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AND SALTS
Acids, Bases and Salts
LEARNING OUTCOMES
■Define acid and acid anhydride
■Investigate the reactions of non-oxidising acids with
metals, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and bases
■Define base and alkali
■Investigate the reaction of bases with ammonium
salts
■Relate acidity and alkalinity to the pH scale
■Discuss the strength of acids and alkalis on the
basis of their completeness of ionisation
■Define acidic, basic, amphoteric and neutral oxides
Acids, Bases and Salts
LEARNING OUTCOMES
■Define salt
■Identify an appropriate method of salt preparation
based on the solubility of the salt
■Distinguish between acidic and normal salts
■Investigate neutralisation reactions using indicators
and temperature changes
Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
What are acids?
■ Fruits like apples, oranges and pineapples taste sour because
they contain acids.
■ Acids also turn blue litmus paper red.
■ Acids produce hydrogen ions H+ in water.
Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Properties of Acids
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Definition of An Acid
An acid is a substance which produces hydrogen ions, H+(aq) in water.
A Weak Acid
Weak acid
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Chemical properties of acids
pop
Other chemical properties of acids
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Properties of Bases
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Chemical properties of alkalis
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Chemical properties of alkalis
■ Alkalis react with ammonium salts to produce ammonia gas.
■ Ammonia gas is basic, thus it turns red litmus paper blue.
■ Ammonia gas is very soluble in water and gives out a pungent
smell.
E.g.1: NaOH + NH4Cl 🡪 NaCl + NH3 + H2O
NH3 gas produced turns
red litmus blue
Sodium hydroxide +
ammonium chloride
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Some Common Alkalis
Name Chemical formula
Solution
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Solution to Quick check 2
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Indicators
Indicator Colour in pH at which Colour in
strong Acids colour changes strong alkalis
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
The pH Scale
■ The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution is.
■ The higher the pH, the more alkaline the solution is.
■ pH 7 is neutral.
■ Distilled water, sugar solution and most salt solutions are
neutral (pH 7).
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pH Scale
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
The Universal Indicator
■ The Universal Indicator consists of a mixture of dyes which
changes its colour in different pH solutions.
■ We can use the Universal Indicator to tell us the
approximate pH of a solution.
■ The Universal Indicator or pH paper changes its colour
according to the pH shown in the chart below.
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Types of Oxides
■ Elements burn or react with oxygen to form oxides.
■ There are 4 types of oxides: acidic oxides, basic oxides, amphoteric
oxides and neutral oxides.
■ An acidic oxide is an oxide of a non-metal. It dissolves in water to form an
acid. Acidic oxides react with alkalis to form salts .
■ A basic oxide is an oxide of a metal. If soluble, it will dissolve in water to
form an alkali. Basic oxides react with acids to form salts.
■ An amphoteric oxide is an oxide which can react with both acids and
alkalis to form salts. Eg PbO, ZnO
■ A neutral oxide does not react with either acids or alkalis.
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Types of Oxides
4 TYPES OF OXIDES
base
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Quick check 3
1. Name 3 common indicators and their colour change in strong
acidic and strong alkaline solutions.
2. What is meant by the pH of a solution? What is the pH of :
(a) hydrochloric acid, (b) citric acid, (c) sodium chloride
solution, (d) sodium hydroxide solution?
3. What are the 4 types of oxides? Give one example of each
type of oxide.
4. What colours would you expect to see when the following
indicators are added to a solution of pH 5?
(a) litmus, (b) phenolphthalein, (c) methyl orange
Solution
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Solution to Quick check 3
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Examples of Salts
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Uses of Salts
■ Sodium chloride is used as table salt and to preserve
meat and vegetables.
■ Sodium chloride is electrolysed to obtain sodium and
chlorine in the industry.
■ Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate are used
as plant fertilisers.
■ Magnesium sulphate, commonly called Epsom salt, is
used as a bath-salt.
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Iron(II) Magnesium Zinc Sodium
Chloride Chloride Chloride chloride,
FeCl2 MgCl2 ZnCl2 NaCl
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Methods of Preparing Soluble Salts
1. Action of acid on alkali
ACID + ALKALI 🡪 SALT + WATER
burette
Pipette
Sodium nitrate and water
(phenolphthalein as indicator) 49
Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
To prepare sodium nitrate by neutralisation (titration method)
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Methods of Preparing Soluble Salts
2. Action of acid on insoluble base
ACID + BASE 🡪 SALT + WATER
■ This method is used for bases which are insoluble in water.
■ Examples of salts prepared by this method:
* copper(II) sulphate from copper(II) oxide and sulphuric acid:
CuO + H2SO4 🡪 CuSO4 + H2O
* zinc chloride from zinc oxide and hydrochloric acid:
ZnO + 2HCl 🡪 ZnCl2 + H2O
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Preparation of copper(II) sulphate (acid on insoluble base)
Step 1 Place about 50 cm³ of dilute
sulphuric acid in a beaker and gently
warm the acid. Copper(II) oxide is added,
a little at a time, to the acid, until no more
can dissolve.
Equation: CuO + H2SO4 🡪 CuSO4 + H2O
Step 2 Filter off the excess copper(II) oxide
using a filter paper and funnel. Collect the
filtrate which contains copper(II) sulphate in
an evaporating dish.
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Preparation of copper(II) sulphate (acid on insoluble base)
Can you describe how zinc sulphate is prepared with the aid of the diagrams? 57
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Methods of Preparing Insoluble Salts
5. Double Displacement (Precipitation method)
■ This method is used to prepare insoluble salts.
■ Two solutions are mixed together to produce a precipitate of
the insoluble salt which can then be filtered off from the mixture.
+ CB (aq)
AD (s)
AB (aq) CD (aq)
E.g. Lead(II) nitrate + Sodium chloride 🡪 Lead(II) chloride + Sodium nitrate
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) 🡪 PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Other salts made by precipitation method
■ Silver chloride
AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) 🡪 AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)
■ Barium sulphate
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 🡪 BaSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
■ Copper(II) carbonate
CuSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 🡪 CuCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
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Salt Preparation (Summary)
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Normal salts versus Acid salts
A normal salt is formed when all of the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal or
an ammonium ion.
An acid salt is formed where only some of the hydrogen ions of an acid have been
replaced by metal ions or the ammonium ions.
For examples:
Acids such as sulfuric acid and carbonic acid which have two hydrogen ions per
molecule, when only one of the hydrogen ions is replaced with a metal ion, the salts
formed still contain hydrogen ions.
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Hydrated copper sulfate Anhydrous copper sulfate
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Cobalt chloride
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Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Quick check 4
1. Define what is salt. Give an example of a soluble and insoluble
salt.
2. State 4 methods of making salts.
3. State whether the following salts are soluble or insoluble:
(a) sodium carbonate, (b) calcium chloride, (c) barium sulphate,
(d) lead(II) nitrate, (e) lead(II) chloride.
4. State the method you would choose to prepare the following
salts:
(a) potassium nitrate, (b) zinc nitrate, (c) magnesium sulphate,
(d) copper(II) carbonate.
For each method, state the chemicals you will need and
write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
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Solution
Chapter 10
Acids, Bases and Salts
Solution to Quick check 4
2. http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/genobc/Chapter_09/
3. http://www.chem.ubc.ca/courseware/pH/index.html
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EXAM QUESTIONS
Question
Elliot makes zinc chloride crystals from zinc oxide and an acid.
This is what he does:
1. Add zinc oxide to dilute acid until some zinc oxide remains
unreacted.
2. Filter the mixture.
3. Pour the filtrate into an evaporating basin.
4. Heat the filtrate over a water bath until crystals appear around the
edge.
5. Remove the heat and leave in a warm, dry place for a few days.
a) Name the acid used in step 1. [1 marks]
b) Describe and explain one improvement to step 1. [1 marks]
c) Explain why Elliot filters the mixture in step 2. [1 marks]
d) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, including state
symbols.
[4 marks]
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2. Group 1 compounds are all soluble in water.
Explain how you could prepare crystals of potassium nitrate
from an acid and alkali of your choice.
Include a balanced symbol equation in your answer. [6
marks]
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3. Describe the similarities in the reactions of ethanoic acid
and sulfuric acid with metals, carbonates and bases.
Describe and explain any differences observed. You should
include relevant equations in your answer. [6 marks]
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CLASSWORK
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Answer
■ 1. combine 1 spatula of calcium carbonate and with 20mL of nitric acid in a
beaker.
■ 2. Add enough calcium carbonate until no further effervescence and calcium
carbonate is in excess.
■ 3. Filter the mixture to remove excess calcium carbonate.
■ Wash the residue using distilled water.
■ 4. Pour the filtrate into an evaporating dish.
■ 5. Heat the mixture over a Bunsen burner until crystals form.
■ 6. Collect the crystals in a watch glass.
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■ 1. SO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)🡪 Na2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
■ 2. Cu2O(s) + HNO3(aq) 🡪 CuNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
■ 3. Al2O3, ZnO, PbO
■ Al2O3(s) + HCl (aq)🡪 AlCl3 (aq) + H2O (l)
■ Al2O3 (s) + NaOH(aq) 🡪 NaAlO3 (aq) + H2O(l)
■ 4. No reaction with acid nor base. Eg N 2O, NO,
CO,
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Do the following questions in
your notebook
■ 1. What is a salt?
■ 2. Distinguish between acid salts and normal
salts.
■ 3. Distinguish between anhydrous salts and
hydrated salts.
■ 4. Using examples, give three uses of salts
■ 5. Using examples, give two dangers of salts
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