ACIDS

ACIDS
1. DEFINITION
2. CLASSIFICATION
3. GENERAL PROPERTIES
 What is “Acid”?
The compounds that produce Hydronium ion, H+, in water are called acids. Some acids are strong, some are weak. Some acids are found in our food such as lemon, orange, tomato.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF ACIDS
Strong acids Weak acids
HCl HF

HNO3 CH3COOH

H2SO4 H2CO3

H3PO4 HCN
What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids?

Strong acids are not the acids that dissolve something or become
poisonous. For example, HCN is very poisonous but it is not strong.
HF is the only acid that dissolves glass, but it is also weak.
Strong acids are the acids that dissociate into ions in water
completely.
 
HCl  H+(aq) + Cl(aq) (100 % ionization) STRONG ACID
 
CH3COOH  H+(aq) + CH3COO (aq) (partial ionization-nearly 2 %)
WEAK ACID
Acids can react with all metals [except noble (inactive)]
metals to form salt and hydrogen gas.
Noble metals are Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.
 GROUP WORK

Write the formulas of the following

Acids. 

a) Hydrochloric acid:

b) Nitric acid:
 c) Phosphoric acid:
 

d) Acetic acid:
 

e) Carbonic acid:
 Questions?
1.What is acid ?

2. What is the difference between

strong acids and weak acids?

3.Is HCN acid strong?

HOMEWORK…

ACTIVITY BOOK
Question- 9.1
BASES
The compounds that produce
OH− in water are called bases.
Strong bases
LiOH: lithium hydroxide
NaOH: sodium hydroxide
KOH: potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 : barium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 : calcium hydroxide
Weak bases
NH3 : ammonia or NH4OH :
ammonium hydroxide
Cu(OH)2 : copper (II) hydroxide
Mg(OH)2 : magnesium hydroxide
 The properties of bases
1) They produce OH− in water.
2) Bases turn litmus paper into blue color. And, the color
of phenolphthalein becomes violet in basic medium.
3) Their solutions conduct electricity. Strong bases
conduct better than weak ones.
4) Bases have a bitter taste.
5)Bases give a slippery
feeling for example, soap.
6) Bases can react with only amphoteric metals to form salt and
hydrogen gas.
Amphoteric metals are Zn, and Al.
(Amphoteric substances can react with both acids and bases.)
7) Bases can react with acids to form salt and water. This
type of reaction is called neutralization reaction. No
reaction occurs between two acids or two bases.
 
OXIDES
OXIDES
Oxides are the compounds of oxygen. There must be only two
elements in oxides: one is oxygen.
For example; Na2O, CaO, ZnO, CO2, SO3.
 
Na2CO3, K2SO4 contain oxygen but they are not oxides, they
are salts.
Oxides are divided into :

1) Acidic oxides
2) Neutral oxides
3) Basic oxides
4) Amphoteric oxides
5) Mixed oxides
6) Peroxide
Acidic oxides
They are Nonmetal oxides and contain more Oxygen atoms than
Nonmetal.
For example; CO2, SO2, N2O5, SO3, P2O5. Acidic oxides show acidic
properties. They are also called acidic anhydrides because they produce
acids when they react with water.
 
In reactions; CO2  CO32 SO3  SO42
N2O5  NO3¯ P2O5  PO43

CO2 + H2O  H2CO3

N2O5 + H2O  2HNO3
Neutral oxides:
They are also Nonmetal oxides like acidic ones.
The difference is that neutral oxides contain equal or
less number of oxygen atoms.
For example; H2O, CO, NO, N2O. They do not show
acidic and basic properties.
Basic oxides:
They are Metal oxides, but metal musn’t be an amphoteric metal.
For example, Li2O, Na2O, K2O, CaO, BaO, MgO, CuO, FeO are basic oxides. Some
basic oxides are soluble in water such as Li2O, Na2O, K2O, CaO, BaO. Some are
insoluble in water such as MgO, CuO, FeO. CaO and CuO. Basic oxides show basic
properties. For example, their solutions turn litmus paper into blue color.

Basic oxides are also called basic anhydrides because they form bases with water.

Na2O + H2O  2NaOH

BaO + H2O  Ba(OH)2
 
Amphoteric oxides:
They are oxides of amphoteric metals. ZnO and Al2O3
are the most important examples. They are insoluble
in water but soluble in both acids and bases.

ZnO + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2O

Mixed oxides:
They are possible for metals having several charges such as; Fe, Mn,
Pb. Fe3O4, Mn3O4, and Pb3O4 are some important mixed
oxides.
To understand whether an oxide is mixed or not, we must find charge of
metal in all examples. If we get +8/3, it means that it is a mixed oxide.
Of course, any metal cannot have such a charge.
Fe3O4 is combination of FeO and Fe2O3 (Iron II and III oxides).

Pb3O4 is the combination of PbO2 and 2PbO

Peroxide:
It can be possible for some elements like H, Na, K, Ba.
O2: oxide O1: peroxide
H2O : water H2O2 : hydrogen peroxide
Na2O : sodium oxide Na2O2 : sodium peroxide
BaO : barium oxide BaO2 : barium peroxide
Example:
Classify the following oxides as Acidic, Basic, Neutral, Amphoteric,
Peroxide or Mixed oxide.
 
K2O: Fe3O4:

SO2: CO:
 
H2O2: BaO:
 
ZnO: N 2 O5 :
 
Test solving
1) Which one is an acidic oxide? 
A) CO2 B) Na2O C) CaO  
D) HNO3 E) N2O
 
2) Which one of the following is a neutral oxide? 
A) CO2 B) ZnO C) Na2O2
D) SO2 E) CO

3) Which of the following is not a peroxide? 

A) FeO B) H2O2 C) Na2O2
D) CaO2 E) MgO2
SALTS
 SALTS
They are in general, ionic compounds.
When they dissolve in water, their solutions conduct
electricity very well.
Salts can be classified in five groups.
Neutral salts: Acidic salts:
Basic salts: Double salts:
Complex salts:
Neutral salts: NaCl (table salt), KI, KNO3, Na2SO4,
BaCl2, Na2CO3, K3PO4 and
etc. are examples of neutral salts.
Acidic salts:
NaHCO3: sodium hydrocarbonate or
sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
K2HPO4: potassium hydrophosphate
KH2PO4: potassium dihydrophosphate
NaHS: sodium hydrosulfide or sodium
bisulfide
Basic salts:
Basic salts contain hydroxide ion.
Mg(OH)Cl: magnesium hydroxy chloride Ca(OH)NO3:
calcium hydroxy nitrate
Double salts:
They are the combination of two salts. We can have two
different cations in double salts.
KAl(SO4)2 : potassium aluminum sulfate
K2NaPO4 : potassium sodium phosphate
Complex salts: They contain a complex ion like
Fe(CN)63 and Ag(NH3)2+

K3[Fe(CN)6]: potassium ferricyanide, K4[Fe(CN)6]:

potassium ferrocyanide
 
Ex: Name the following Salts.
NaI:  

LiAl(SO4)2:

KHS:

CaCl2:

Al(NO3)3:

CuSO4:
Classify the following salts as Acidic, Basic, Neutral, Double or
Complex salt.
 
LiBr: Mg(OH)Cl:

NaHCO3: K2NaPO4:

Ag(NH3)2Cl: KHS:

NaNO3: BaCl2:
Classify the following compounds as Acid, Base, Salt or Oxide.
 
HNO3: KI: LiOH:
 
NH4Cl: SO3: HF:
 
Na2O: MgCO 3: NH3:
 
N2O5: K3PO4: ZnO:

Ca(OH)2: FeCl2: HCN:

•
 TEST SOLVING
1)Which one of the following compounds is not a salt?

A) NaCl B) MgO C) NaHCO 3  

D) CaCO3 E) K2HPO4
 
2) What type of salt is Mg(OH)Cl?

A) Acidic B) Basic C) Neutral 

D) Complex E) Double