Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MS
th
CLASS 8 SCIENCE
ONE LINER NOTES
MUBASIR SHAH
Compiled
&
by
ESHAAL SHEHXADI
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SHAH SERIES
Mubasir shah 8th Class Science
1. Brain of adult weight is 1300-1400 grams. 15. Cerebrum is topmost and largest of brain
divided into right and left cerebral
2. A system which carries messages from hemispheres.
one part of body to another and makes us
feel and react to things and situations is 16. The right cerebral hemisphere control
called nervous system. movement and activities of the left side of
body, while the left cerebral hemisphere
3. Human nervous system consists of
control movement and activities of right
neurons and tissues that regulate stimuli and
sides of body.
responses.
4. Nervous system consists of brain, spinal 17. Cerebrum control the sensory areas like
cord and nerves. sight, speech, smell, taste, hearing also
concerned with learning, thinking,
5. Nervous system divided into: intelligence, memory, and voluntary
� Central nervous system movements.
� Peripheral nervous system
18. Small structure inside the cerebrum is
6. Cat brain is about 30 grams. called thalamus act as a processing center
7. Dog brain is about 70 grams. between body and cerebrum receiving
sensory information and carry them to
8. Elephant brain is about 6000 grams. cerebrum.
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46. Neuron transmits impulses in the form of 57. Action performed according to our will is
electrochemical waves called nerve called voluntary actions e.g. clap hands, pick
impulses. up glass.
47. A single nerve is combination of many 58. Actions performed without our will is
neurons. called involuntary actions e.g. breathing,
sneezing etc.
48. Impulses may travel as fast as 150 meter
per second or as slow as 0.2 m/s. 59. Process of removing waste from body is
called excretion.
49. Associative neuron presents in the
central nervous system, link the sensory and 60. Human body has two dark brown bean
motor neuron and analyze the message for shape kidneys in abdominal region one on
proper response. either side of vertebral column.
50. Sensory neurons carry messages towards 61. Filtering of blood takes place in the
brain and spinal cord. kidneys.
51. Any change in environment that can be 62. Outer side of kidney is convex while
detected by a receptor to initiate a nerve inner side of kidney is concave.
impulse is called stimulus (heat, cold, sound, 63. Tube arise from each kidney, enters into
pressure, wave etc.) are examples of stimuli. urinary bladder is called ureter.
52. Special organ, tissue, or cell that detects 64. Internally each kidney is divided into
stimuli is called receptors. three regions. Renal cortex is outer most
regions, renal medulla is middle region, and
53. Immediate and quick response to a renal pelvis is inner region where urine is
stimulus is called reflex action. drained.
54. Reflex actions are immediate responses. 65. Nephron is basic structural and
functional unit of excretory system.
55. Pathway of nerve impulses which
complete reflex action is called reflex arc, 66. Each kidney has over one million
consist of receptor, a sensory neuron, an nephrons.
inter neuron, a motor neuron and effectors.
67. Nephron has two parts: renal corpuscle,
56. People blink about 15 times per second. renal tubule.
During the 16 hours when you awake you
blink 14,400 times each day. 68. Renal corpuscle consists of bowman
capsule and glomerulus.
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76. Cleaning of blood by artificial method is 9. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and a
called dialysis, which is done by dialyzer. protein called histones.
78. In kidney transplant, donor of kidney 11. DNA is made up of units called
may be a blood relative or any other close nucleotides, which are guanine, cytosine,
relative having same blood group. thymine, and adenine.
79. Accumulation of salt in kidney results
kidney stones. 12. DNA carries all information from parents
to offspring’s.
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13. DNA has short segments called genes. 28. Characters which are not transferred
from one generation to next is called non
14. Living organisms have a set of inheritable characters e.g. loss of body part
characteristics that are transferred from of a person, disease etc.
parents.
29. Eye color in human beings is controlled
15. Genes are transferred from parents to by genes.
children and carry the traits from parents to
offsprings. 30. Gene control production of brown
pigments in the iris of eye, if the gene
16. Gene is basic physical and functional produces more than the eye color will be
unit of heredity. black. If produced less eye color will be light
brown.
17. Gene occurs in pairs.
27. Characters transfer from one generation 4. During replication process, DNA makes
to next is called heritable characters e.g. eye similar copies of itself.
color, skin color etc.
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16. Herbicides are weed killing chemicals. 9. Ultra violet Radiations from sun that reach
17. Pesticides are insects killing chemicals. the earth cause skin cancer.
18. Neeli Ravi buffalo is produced for better 10. Rain carries oxides of nitrogen to rivers
production of milk and Nancy sheep for and soil. This can cause abnormal growth of
meat. algae in water bodies making conditions for
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other aquatic organism very difficult to live 22. The phenomenon which does not lead to
is called eutrophication. global warming is photosynthesis.
11. Sulpher dioxide cause irritation of eyes, 23. Word ozone is Greek word mean strong
nose and throat, breathing difficulties, odor.
pneumonia, asthma, chronic bronchitis,
respiratory failure, lung cancer, 24. One chlorine molecule from
cardiovascular diseases. chlorofluorocarbon can destroy up to
100,000 ozone molecule.
12. Effects of nitrogen oxides are severe
effects on lung tissue, difficulty in breathing, 25. The main reason for increase in the
failure of heart. amount of carbon dioxide in air is
deforestation.
13. Carbon monoxide can cause damage to
central nervous system and heart, severe 26. In Pakistan only 5% of the land covered
headache, nausea, dizziness. by forest.
14. CFC's is not vehicle exhaust. 27. Deforestation mean removal and cutting
of forest.
15. Chloflourocarbons are cause skin cancer.
28. Protection and preservation of natural
16. Ozone layer filters ultra violet radiation resources is called conservation.
from sunlight.
29. A renewable resource is one, which can
17. When ultra violet radiation enters the be used repeatedly because it recycled
earth, a part of it is absorbed by earth and naturally. E.g. freshwater, oxygen, solar
rest is reflected back to atmosphere. Some energy, timber and biomass.
gases present in atmosphere trap a part of
heat reflected by earth causing in increase in 30. Resources like minerals and fossils fuels
temperature called green house effect. are not generated quickly are known as non
renewable resources.
18. Gases involved in green house effect are
called green house gases.
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10. Substances on the left hand side of a 15. The heat evolved or obsorbed during a
chemical equation are called reactants. chemical reaction is called heat of reaction.
11. Simplest method for balancing chemical 16. A reaction in which heat is absorbed
equation is inspection or trial and error from surrounding is called endothermic
method. reactions.
12. Number of atoms of reactants is always 17. Reactions in which heat is released into
equal to number of products in a balanced surrounding are called exothermic reactions.
chemical equation. For example burning of natural gas,
formation of ammonia.
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5. All alkalis are bases but all bases are not 18. Nitric acid and sulphuric acid are used in
alkalis. industries such as dyes, fertilizers, paints,
explosives and drugs.
6. Alkali is defined as a substance which
provides OH ions e.g. sodium hydroxide, 19. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is used in car
potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide batteries.
etc.
20. Acids are used to make aqua regia in
7. Physical properties of alkalis: bitter taste,
which noble metals such as gold platinum
slippery to touch, turn red litmus to blue,
are dissolved.
turns colorless phenolphthalein to pink.
8. Alkali reacts with fats to produce soap and 21. Uses of alkalis: ammonia used in
glycerin. production of fertilizers, aluminum
hydroxide is used as antacid to reduce
acidity of stomach, calcium hydroxide is
9. Alkali react with acids form salt and called slaked lime or lime water used for
water. white wash, neutralize the acidity of soil and
sewage treatment, sodium hydroxide
10. The alkali used as an antiacid is
commonly called caustic soda used in
Aluminum hydroxide AL(OH)3.
manufacture of soaps, detergents, cleaners
and magnesium hydroxide used as antacid
11. Acid and base react to form salt. Also
and in toothpaste.
called neutralization. Examples are table salt,
calcium sulphste, potassium chloride, baking
22. Uses of salts: sodium chloride used as
soda etc.
table salt and preservative. Potash alum (KAl
(SO4)².24H²O) is used in water purification.
12. Acid give salt and hydrogen when treated
Copper sulphate used as pesticide. Sodium
with metal.
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carbonate used in making of glass, soap, 4. Unit of force is newton (N) and that of
washing soda etc. and as water softener. area is square meter (m²)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate or baking soda
used as anti-acid, fire extinguishers and in 5. P=N/m²=Nm-²
bakeries. Magnesium sulphate is also called 6. When one newton force acts
Epsom salt used in laxatives medicines to perpendicularly on an area of one square
treat constipation. meter, the pressure exerted will be one
Pascal.
23. Those substances which indicate the
nature of a solution whether acidic or basic
changing the color is called indicator. A 7. Hydraulic system is often used to produce
classic example of indicator is litmus paper. large force by applying large force.
10. Base quantities and their units: length 19. Kilo means 1000, centi means 1/100 part,
unit is meter, mass unit is kilogram, time unit milli means 1/1000, 1km=1000 meters,
is second, temperature unit is kelvin, electric 1kg=1000gram, 1centimeter=1/100 meter,
current unit is ampere, intensity of light unit 1milli meter=1/1000meters,
is candela, and amount of substance unit is 1milligram=1/1000grams
mole.
11. Derived quantities and their uses: 20. 1kg of water occupies volume of 1m3.
� Area= length✖width=m²
21. 25 milligrams is equal to 25/1000 g.
� Volume of solid Solid=length✖width✖
height=m³
22. Meter ruler has 1000 small division
� Volume of liquid=liter=L
called millimeter.
� Density= mass/volume=kgm-³
12. The standard meter is the length of
23. The SI unit of intensity of light is
platinum-iridium alloy metal rod, kept at 0°C
candila.
in international bureau of weight and
measurement at serves near Paris (France).
24. In case of measuring water in cylinder'
13. The standard kilogram is mass of the eye should be kept on a level with the
platinum-iridium cylinder placed in bottom of the meniscus.
international bureau of weight and
measurement. 25. Meniscus of all liquids is kept
downwards but the mercury have meniscus
14. Meter ruler is used to measure the length in upward direction.
of an object.
6. Solids' liquids and gases expend on divided into 100 equal parts and each part or
heating. division is called degree centigrade.
7. The expansion in length due to heating is 17. In Fahrenheit scale, the lower standard
called linear expansion while that in volume point or freezing point of ice is marked as
is called volumetric expansion. 32°F and the upper standard point or boiling
point of water is 212°F. The distance
8. Expansion in liquid is more than that of between these two fixed points is divided
solids. into 180 equal parts and each part or division
is called degree Fahrenheit.
9. When water is heated from 0°C to 4°C it
contracts instead of expanding. 18. Heat is transferred through conduction'
convection and radiation.
10. When water is heated further from 4°C
up to its boiling point (100°C), it expands 19. When two surfaces are rubbed against
just like other liquids. each other' heat is produced.
11. When water is cooled down from 100°C 20. Actually objects expends on heating and
to 4°C it contracts. contracts on cooling.
12. When water is further cooled from 4°C 21. In an electric iron' temperature is
to 0°C it expands and its volume increases. controlled by using bimetallic strips.
13. Increase in the volume of water as its
temperature is lowered from 4°C to 0°C is 22. The bimetallic strip is straight when it is
known as anomalous expansion or peculiar cooled but it bends when heated.
behavior of water. It means that density of
water is maximum at 4°C.
Chapter 10
14. At 4°C' the volume of water is
maximum. 1. A lens is made of transparent material like
glass or plastic having one or both sides
15. Under frozen water during winter, the curved.
aquatic life is able to survive in the water
below the ice because ice act as insulator. 2. A lens which is thick in middle and
thinner at edges is called convex lens.
16. In centigrade scale, the lower standard
point or freezing point of ice is marked as 3. When parallel light rays pass from convex
0°C and upper standard point or boiling lens, they converge at a point called focal
point of water is marked as 100°C and the point denoted by 'F'.
distance between these two fixed points is
4. A convex lens is also known as
10. The mid or central point of lens is called 15. The focal length of a thin convex lens is
its optical center. greater than thick convex lens.
11. A line passing through center of 16. Image formation by concave lens:
curvature, optical center and focal point is Rays after refraction, diverge out and do not
called principal axis or optical axis. meet on the other side of lens, therefore real
image is not formed, however, a virtual
12. The distance between optical center and image is formed which is erect, smaller and
principal focus is called focal length. formed between principal focus and optical
center.
13. In a ray diagram, rays of light are
represented by straight line. 17. The image formed by a concave lens is
always virtual.
14. Image formation by convex lens:
18. A camera is an optical instrument having
A. When object is beyond 2F the image is convex lens at one end and light sensitive
formed on the other side of lens between F film at other end.
and 2F, the image is real, inverted, and
smaller in size. 19. Camera lens formed real, small, inverted
image of an object on the film.
23. A person suffering from long sightedness 32. Plano concave lenses are used in optical
can not see the near objects clearly but can projectors.
see the far objects clearly. The eye ball
become thinner due to this the parallel rays 33. Convexo concave and concavo convex
are focused behind retina. It can treat by lens are used in optical defects.
using convex lens.
26. If one of surface of lens is convex and 3. Two very common examples of generators
other is plane, it is called Plano convex lens. are the mechanical generator and bicycle
dynamo.
27. If one of the surface of lens is concave
and other is plane, it is called Plano concave 4. Hans Christian oersted a Danish scientist
lens. in 1820 discovered a relation between
28. If one of surface of lens is convex and electricity and magnetism.
other is concave such that the central region
of the lens is thicker than edges is called 5. When there is relative motion between a
magnet and coil of wire, electric current start
21. Generating electricity by means of solar 32. Resistance is measure in unit called
energy is called solar power. Usually solar ohms.
cells or photovoltaic are used for this
purpose. 33. Capacitor is a device that can store
temporary electric charge.
22. When sunlight strikes a solar cell, it
develops a voltage. For generating electricity 34. Capacitance of a capacitor is measured in
on large scale, solar panels are used which farad and is denoted by 'F'.
comprise of many solar cells.
35. A diode is a device that let current flow
23. Tidal and geothermal energies are also in only one direction.
used to produce electricity.
36. A diode has two terminals called anode
24. 1kg of nuclear fuel contains nearly three and cathode.
millions times the energy that is obtained
from 1kg of coal. 37. Current will flow through diode only
when positive voltage is applied to anode
25. Chemically the electricity is produced by and negative applied on cathode. If these
using batteries. voltages are reversed, then current will not
flow.
26. Alternating current changes its direction
every moment. 38. Transistor is a device with three
terminals and is used as switches and
27. Direct current does not change its amplifiers in an electronic system.
direction.
39. An integrated circuit is a device that
28. A bicycle dynamo is a type of generator contains an entire electronic circuit, in which
attached to bicycle to produce electricity. transistors, diodes and other elements are
photographically engraved onto a tiny chip
29. Nuclear power is generated by breaking of silicon.
nuclei of some heavy elements like uranium,
plutonium etc. 40. Integrated circuits are the building blocks
of modern electronic devices such as
30. The part of an electric generator that computers and cell phones.
produces electric current due to its rotation is
called armature. 41. An electrical device that convert AC to
DC are called rectifier.
31. Resistor is a component which resists
45. Microphones that convert sound into 4. Hubble space telescope is the reflecting
electrical signal, photocopier, scanner, telescope launched in 1990. Its orbit around
mouse, and keyboard are examples of input earth at a height of 600 km and sends clear
devices. pictures of galaxies and other celestial
bodies.
46. Processors are the components that 5. An optical telescope gathers and focuses
convert input into required output through radiations mainly from the visible part of
processing. Examples are amplifier, tape electromagnetic spectrum. It increases the
recorder, television, computer processor. size of distant objects and helps
photographers, star gazers and astronomers
47. The devices that convert electrical energy to spot detail of distant objects.
into other forms of energy is called output
devices.
6. Optical telescope are of three types.
48. Loud speaker convert electrical energy A. Refractor telescope: it uses lens.
into sound. Television converts electrical B. Reflector telescope: it uses mirrors.
energy into sound and picture. Monitors and C. Caradioptric telescope: it uses mirrors
printers etc. are output devices. with a lens designs.
49. The general generator works on the 7. A radio telescope is more sensitive, and
principle of electromagnetic induction. able to create visual pictures of the signals it
receives.
50. In the dry cell' zinc acts as negative
electrode. 8. Radio telescope create picture of sky, not
in visible light but radio waves.
10. Broad spectrum telescope used to 21. International space station is the largest
measure the infrared, gamma rays, alpha space station in the space. It looks like a star
rays, and x-rays as well as visible light and in space.
radio waves come from outer space.
22. Space shuttle is manned space crafts
11. A spacecraft is a vehicle designed for which are used to carry men in space. It is
space flights. sent in space with the help of rocket.
12. Space crafts are used for communication, 23. First space shuttle was launched by
earth observations, meteorology, planetary NASA in 1981.
exploration and space tourism.
24. Spectroscopes are used in telescope to
13. Space crafts also known as space ships. help scientists in analyzing the materials that
make up stars and nebulae.
14. Types of spacecraft’s:
A. Robotic space craft: sent into space for 25. Spectroscope is an instrument used to
collection of data about space, planets and examine different wavelength of light.
other celestial bodies. It is controlled from
center in earth as it does not carry humans in 26. Every space probe is fitted with
it. spectroscope.
B. Manned space crafts: carry equipments 27. Apollo technology has been used to
along with humans to space. They contain all produce lighter breathing system for
facilities such as oxygen, food, water and firefighters and the new system weight about
specially built cabins. 9kg.
15. Space probe is a robotic space crafts that 28. European space agency satellite provides
travel through space to collect scientific information on fire locations.
information. It does not orbit the earth.
29. Landsat and Skylab technology is used to
check the human eye for refractive error and
16. Probes do not have astronauts. cornea or lens obstruction.