diode is a device that let current flow
in only one direction.
36. A diode has two terminals called anode
and cathode.
37. Current will flow through diode only
when positive voltage is applied to anode
and negative applied on cathode. If these
voltages are reversed, then current will not
flow.
38. Transistor is a device with three
terminals and is used as switches and
amplifiers in an electronic system.
39. An integrated circuit is a device that
contains an entire electronic circuit, in which
transistors, diodes and other elements are
photographically engraved onto a tiny chip
of silicon.
40. Integrated circuits are the building blocks
of modern electronic devices such as
computers and cell phones.
41. An electrical device that convert AC to
DC are called rectifier.
 Mubasir shah
42. Basically diode is a device which
converts AC to DC.
43. Electronic system mainly comprise of
three devices: input device, processors,
output device
44. Those devices which change non
electrical energy into electrical energy are
called input devices.
45. Microphones that convert sound into
electrical signal, photocopier, scanner,
mouse, and keyboard are examples of input
devices.
46. Processors are the components that
convert input into required output through
processing. Examples are amplifier, tape
recorder, television, computer processor.
47. The devices that convert electrical energy
into other forms of energy is called output
devices.
48. Loud speaker convert electrical energy
into sound. Television converts electrical
energy into sound and picture. Monitors and
printers etc. are output devices.
49. The general generator works on the
principle of electromagnetic induction.
50. In the dry cell' zinc acts as negative
electrode.
18 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
Chapter 12
1. Space is the place outside the earth
atmosphere where there is no force of
gravitation.
2. Telescope is an instrument designed for
see distant objects.
3. First telescope was invented in Natherland
at the beginning of 17 century.
4. Hubble space telescope is the reflecting
telescope launched in 1990. Its orbit around
earth at a height of 600 km and sends clear
pictures of galaxies and other celestial
bodies.
5. An optical telescope gathers and focuses
radiations mainly from the visible part of
electromagnetic spectrum. It increases the
size of distant objects and helps
photographers, star gazers and astronomers
to spot detail of distant objects.
6. Optical telescope are of three types.
A. Refractor telescope: it uses lens.
B. Reflector telescope: it uses mirrors.
C. Caradioptric telescope: it uses mirrors
with a lens designs.
7. A radio telescope is more sensitive, and
able to create visual pictures of the signals it
receives.
8. Radio telescope create picture of sky, not
in visible light but radio waves.
9. A radio telescope has many parts: dish
antenna, a receiver, a detector, and an
analyzer.
 Mubasir shah
10. Broad spectrum telescope used to
measure the infrared, gamma rays, alpha
rays, and x-rays as well as visible light and
radio waves come from outer space.
11. A spacecraft is a vehicle designed for
space flights.
12. Space crafts are used for communication,
earth observations, meteorology, planetary
exploration and space tourism.
13. Space crafts also known as space ships.
14. Types of spacecraft’s:
A. Robotic space craft: sent into space for
collection of data about space, planets and
other celestial bodies. It is controlled from
center in earth as it does not carry humans in
it.
B. Manned space crafts: carry equipments
along with humans to space. They contain all
facilities such as oxygen, food, water and
specially built cabins.
15. Space probe is a robotic space crafts that
travel through space to collect scientific
information. It does not orbit the earth.
16. Probes do not have astronauts.
17. Probes send data back to earth.
18. Voyager-1 and Voyager-2 were space
probes used for collecting data about mars
and Jupiter.
19. A space station is a space craft, capable
of supporting a crew. It is designed to remain
in space for long time.
20. A space station has lack of major landing
system.
19 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper
8th Class Science
21. International space station is the largest
space station in the space. It looks like a star
in space.
22. Space shuttle is manned space crafts
which are used to carry men in space. It is
sent in space with the help of rocket.
23. First space shuttle was launched by
NASA in 1981.
24. Spectroscopes are used in telescope to
help scientists in analyzing the materials that
make up stars and nebulae.
25. Spectroscope is an instrument used to
examine different wavelength of light.
26. Every space probe is fitted with
spectroscope.
27. Apollo technology has been used to
produce lighter breathing system for
firefighters and the new system weight about
9kg.
28. European space agency satellite provides
information on fire locations.
29. Landsat and Skylab technology is used to
check the human eye for refractive error and
cornea or lens obstruction.
30. Cordless tool was developed for the
study of the moon's soil sample.
31. Active pixel sensor improved image
technology requires less power and has
provided better image for camcorders, digital
camera, night vision and -rays.
32. Tsunami tracking is a satellite circling
the earth receives transmission from under
sea detectors.
 Mubasir shah 8th Class Science

33. In space, high temperature, zero gravity

and zero pressure present.

34. To enter in space unprotected, man can

live normally less than five minutes, after
this he will paralyzed, water start entering in
tissue, body swells, blood circulation stop
because it depend on gravity and pressure.

35. When space crafts enter the earth

atmosphere their weight increases by 10
grams for few minutes, it can damaged
human body so astronaut lay down by
keeping their face in the direction of space
crafts movements to overcome this problem.

36. Neil Armstrong was the first person who

stepped on moon on July 1969. He was
commander of Apollo.

37. Space rockets are used for transportation

of space shuttle and space crafts into space.

20 | P a g e Join FB Group: All Cadrs Teaching Tes ts Preparation& Past Paper