LESSON 3 : ELEMENTS

PURE SUBSTANCES
• 1. Elements : They are pure.
• They are made of only one kind of atoms.
• They can not be decomposed into simpler
substances.
• They are represented by symbols.
Symbol In English In Kyrgyz In Russian Symbol In English In Kyrgyz In Russian
Hydrogen Суутек Водород Magnesium Магний Магний
H Mg

Carbon Көмүртек Углерод Calcium Кальций Кальций

C Ca

Oxygen Кычкылтек Кислород Barium Барий Барий

O Ba

Sulfur Кукурт Сера Aluminum Алюминий Алюминий

S Al

Nitrogen Азот Азот Manganese Марганец Марганец

N Mn

Phosphorous Фосфор Фосфор Zinc Цинк Цинк

P Zn

F Fluorine Фтор Фтор Fe Iron Темир Железо

Cl Chlorine Хлор Хлор Pb Lead Коргошун Свинец

Br Bromine Бром Бром Cu Copper Жез Медь

I Iodine Йод Йод Hg Mercury Сымап Ртуть

Li Lithium Литий Литий Ag Silver Кумуш Серебро

Na Sodium Натрий Натрий Au Gold Алтын Золото

K Potassium Калий Калий        

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
Elements can be classified in two groups:
A) Metals B) Nonmetals
 
Metals: Most of the elements are metals.
Ex: Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ba, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag,
Au, Mn
 They conduct heat and electricity.
They are all solid at room temperature except Mercury (Hg).
Metals have shiny colors (lustrous).
They can be drawn into wires (ductile).
They can be hammered into sheets (malleable).
Malleability is a physical property of metals that defines the ability to be
hammered, pressed or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. In other
words, it is the property of a metal to deform under compression onto a
different form

Ductility is a measure of a metal's ability to withstand tensile stress—any

force that pulls the two ends of an object away from each other. ... The
term "ductile" literally means that a metal substance is capable of being
stretched into a thin wire without becoming weaker or more brittle in the
process.
Some Metals and Their uses
Lithium, Li
Sodium, Na
Potassium, K
Calcium, Ca
Chromium, Cr
Iron, Fe
Gold, Au
Nonmetals: There are a few
nonmetals. They are H, C, N, P, O, S, F, Cl, Br, I.

– They don’t conduct heat and electricity.

– They can be found in solid, liquid or gas states. (H, N, O, F, Cl
are gases, Br is liquid, S, P, I are solid).
– They are not lustrous.
– They are not ductile.
– They are not malleable.
Some Nonmetals and Their uses

Carbon, C
Phosphorus, P
Nitrogen, N
Oxygen, O
Monoatomic or Diatomic

•“Mono” means one and “Di” means two in Latin

language.
•Most of the elements are monoatomic.
•A few elements are diatomic. They are H2, O2, N2,
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2.
•All of diatomic elements are nonmetals.
•HONCLE BRIEF
Solid, Liquid or Gas

Most elements are solid at room temperature. There are two liquid
elements at room temperature.
Mercury (Hg) is the only liquid metal and Bromine (Br2) is the only liquid
nonmetal.
 
Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2), Fluorine (F2) and Chlorine (Cl2)
are gases at room temperature.
 QUESTIONS

1. Which is NOT a property of metals?

A. malleability
B. ability to conduct heat and electricity
C. unreactivity
D. capable of being stretched
2. Which statement is NOT true for nonmetals?

A. They have characteristics of both metals and

nonmetals.
B. Many are gases at room temperature.
C. They have low conductivity.
D. There are fewer nonmetals than metals.
3. A list of pure substances could include

A. bread dough.
B. vinegar (5% acetic acid).
C. vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
D. sea water.
4. Which of the following is an element ?

A. BaCl2
B. CO
C. Ne
D. CaCO3
LESSON 4 : COMPOUNDS
 Compounds
• A pure substance formed when two or more
different elements chemically joined
• Water, salt, sugar are examples of
compounds

• Every combination of atoms is a molecule.

A compound is a molecule made of atoms from different
elements. All compounds are molecules, but not all
molecules are compounds. Hydrogen gas (H2) is
a molecule, but not a compound  because it is made of
only one element.
 Compounds
• can’t be broken down into their elements by
physical means ……………., only chemically
•

There is a fixed ratio between the elements

forming a compound.
NaCl - 1:1
H2O – 2:1
C6H12O6 – 1:2:1
 Compounds
• Elements lose their properties when they form
a compound.

• Compounds are shown by formulas.

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

 The properties of the compound are different from
the properties of the elements that compose the
compound.

silver + bromine = silver bromide

when elements combine to form compounds, their individual
properties are lost. In comparison, elements retain some (or many) of
their property when they are mixed to form a mixture.
For example, a common compound such as water is made up of 2
elements hydrogen and oxygen, both of which are gases, yet water is
liquid. Similarly, hydrogen is an extremely combustible gas. Oxygen is
required for combustion. Yet, their compound, water is used for
extinguishing fire.
Similarly, most of the food that we eat contains some organic
hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen). Two of
the main constituents are gases, yet we get solid or liquid food and it
certainly tastes different from individual elements
 + =

H2 O2 H2O

+ +

=
C H2 C12H24O12
O2
Compounds can be broken down into their
elements, though often with great difficulty.
 EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS
Formula Name Source
H2O Water Lakes, Seas, Oceans

NaCl Sodium chloride Table salt

HCl Hydrochloric acid Stomach

CO2 Carbon dioxide We breathe out

CH3COOH Acetic acid Vinegar

C2H5OH Ethyl alcohol Alcohol drinks

C12H22O11 Sucrose Sugar
C6H12O6 Glucose Grape
 QUESTIONS
6. Which of the following statements about compounds is
true?
A. A compound contains only one element.
B. A compound can be classified as either heterogeneous
or homogeneous.
C. A compound has a defined ratio by mass of the
elements that it contains.
D. A compound varies in chemical composition depending
on the sample size.
7. The two types of matter that are pure
substances are __________ and __________.
8. Identify the pure substances below
Air, He, brass, soil, water, vinegar, ketchup, ice,
milk, sodium, sugar, tea, cake, table salt, blood
A. Air, vinegar, ice, blood, sugar, milk
B. Cake, water,, ice, sodium, He
C. Water, tea, milk, table salt, sugar, brass
D. He, water, ice, sodium, sugar, table salt